Sabatini v. Nevada State Board of Nursing

• Court: District Court, D. Nevada
• Decided: August 2, 2023
• Docket: 2:22-cv-00219
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA

3 WILLIAM L. SABATINI, ) 4 ) Plaintiff, ) Case No.: 2:22-cv-00219-GMN-VCF 5 vs. ) ) ORDER 6 NEVADA STATE BOARD OF NURSING, ) 7 ) Defendant. ) 8 ) 9 Pending before the Court is the Motion to Dismiss, (ECF No. 48), filed by Defendant 10 Nevada State Board of Nursing (the “Nursing Board”). Pro se Plaintiff William Sabatini 11 (“Plaintiff”)1 filed a Response, (ECF No. 53), to which the Nursing Board filed a Reply, (ECF 12 No. 54). 13 Also pending before the Court is Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend First Amended 14 Complaint, (ECF No. 66). The Nursing Board filed a Response, (ECF No. 68), to which 15 Plaintiff filed a Reply, (ECF No. 72). 16 For the reasons discussed below, the Nursing Board’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED 17 and Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend is DENIED. 18 I. BACKGROUND 19 This action arises from the Nursing Board’s suspension and revocation of Plaintiff’s 20 nursing licenses. (See generally FAC, ECF No. 46). On May 13, 2020, the Nursing Board 21 received Plaintiff’s applications for licensed professional nurse (“RN”) and certified registered 22 nurse anesthetist (“CRNA”). (Id. 1:26–2:1). The Nursing Board ultimately accepted Plaintiff’s 23 24 25 1 In light of Plaintiff’s status as a pro se litigant, the Court has liberally construed his filings, holding him to standards less stringent than formal pleadings drafted by attorneys. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007). 1 application but placed him on probation because Plaintiff had faced disciplinary action from the 2 nursing board in California for his past illegal drug use. (Id. 2:1–5; 6:4–5). As a condition of 3 his probation, Plaintiff had to submit to drug testing. (Id. 2:3–4). 4 In April and May 2021, Plaintiff tested positive on two separate drug tests, but the 5 Nursing Board did not suspend his license at that time. (FAC 6:8–11). Several months later, 6 the Nursing Board received a complaint that Plaintiff administered anesthesia to patients while 7 impaired from the use of drugs on two occasions: on or about August 31, 2021, and September 8 7, 2021. (FAC 6:11–12). The Nursing Board investigated the allegations and ultimately 9 suspended Plaintiff’s license on September 10, 2021. (Id. 11–13). The Nursing Board further 10 filed an administrative complaint2 against Plaintiff for his alleged violations and set a hearing 11 on the matter for September 23, 2021. (September Board Compl., Ex. D to MTD, ECF No. 48- 12 5). The hearing was continued several times at Plaintiff’s request. (See Letter Re Summ. 13 Suspension, Ex. C to Resp. to Mot. Prelim. Inj., ECF No. 31-4; Stips. Cont. Hearing, Ex. H. to 14 Resp. to Mot. Prelim. Inj., ECF No. 31-9). 15 On December 27, 2021, Plaintiff voluntarily checked himself into a drug rehabilitation 16 program. (FAC 6:15–16). He was discharged on December 31, 2021, and began an intensive 17 outpatient program on January 3, 2022. (Id. 6:16–21). A physician cleared Plaintiff to return to

18 professional practice on a conditional basis on January 13, 2022. (Id. 6:22–24). 19 Plaintiff’s hearing before the Nursing Board ultimately took place on May 19, 2022. (Id. 20 6:1–2). Plaintiff admitted to all allegations of his drug use. (Id.). At the time of the hearing, 21 Plaintiff presented evidence of eight months’ negative drug tests, successful completion of a 22 supervised drug rehabilitation program, doctor clearance to return to professional practice, 23 ongoing psychotherapy, and participation in a 12-step program. (Id. 8:6–16). The Nursing 24

25 2 A subsequent complaint added another allegation that Plaintiff continued to practice nursing without a license after his license was suspended. (April Board Compl., Ex. G to MTD, ECF No. 48-8). 1 Board ultimately revoked Plaintiff’s license even though Plaintiff had successfully completed a 2 supervised drug treatment program and documented over eight months of negative drug testing. 3 (Id. ¶ 15). 4 Plaintiff alleges that he suffers from a drug addiction and concedes that the initial license 5 suspension was appropriate to protect the public, but argues that the Nursing Board’s continued 6 disciplinary action after the initial suspension violated the ADA. (Id. ¶¶ 8, 15). The Nursing 7 Board later offered Plaintiff a probation agreement allowing Plaintiff to keep his RN license, 8 but Plaintiff did not agree to the terms of the probation agreement because “they would remove 9 his due process rights, would make him unemployable in his only trained profession,” and do 10 not comply with the requirements of Title II of the ADA. (Id.). Plaintiff then filed this action, 11 alleging violations of the ADA.3 (Compl. ECF No. 17). 12 On August 19, 2022, the Court granted Plaintiff leave to amend his Complaint over the 13 Nursing Board’s objection. (Order, ECF No. 45). Plaintiff accordingly filed his First Amended 14 Complaint (“FAC”), which added fictitious defendants in their official capacities, additional 15 factual allegations concerning events that occurred after initiating this action, and a state law 16 cause of action under NRS 632.005.4 (FAC, ECF No. 46). The Nursing Board now moves to 17 dismiss Plaintiff’s FAC, and Plaintiff moves to amend his FAC.

18 II. LEGAL STANDARD 19 Dismissal is appropriate under Rule 12(b)(6) where a pleader fails to state a claim upon 20 which relief can be granted. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 21 555 (2007). A pleading must give fair notice of a legally cognizable claim and the grounds on 22 23 3 Although Plaintiff vaguely alludes to alleged due process violations, the FAC does not bring any claims under the Fifth or Fourteenth Amendments. 24 4 The Court notes that the FAC is different from the proposed amended complaint attached to his First Motion for Leave to Amend. (Compare First Mot. Amend, ECF No. 38, with FAC, ECF No. 46). The Nursing Board 25 maintains that this discrepancy warrants striking the FAC, but the Nursing Board addresses the merits of the improperly filed FAC “in the interest of an expedited resolution of the instant Motion.” (MTD 2:26–27 n.1). Given Plaintiff’s pro se status, the Court will not strike the FAC on this technicality. 1 which it rests, and although a court must take all factual allegations as true, legal conclusions 2 couched as factual allegations are insufficient. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. Accordingly, Rule 3 12(b)(6) requires “more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements 4 of a cause of action will not do.” Id. “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain 5 sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 6 face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). “A 7 claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to 8 draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. This 9 standard “asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. 10 “Generally, a district court may not consider any material beyond the pleadings in ruling 11 on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.” Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., 896 F.2d 1542, 12 1555 n.19 (9th Cir. 1990). “However, material which is properly submitted as part of the 13 complaint may be considered.” Id. Similarly, “documents whose contents are alleged in a 14 complaint and whose authenticity no party questions, but which are not physically attached to 15 the pleading, may be considered in ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss.” Branch v. 16 Tunnell, 14 F.3d 449, 454 (9th Cir. 1994) (overruled on other grounds by Galbraith v. Cty. of 17 Santa Clara, 307 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir. 2002)). On a motion to dismiss, a court may also take

18 judicial notice of “matters of public record.” Mack v. S. Bay Beer Distribs., 798 F.2d 1279, 19 1282 (9th Cir. 1986). Otherwise, if a court considers materials outside of the pleadings, the 20 motion to dismiss is converted into a motion for summary judgment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d).5 21 If the court grants a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, leave to amend should 22 be granted unless it is clear that the deficiencies of the complaint cannot be cured by 23 amendment. DeSoto v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 957 F.2d 655, 658 (9th Cir. 1992). Pursuant 24

25 5 The Court finds that all exhibits cited in this Order are incorporated by reference in the FAC, which details the administrative process relating to Plaintiff’s license suspension and revocation. 1 to Rule 15(a), the court should “freely” give leave to amend “when justice so requires,” and in 2 the absence of a reason such as “undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the 3 movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue 4 prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of the 5 amendment, etc.” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). 6 III. DISCUSSION 7 Defendant asserts two independent grounds for dismissal: (1) Plaintiff’s FAC fails to 8 state a claim upon which relief can be granted and (2) Defendant is entitled to sovereign 9 immunity under the Eleventh Amendment. Because the Court dismisses the FAC for failure to 10 state a claim, the Court does not reach the issue of sovereign immunity. 11 A. Failure to State a Claim 12 Plaintiff alleges that Defendant violated Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act 13 (“ADA”) and NRS 632.005.6 (FAC ¶ 1). NRS 632.005 is a legislative declaration and does not 14 provide a private right of action. See Richardson Const., Inc. v. Clark Cnty. Sch. Dist., 156 P.3d 15 21, 23 (Nev. 2007) (“[W]hen a statute does not expressly provide for a private cause of action, 16 the absence of such a provision suggests that the Legislature did not intend for the statute to be 17 enforced through a private cause of action.”). Accordingly, the Court DISMISSES Plaintiff’s

18 claim based on NRS 632.005 WITH prejudice. 19 Turning to Plaintiff’s ADA claim, the Court finds that Plaintiff has not adequately stated 20 a claim under Title II of the ADA. To state a claim under Title II, Plaintiff must allege the 21 following four elements: 22 (1) he ‘is an individual with a disability;’ (2) he ‘is otherwise qualified to participate in or receive the benefit of some public entity’s services, programs, or activities;’ 23 (3) he ‘was either excluded from participation in or denied the benefits of the public 24 25 6 To the extent Plaintiff attempts to state a separate cause of action for declaratory relief, (FAC ¶¶ 64–66), the Court DISMISSES such claim WITH prejudice because declaratory relief is a remedy, not a cause of action. PlayUp, Inc. v. Mintas, No. 2:21-cv-02129-GMN-NJK, 2023 WL 2648018, at *7 (D. Nev. Mar. 24, 2023). 1 entity's services, programs, or activities, or was otherwise discriminated against by the public entity;’ and (4) ‘such exclusion, denial of benefits, or discrimination was 2 by reason of [his] disability.’ 3 McGary v. City of Portland, 386 F.3d 1259, 1265 (9th Cir. 2004) (quoting Thompson v. Davis, 4 295 F.3d 890, 895 (9th Cir 2002)) (emphasis added). The Supreme Court has noted that “by 5 reason of” equates to “but for” causation. Univ. of Texas Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 6 350 (2013) (citing Holmes v. Sec. Inv. Protection Corp., 503 U.S. 258, 265–266 (1992)). Thus, 7 “[t]o show that the discrimination was ‘by reason of’ the plaintiff’s disability, the plaintiff must 8 show that the action would not have been taken ‘but for’ the disability.” Uhuru v. Bonnifield, 9 No. 2:19-cv-10449-JVS-KES, 2021 WL 3870479, at *9 (C.D. Cal. June 21, 2021), report and 10 recommendation adopted, No. 2:19-cv-10449-JVS-KES, 2021 WL 3857456 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 11 30, 2021) (citing Murray v. Mayo Clinic, 934 F.3d 1101, 1107 (9th Cir. 2019)).7 12 Plaintiff’s alleged disability here is addiction. (FAC 12:15–22). Although an 13 individual’s status as a drug addict may be protected in some circumstances, such status is not a 14 defense against allegations of “current use, even if it is a natural consequence of an addiction 15 disability.” Salley v. Cir. City Stores, Inc., 160 F.3d 977, 980 (3d Cir. 1998). That is, if the 16 Nursing Board suspended and revoked Plaintiff’s license due to Plaintiff’s current drug use and 17 violations of his probation or other rules, his addiction is not a but-for cause of the disciplinary 18 actions. See Collings v. Longview Fibre Co., 63 F.3d 828, 832 (9th Cir. 1995) (distinguishing 19 between termination because of misconduct and termination because of disability in Title I 20 context). 21 Plaintiff admits that the Nursing Board’s initial license suspension was appropriate to 22 protect the public. (Id. 2:19–20). This admission demonstrates that Plaintiff’s addiction was 23

24 7 The Court notes that some of the cases relied on herein concern Title I of the ADA. “[C]ases brought under 25 Title I of the ADA, which protects against discrimination by private and state and local government employers, are persuasive authority in Title II ‘reasonable modification’ cases.” Pollack v. Reg’l Sch. Unit 75, 12 F. Supp. 3d 173, 191 (D. Me. 2014). 1 not a but-for cause of his suspension. Nonetheless, Plaintiff argues that by the time his hearing 2 occurred, his drug use was in the past. Specifically, Plaintiff asserts that at the time of his 3 license revocation, “Plaintiff was long-outside of the window established by case law to be 4 considered a ‘current’ drug user.”8 (FAC 14:18–21). 5 The Nursing Board argues that “Plaintiff’s purported timeline of events establish that the 6 requests for continuances were made in an effort to establish himself as a former drug user to 7 prevent the Nursing Board from taking any actions against him.” (MTD 15:1–3). Whatever the 8 reasons for delay, the Court finds that the hearing addressed Plaintiff’s current alleged drug use 9 on four separate occasions. These incidents occurred in 2021, not 2012 to 2015, when Plaintiff 10 alleges his prior drug use occurred. (FAC 2:6–7, 6:8–14). The elapsed time from Plaintiff’s 11 alleged violations and his hearing does not convert this into a case about Plaintiff’s “prior” drug 12 use based on an addiction disability.9 13 Moreover, the Revocation Order10 itself noted four distinct reasons for the Nursing 14 Board’s decision, none of which rely upon Plaintiff’s status as a former drug user. The Nursing 15 Board found by a preponderance of the evidence that Plaintiff violated (1) NRS 632.347(1)(o) 16 because he “failed to comply with an Order of the Board;” (2) NRS 632.347(1)(m) because he 17 has been “disciplined in another state in connection with a license to practice or has committed

18 an act in another state which would constitute a violation” of the NRS; (3) NRS 632.347(1)(g) 19 because Plaintiff “practiced nursing while, with or without cause, his physical, mental, or 20

21 8 Plaintiff did not cite any cases to support this contention, and the Court could not find any. 22 9 The Court recognizes Plaintiff’s frustration with the Nursing Board’s decision in light of his voluntary stay in rehab and subsequently demonstrated sobriety. But this litigation is not the proper forum for contesting the 23 Nursing Board’s reasoning. Here, the Court is concerned with whether Plaintiff was discriminated by reason of his disability. Plaintiff’s evidence of subsequent changes in his behavior, though commendable, does not alter 24 the reasons for which the Nursing Board suspended and revoked his license. 10 In addition to being incorporated by reference in the FAC, the Court may take judicial notice of the Revocation 25 Order. See Papai v. Harbor Tug & Barge Co., 67 F.3d 203, 207, n.5 (9th Cir. 1995), rev’d on other grounds, 520 U.S. 548 (1997) (“Judicial notice is properly taken of orders and decisions made by other courts and administrative agencies.”) 1 emotional condition impaired his ability to act in a manner consistent with established or 2 customary nursing standards, or both;” and (4) NRS 632.347(1)(g) because Plaintiff “engaged 3 in the practice of nursing without a license.” (Revocation Order, Ex. H to MTD, ECF No. 48- 4 9).11 Plaintiff does not deny any of the allegations regarding his misconduct, which present 5 independent grounds for suspension and revocation. Thus, Plaintiff fails to allege 6 discrimination by reason of his disability, and his Title II claim must be dismissed.12 7 B. Leave to Amend 8 Rule 15(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits courts to “freely give 9 leave [to amend] when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). The Ninth Circuit “ha[s] 10 held that in dismissing for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), ‘a district court should 11 grant leave to amend even if no request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines 12 that the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.’” Lopez v. Smith, 13 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir. 14 1995)). 15 Here, the Court finds that amendment would be futile. Plaintiff admits that the Nursing 16 Board’s revocation and suspension of Plaintiff’s nursing license was based on his drug use and 17 violation of his probation in 2021, not his status as an addict dating back to 2012. Moreover,

18 the Revocation Order details the reasons for disciplinary action—reasons based on allegations 19 Plaintiff does not dispute—that are unrelated to Plaintiff’s status as a former drug user. Thus, 20 Plaintiff cannot allege that the Nursing Board’s actions were taken “by reason of” his disability. 21 /// 22 23 24 11 The FAC incorporates the Revocation Order by reference and is therefore properly relied upon here. (See generally FAC). 25 1212 Plaintiff did not respond to the Nursing Board’s arguments for dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6); instead, Plaintiff directed the Court to look at his FAC. (Resp. 14:21–26). The Court has examined his FAC as well as his proposed SAC and finds that Plaintiff cannot adequately plead a Title II claim. 1 Plaintiff nonetheless moves to amend his complaint for a second time. But Plaintiff’s 2 proposed second amended complaint13 does not cure the deficiencies noted in this Order, nor 3 can the Court conceive of any facts that could cure Plaintiff’s ADA claim. Accordingly, the 4 Court DISMISSES Plaintiff’s ADA claim WITH prejudice and DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion to 5 Amend. 6 V. CONCLUSION 7 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, (ECF No. 48), is 8 GRANTED. 9 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend, (ECF No. 66), is 10 DENIED. 11 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of Court shall close the case and enter 12 judgment for Defendant. 13 DATED this __2___ day of August, 2023. 14 15 ___________________________________ Gloria M. Navarro, District Judge 16 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 13 Plaintiff’s proposed second amended complaint broadens his ADA claim and changes how he pleads the facts, but Plaintiff still admits that he used drugs in 2021, and that this drug use was the basis for his license suspension and revocation. (Mot. Amend 5:20–22; 8:2–6, ECF No. 66).