MR. JUSTICE SHEA
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Fred E. Schwenk, Jr., appeals from an order of the district court granting summary judgment for S-W Company and from the denial of the district court to amend the court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law.
The action is on a contract involving interests in land in Fallon County. S-W Company, a promisor to the contract, brought the action against Schwenk, Pacific National Bank of Washington and Shell Oil Company, promisees. The latter two parties are stakeholders who do not join Schwenk on appeal. John Wight was a copromisor on the contract. He was not made a party to the action but filed a brief on leave of this Court as amicus curiae on appeal after receiving notice of the judgment of the district court. On appeal Wight requests joinder as an interested party to the action.
In settlement of a former dispute, Schwenk agreed to accept the sum of $15,000 as full payment to him for his interest in the particular lands described in the agreement with S-W Company and Wight. The agreement stated:
“First Party [Schwenk] shall accept the sum of Fifteen Thous- and ($15,000.00) Dollars as full payment to him for his right, title, interest and claims in to the above described lands and working interest embracing those lands, which shall be paid in the following manner: One-half of the net proceeds derived by SW Company from its working interest in and to said lands, and one-half of the net proceeds to be derived from the Wight Trust interest held by the First National Bank of Denver embracing the said described lands.” (Bracketed material added.)
According to the agreement, instruments regarding the interests in the land were to be held in escrow and delivered to S-W Company “when the terms and conditions of this agreement and the escrow agreement have been complied with fully.”
Shell Oil, the producer of oil from the lands, later made monthly payments towards the $15,000 debt, applying one-half the monthly income fo S-W Company. Wight Trust funds, meanwhile, were indefinitely impounded by another unrelated lawsuit. When more than $7,500 had been paid to Schwenk by income from S-W Company, S-W Company sued Schwenk, the Bank and Shell Oil alleging that it had fulfilled its obligations of the agreement, Schwenk answered, alleging that the agreement did not limit S-W Company’s obligation to one-half of the $15,000 debt, and that instead, S-W Company was jointly and severally liable for the whole amount. Wight, the cosigner on the debt, was not joined or notified of the proceedings until after judgment. Neither party to the action nor the court raised the question of joinder prior to appeal.
The only evidence submitted to the court for interpretation was a copy of the agreement itself. The trial court granted a motion of S-W Company ruling that the language in dispute was not ambiguous and accordingly that S-W Company was liable to pay only $7,500 of the $15,000 debt. After the trial court refused to amend any of its findings and conclusions, Schwenk appealed from the granting of the summary judgment.
Schwenk’s appeal raises three main issues:
1. Was the district court in error in determining there was no ambiguity in the contract?
2. Did issues of fact exist which precluded the granting of summary judgment?
3. Should the district court have required the joinder of Wight as an interested party whose interests were affected by the judgment?
If the district court was correct in determining that the disputed language was not ambiguous, it would follow that there were no material questions of fact as to the liability of S-W Company. However, we determine that the language is ambiguous and accordingly that there were material facts in dispute.
.Where ambiguity does exist on the face of the contract, the question of the parties’ intent as to the language involved is submitted to the trier of fact.
Shell
v. Peters, 147 Mont. 21, 410 P.2d 152. Ambiguity exists when a contract taken as a whole in its wording or phraseology is reasonably subject to two different interpretations.
Watson v.
Barnard, 155 Mont. 75, 82, 469 P.2d 539. Here, the crux of the case is whether S-W Company is jointly and severally liable for the total $15,000 debt, or only severally liable for half, $7,500. The only language in the agreement relating to liability is phrased in terms of the source of funds to pay the debt:
“One-half of the net proceeds derived by S-W Company from its working interest in and to said lands, and one-half of the net proceeds to be derived from the Wight Trust interest * *
What was meant by this language? Does it mean that the S-W Company is liable to pay only $7,500 as the trial court held, or does it mean that one-half of the net proceeds (however large or small that amount may be) of the S-W Company’s working interest in the land involved, shall go towards payment of the $15,000 debt? Similarly, does it mean that one-half of the net proceeds of the Wight Trust (however large or small that amount may be) shall go towards payment of the $15,000 debt? We cannot conclude as a matter of law that the meaning of this contract language was clearly stated or unambiguous.
Nowhere in the agreement is the extent of each promisor’s liability defined other than to the extent of one-half of each source of income. There are no time limitations, furthermore, on payment from either S-W Company or Wight Trust; documents in escrow were to be released only after the agreement was fully performed.
Under Montana law, obligations imposed upon several persons may be (1) joint, (2) several, or, (3) joint and several. Section 58-201, R.C.M.1947. Section 58-202, R.C.M.1947, states:
“When joint and several.
All joint obligations and covenants
shall hereafter be taken and held to be joint and several obligations and covenants.”
Sections on the interpretation of contracts, sections 13-725 and 13-726, R.C.M.1947, raise the presumption of joint and several liability. They provide:
“13-725. Where all the parties who unite in a promise receive some benefit from the consideration, whether past or present, their promise is presumed to be joint and several.”
“13-726. A promise, made in the singular number, but executed by several persons, is presumed to be joint and several.”
These sections correspond directly with their California predecessors and present counterparts, sections 1659 and 1660, Cal.Civ.C.1954.
No Montana cases are clearly on point here. California courts, however, have made numerous distinctions regarding these statutes. In a recent case,
Vincent v.
Grayson, 30 Cal.App.3d 899, 906, 106 Cal.Rptr. 733, 738, the court stated that the language of “ T/ We hereby promise and agree to pay * * ” imparts joint and several [liability]. In
Kaneko v. Okuda,
195 Cal.App.2d 217, 15 Cal.Rptr.
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MR. JUSTICE SHEA
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Fred E. Schwenk, Jr., appeals from an order of the district court granting summary judgment for S-W Company and from the denial of the district court to amend the court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law.
The action is on a contract involving interests in land in Fallon County. S-W Company, a promisor to the contract, brought the action against Schwenk, Pacific National Bank of Washington and Shell Oil Company, promisees. The latter two parties are stakeholders who do not join Schwenk on appeal. John Wight was a copromisor on the contract. He was not made a party to the action but filed a brief on leave of this Court as amicus curiae on appeal after receiving notice of the judgment of the district court. On appeal Wight requests joinder as an interested party to the action.
In settlement of a former dispute, Schwenk agreed to accept the sum of $15,000 as full payment to him for his interest in the particular lands described in the agreement with S-W Company and Wight. The agreement stated:
“First Party [Schwenk] shall accept the sum of Fifteen Thous- and ($15,000.00) Dollars as full payment to him for his right, title, interest and claims in to the above described lands and working interest embracing those lands, which shall be paid in the following manner: One-half of the net proceeds derived by SW Company from its working interest in and to said lands, and one-half of the net proceeds to be derived from the Wight Trust interest held by the First National Bank of Denver embracing the said described lands.” (Bracketed material added.)
According to the agreement, instruments regarding the interests in the land were to be held in escrow and delivered to S-W Company “when the terms and conditions of this agreement and the escrow agreement have been complied with fully.”
Shell Oil, the producer of oil from the lands, later made monthly payments towards the $15,000 debt, applying one-half the monthly income fo S-W Company. Wight Trust funds, meanwhile, were indefinitely impounded by another unrelated lawsuit. When more than $7,500 had been paid to Schwenk by income from S-W Company, S-W Company sued Schwenk, the Bank and Shell Oil alleging that it had fulfilled its obligations of the agreement, Schwenk answered, alleging that the agreement did not limit S-W Company’s obligation to one-half of the $15,000 debt, and that instead, S-W Company was jointly and severally liable for the whole amount. Wight, the cosigner on the debt, was not joined or notified of the proceedings until after judgment. Neither party to the action nor the court raised the question of joinder prior to appeal.
The only evidence submitted to the court for interpretation was a copy of the agreement itself. The trial court granted a motion of S-W Company ruling that the language in dispute was not ambiguous and accordingly that S-W Company was liable to pay only $7,500 of the $15,000 debt. After the trial court refused to amend any of its findings and conclusions, Schwenk appealed from the granting of the summary judgment.
Schwenk’s appeal raises three main issues:
1. Was the district court in error in determining there was no ambiguity in the contract?
2. Did issues of fact exist which precluded the granting of summary judgment?
3. Should the district court have required the joinder of Wight as an interested party whose interests were affected by the judgment?
If the district court was correct in determining that the disputed language was not ambiguous, it would follow that there were no material questions of fact as to the liability of S-W Company. However, we determine that the language is ambiguous and accordingly that there were material facts in dispute.
.Where ambiguity does exist on the face of the contract, the question of the parties’ intent as to the language involved is submitted to the trier of fact.
Shell
v. Peters, 147 Mont. 21, 410 P.2d 152. Ambiguity exists when a contract taken as a whole in its wording or phraseology is reasonably subject to two different interpretations.
Watson v.
Barnard, 155 Mont. 75, 82, 469 P.2d 539. Here, the crux of the case is whether S-W Company is jointly and severally liable for the total $15,000 debt, or only severally liable for half, $7,500. The only language in the agreement relating to liability is phrased in terms of the source of funds to pay the debt:
“One-half of the net proceeds derived by S-W Company from its working interest in and to said lands, and one-half of the net proceeds to be derived from the Wight Trust interest * *
What was meant by this language? Does it mean that the S-W Company is liable to pay only $7,500 as the trial court held, or does it mean that one-half of the net proceeds (however large or small that amount may be) of the S-W Company’s working interest in the land involved, shall go towards payment of the $15,000 debt? Similarly, does it mean that one-half of the net proceeds of the Wight Trust (however large or small that amount may be) shall go towards payment of the $15,000 debt? We cannot conclude as a matter of law that the meaning of this contract language was clearly stated or unambiguous.
Nowhere in the agreement is the extent of each promisor’s liability defined other than to the extent of one-half of each source of income. There are no time limitations, furthermore, on payment from either S-W Company or Wight Trust; documents in escrow were to be released only after the agreement was fully performed.
Under Montana law, obligations imposed upon several persons may be (1) joint, (2) several, or, (3) joint and several. Section 58-201, R.C.M.1947. Section 58-202, R.C.M.1947, states:
“When joint and several.
All joint obligations and covenants
shall hereafter be taken and held to be joint and several obligations and covenants.”
Sections on the interpretation of contracts, sections 13-725 and 13-726, R.C.M.1947, raise the presumption of joint and several liability. They provide:
“13-725. Where all the parties who unite in a promise receive some benefit from the consideration, whether past or present, their promise is presumed to be joint and several.”
“13-726. A promise, made in the singular number, but executed by several persons, is presumed to be joint and several.”
These sections correspond directly with their California predecessors and present counterparts, sections 1659 and 1660, Cal.Civ.C.1954.
No Montana cases are clearly on point here. California courts, however, have made numerous distinctions regarding these statutes. In a recent case,
Vincent v.
Grayson, 30 Cal.App.3d 899, 906, 106 Cal.Rptr. 733, 738, the court stated that the language of “ T/ We hereby promise and agree to pay * * ” imparts joint and several [liability]. In
Kaneko v. Okuda,
195 Cal.App.2d 217, 15 Cal.Rptr. 792, the court held that three signers of a contract and option to purchase had benefited from the consideration and hence were liable jointly and severally. In
Williams v. Reed,
113 Cal. App.2d 195, 248 P.2d 147, the court held comakers of a mortgage liable jointly and severally when each note was in the form of a promise made in the singular and executed by each of the makers. Finally, in
Olson v. Foster,
42 Cal.App.2d 493, 109 P.2d 388, the court held that a number of trusts were jointly and severally liable for the balance due on legal services made on behalf of and benefiting all of the trusts.
In the present case, there is no language expressly defining the liabilities of the two promisors. There is no language comparable to “I/We agree * * The debt, however, is named as a total $15,000, and nowhere is it explicitly broken down into two halves of $7,500 each. It is not clear what benefit each of the promisors received from the agreement, but it specifically stated
that the $ 15,000 was to be satisfaction of an earlier “disagreement between all of the parties.” What relationship the promisors each had to the earlier disagreement, or to each other, is not apparent from the papers or the court files. A prior debt, however, is sufficient to constitute consideration in a later promise regarding that debt, sections 13-501 and 13-502, R.C.M.1947, and both promisors here received a benefit from the contract. These facts raise the presumption of joint and several liability of each promisor, and as a matter of law, Schwenk is entitled to this presumption. The burden of proof is on S-W Company to rebut this presumption.
When a contract is ambiguous, the language of the parties must be considered in light of subject matter and the surrounding circumstances, as well as the positions of the parties at the time the contract was made.
Kintner v. Harr,
146 Mont. 461, 408 P.2d 487;
McNussen v. Graybeal,
146 Mont. 173, 405 P.2d 447. The construction that the district court gave to the language was just one of many constructions which could reasonably be given it. The district court erred in determining that there was no ambiguity in the contract.
It follows that the court erred in granting summary judgment for S-W Company. This Court stated in
Fulton v. Clark,
167 Mont. 399, 404, 538 P.2d 1371, “Summary judgment is usually inappropriate where the intent of the contracting parties is an important consideration.” 6 Moore’s Federal Practice, Para. 56.17 [41.-1]. In
Fulton
the contract did not specifically provide for the payment of the fees in question. The Court stated:
“* * * determine if the agreement precludes management fees for long range services, the district court must inquire as to the conduct of the parties and as to the existence and substance of the alleged oral agreement. Whether there was an executed oral agreement, as well as whether the conduct of the parties modified the written agreement, are material questions of fact bearing on the intent of the parties. * * *” 167 Mont. 404, 538 P.2d 1374.
Similarly, here the contract does not state the extent of liability
of each promisor. The intent of the parties to the contract is a genuine issue of fact and hence summary judgment is inappropriate.
The following considerations for example, would have been appropriate inquiry for the trial court to arrive at the facts. Which party was the source of the language used in the agreement regarding how payment of the debt was to be made and how and why was this language chosen? What interests, if any, did each of the promisors to the agreement, namely S-W Company and John Wight or his predecessor in interest, have in the prior dispute upon which the agreement was based? What were the income-producing capacities of each of the two parcels of land in which the promisors owned interests at the time of the agreement, and was this information within the knowledge of all parties at the time? What was the relationship between the promisors at the time of the agreement?
The remaining issue is whether Wight (the Wight Trust) should have been joined as a party at the district court level. Neither S-W Company nor Schwenk raised the issue of joinder before appeal. In his amicus brief Wight claims, however, that he should have been joined as a party, and it appears that he did not know of the action pending in district court. Under Rule 19(a), M.R.Civ.P., the court is required to join a person subject to service of process if:
“(2) he claims an interest relating to the subject of the action and is so situated that the disposition of the action in his absence may (i) as a practical matter impair or impede his ability to protect that interest * * *.”
Since Wight did not claim an interest in the case below the court was not required to join him as a party, but because his interests' would clearly have been affected by the court’s judgment, the court should have joined him as a party. Under Rule 21, M.R.Civ.P., the district court may drop or add parties on motion of any party “or of its own initiative” at any time during the proceedings.
In this situation Wight was not bound by the court’s conclusions of law and judgment since he was not a party. However, he would be limited in exercising his right of contribution
from S-W Company on the debt if S-W’s liability was decided in Wight’s absence. The basis of the rule on joinder is founded on due process considerations of notice and a right to be heard. On remand Wight should be joined as a party so that he is not deprived of due process.
We reverse the summary judgment of the district court, set aside the findings of fact and conclusions of law, and order further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HATFIELD, and JUSTICE HASWELL, HARRISON and DALY concur.