NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 20a0361n.06
Case No. 19-3025
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Jun 18, 2020 RYAN D. MALONE, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Petitioner-Appellant, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR ) THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) OHIO Respondent-Appellee. ) )
BEFORE: BOGGS, GRIFFIN, and READLER, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM. Ryan Malone appeals from the denial of his motion to vacate, set aside,
or correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Malone asks that his sentence be vacated on
the grounds that his counsel on direct appeal provided ineffective assistance by failing to challenge
whether Malone’s prior controlled substance offense satisfied the requirements for a Guidelines-
imposed sentencing enhancement. Finding no error in the district court proceedings, we
AFFIRM.
BACKGROUND
This is Malone’s third appearance before this court to challenge the sentence imposed
following his 2015 guilty plea to being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1), in relation to a kidnapping. At his initial sentencing hearing, Malone’s Guidelines
range was 130 to 162 months. That range was driven in part by an enhancement to Malone’s base Case No. 19-3025, Malone v. United States
offense level due to two of Malone’s prior felony convictions. See U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(2). Under
§ 2K2.1(a)(2), a defendant’s base offense level is increased when the defendant has at least two
prior felony convictions for either a “controlled substance offense” or a “crime of violence.”
Malone had both. His controlled substance offense predicate was an Ohio conviction for drug
trafficking, in violation of Ohio Revised Code § 2925.03(A)(2). And the district court also
determined that a prior aggravated burglary conviction qualified as a crime of violence under the
Guidelines. United States v. Malone, 646 F. App’x 454, 456 (6th Cir. 2016). The district court
sentenced Malone to the statutory maximum of 120 months of imprisonment.
Around the time of Malone’s sentencing, the Supreme Court struck down, on vagueness
grounds, the residual clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act. See Johnson v. United States, 135
S. Ct. 2551 (2015). In light of Johnson, we held that Malone’s aggravated burglary conviction no
longer qualified as a “crime of violence” because the Guidelines definition was similar to the
statutory definition of “violent felony” invalidated in Johnson. Malone, 646 F. App’x at 457–58.
After removing the crime of violence designation, Malone was left with only one offense
relevant under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)—his prior Ohio drug trafficking conviction. His base offense
level thus dropped by four levels. U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A). The Guidelines range on remand
was 92 to 115 months. At his resentencing hearing, Malone challenged application of this
enhancement as well, arguing that by operation of the “modified categorical approach,” his drug
offense did not qualify as a Guidelines controlled substance offense. Malone also challenged
application of a separate enhancement for possessing a firearm in connection with his underlying
kidnapping charge, in addition to arguing that his criminal history score over-represented his past
criminal conduct. As before, the government sought the statutory maximum 120-month sentence,
asserting that the aggravating factors of the case coupled with Malone’s criminal history
2 Case No. 19-3025, Malone v. United States
distinguished Malone from the typical felon-in-possession defendant. Rejecting Malone’s
enhancement challenges and finding that the aggravating factors and Malone’s criminal history
justified a five-month upward variance, the court again sentenced Malone to 120 months in prison.
On appeal, Malone’s counsel challenged the sentence’s procedural and substantive
reasonableness. Counsel also reiterated two arguments raised at Malone’s re-sentencing: one, that
there was insufficient evidence to enhance Malone’s sentence for possessing a firearm in relation
to the felony kidnapping offense, and two, that Malone’s criminal history score over-represented
his past criminal conduct. Equally relevant, for today’s purposes, was an argument appellate
counsel did not make, namely, a challenge to the application of the controlled substance offense
enhancement. We affirmed.
Malone then filed the present action under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. He claims that his appellate
counsel’s failure to challenge the controlled substance offense enhancement amounted to
constitutionally ineffective assistance. Without this enhancement, Malone’s Guidelines range on
remand would have dropped from 92 to 115 months to as low as 51 to 63 months. See U.S.S.G.,
§ 5A, Sentencing Table. The district court denied Malone’s § 2255 motion, and he timely
appealed.
ANALYSIS
We review the denial of Malone’s § 2255 motion de novo. Neill v. United States, 937 F.3d
671, 675–76 (6th Cir. 2019). We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error. Id. at
675.
1. The thrust of Malone’s appeal is his claim for ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.
To prevail on that claim, Malone must show both that his counsel performed deficiently and that
he was prejudiced by counsel’s deficient performance. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
3 Case No. 19-3025, Malone v. United States
687–91 (1984). Malone attempts to demonstrate deficient performance by showing that the
unraised Guidelines issue “was clearly stronger than issues that counsel did present” on
appeal. Webb v. Mitchell, 586 F.3d 383, 399 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S.
259, 285, 288 (2000)). In assessing counsel’s decisionmaking, we consider “counsel’s perspective
at the time” of the appeal, not with the benefit of hindsight. Smith v. Murray, 477 U.S. 527, 536
(1986) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689).
Appellate counsel’s performance was not deficient. Failing to raise an argument that is
contradicted by existing precedent is not constitutionally defective, Baker v. Voorhies, 392 F.
App’x 393, 401–02 (6th Cir. 2010), unless a change in the law was “clearly foreshadow[ed].”
Thompson v. Warden, Belmont Corr. Inst., 598 F.3d 281, 288 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Lucas v.
O’Dea, 179 F.3d 412, 420 (6th Cir. 1999)). At the time of Malone’s appeal, we had held, in unison
with our sister circuits, that Ohio Revised Code § 2925.03(A)(2) categorically qualified as a
controlled substance offense for Guidelines purposes. See United States v. Robinson, 333 F. App’x
33, 35–36 (6th Cir. 2009); United States v. Wright, 43 F. App’x 848, 852–53 (6th Cir. 2002); see
also United States v. Walker, 429 F. App’x 874, 876–77 (11th Cir. 2011); United States v. Fuentes-
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 20a0361n.06
Case No. 19-3025
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Jun 18, 2020 RYAN D. MALONE, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Petitioner-Appellant, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR ) THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) OHIO Respondent-Appellee. ) )
BEFORE: BOGGS, GRIFFIN, and READLER, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM. Ryan Malone appeals from the denial of his motion to vacate, set aside,
or correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Malone asks that his sentence be vacated on
the grounds that his counsel on direct appeal provided ineffective assistance by failing to challenge
whether Malone’s prior controlled substance offense satisfied the requirements for a Guidelines-
imposed sentencing enhancement. Finding no error in the district court proceedings, we
AFFIRM.
BACKGROUND
This is Malone’s third appearance before this court to challenge the sentence imposed
following his 2015 guilty plea to being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1), in relation to a kidnapping. At his initial sentencing hearing, Malone’s Guidelines
range was 130 to 162 months. That range was driven in part by an enhancement to Malone’s base Case No. 19-3025, Malone v. United States
offense level due to two of Malone’s prior felony convictions. See U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(2). Under
§ 2K2.1(a)(2), a defendant’s base offense level is increased when the defendant has at least two
prior felony convictions for either a “controlled substance offense” or a “crime of violence.”
Malone had both. His controlled substance offense predicate was an Ohio conviction for drug
trafficking, in violation of Ohio Revised Code § 2925.03(A)(2). And the district court also
determined that a prior aggravated burglary conviction qualified as a crime of violence under the
Guidelines. United States v. Malone, 646 F. App’x 454, 456 (6th Cir. 2016). The district court
sentenced Malone to the statutory maximum of 120 months of imprisonment.
Around the time of Malone’s sentencing, the Supreme Court struck down, on vagueness
grounds, the residual clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act. See Johnson v. United States, 135
S. Ct. 2551 (2015). In light of Johnson, we held that Malone’s aggravated burglary conviction no
longer qualified as a “crime of violence” because the Guidelines definition was similar to the
statutory definition of “violent felony” invalidated in Johnson. Malone, 646 F. App’x at 457–58.
After removing the crime of violence designation, Malone was left with only one offense
relevant under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)—his prior Ohio drug trafficking conviction. His base offense
level thus dropped by four levels. U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A). The Guidelines range on remand
was 92 to 115 months. At his resentencing hearing, Malone challenged application of this
enhancement as well, arguing that by operation of the “modified categorical approach,” his drug
offense did not qualify as a Guidelines controlled substance offense. Malone also challenged
application of a separate enhancement for possessing a firearm in connection with his underlying
kidnapping charge, in addition to arguing that his criminal history score over-represented his past
criminal conduct. As before, the government sought the statutory maximum 120-month sentence,
asserting that the aggravating factors of the case coupled with Malone’s criminal history
2 Case No. 19-3025, Malone v. United States
distinguished Malone from the typical felon-in-possession defendant. Rejecting Malone’s
enhancement challenges and finding that the aggravating factors and Malone’s criminal history
justified a five-month upward variance, the court again sentenced Malone to 120 months in prison.
On appeal, Malone’s counsel challenged the sentence’s procedural and substantive
reasonableness. Counsel also reiterated two arguments raised at Malone’s re-sentencing: one, that
there was insufficient evidence to enhance Malone’s sentence for possessing a firearm in relation
to the felony kidnapping offense, and two, that Malone’s criminal history score over-represented
his past criminal conduct. Equally relevant, for today’s purposes, was an argument appellate
counsel did not make, namely, a challenge to the application of the controlled substance offense
enhancement. We affirmed.
Malone then filed the present action under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. He claims that his appellate
counsel’s failure to challenge the controlled substance offense enhancement amounted to
constitutionally ineffective assistance. Without this enhancement, Malone’s Guidelines range on
remand would have dropped from 92 to 115 months to as low as 51 to 63 months. See U.S.S.G.,
§ 5A, Sentencing Table. The district court denied Malone’s § 2255 motion, and he timely
appealed.
ANALYSIS
We review the denial of Malone’s § 2255 motion de novo. Neill v. United States, 937 F.3d
671, 675–76 (6th Cir. 2019). We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error. Id. at
675.
1. The thrust of Malone’s appeal is his claim for ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.
To prevail on that claim, Malone must show both that his counsel performed deficiently and that
he was prejudiced by counsel’s deficient performance. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
3 Case No. 19-3025, Malone v. United States
687–91 (1984). Malone attempts to demonstrate deficient performance by showing that the
unraised Guidelines issue “was clearly stronger than issues that counsel did present” on
appeal. Webb v. Mitchell, 586 F.3d 383, 399 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S.
259, 285, 288 (2000)). In assessing counsel’s decisionmaking, we consider “counsel’s perspective
at the time” of the appeal, not with the benefit of hindsight. Smith v. Murray, 477 U.S. 527, 536
(1986) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689).
Appellate counsel’s performance was not deficient. Failing to raise an argument that is
contradicted by existing precedent is not constitutionally defective, Baker v. Voorhies, 392 F.
App’x 393, 401–02 (6th Cir. 2010), unless a change in the law was “clearly foreshadow[ed].”
Thompson v. Warden, Belmont Corr. Inst., 598 F.3d 281, 288 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Lucas v.
O’Dea, 179 F.3d 412, 420 (6th Cir. 1999)). At the time of Malone’s appeal, we had held, in unison
with our sister circuits, that Ohio Revised Code § 2925.03(A)(2) categorically qualified as a
controlled substance offense for Guidelines purposes. See United States v. Robinson, 333 F. App’x
33, 35–36 (6th Cir. 2009); United States v. Wright, 43 F. App’x 848, 852–53 (6th Cir. 2002); see
also United States v. Walker, 429 F. App’x 874, 876–77 (11th Cir. 2011); United States v. Fuentes-
Oyervides, 541 F.3d 286, 289 (5th Cir. 2008) (per curiam) (holding that the Ohio statute qualifies
under the similar drug trafficking offense guideline in U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2); United States v. Miles,
266 F. App’x 534, 535–36 (9th Cir. 2008); United States v. Karam, 496 F.3d 1157, 1167–68 (10th
Cir. 2007).
No material change to this line of cases, moreover, was clearly foreshadowed. While there
has been some development in the law since that time, the trendline is not favorable to Malone.
Malone’s Guidelines argument is now squarely foreclosed by United States v. Smith, __F.3d__,
2020 WL 3026546 (6th Cir. 2020), decided while Malone’s appeal was pending. In Smith, we
4 Case No. 19-3025, Malone v. United States
held that Ohio Revised Code § 2925.03(A)(2) categorically qualifies as a controlled substance
offense under the Sentencing Guidelines. Id. at *5. That conclusion, we observed, is correct even
in light of Mathis v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243 (2016). Following Mathis’s instruction on how
to determine divisibility, we held that Ohio Revised Code § 2925.03(A)(2) is not divisible,
meaning all of the alternative ways of violating that section must fall within the Guidelines
definition. Smith, 2020 WL 3026546, at *5–6. And, as we further explained in Smith, they do,
because each alternative in § 2925.03(A)(2) amounts to possession with intent to distribute or
distribution, both of which fall under the Guidelines definition. Id. Malone’s Strickland argument
is thus foreclosed on this ground too. Counsel, after all, is not ineffective for failing to raise an
issue that, like Malone’s Guidelines argument, lacks merit. Greer v. Mitchell, 264 F.3d 663, 676
(6th Cir. 2001).
2. Resisting this conclusion, Malone argues that our order granting him a certificate of
appealability already determined the outcome of Strickland’s first prong in his favor, making that
determination the “law of the case.” This argument misreads both the terms of and purpose behind
the order. True, the certificate of appealability stated that Malone’s Guidelines “argument was
‘clearly stronger’ than the two arguments presented [on appeal].” In granting a certificate of
appealability, however, we take only a “threshold look—or a peek—at the merits of a petitioner’s
claims,” without “conduct[ing] a full merits inquiry.” Dufresne v. Palmer, 876 F.3d 248, 254 (6th
Cir. 2017). Yet that initial look at the merits does not resolve them. The order itself reflected its
limited scope: “jurists could conclude the issues presented are adequate to deserve encouragement
to proceed further.” Nor could the order have done more in light of the Supreme Court’s
instruction that “[a] court of appeals should limit its examination [when determining whether to
issue a COA] to a threshold inquiry into the underlying merit of [the] claims,” asking “only if the
5 Case No. 19-3025, Malone v. United States
District Court’s decision was debatable.” Buck v. Davis, 137 S. Ct. 759, 774 (2017) (third
alteration in original) (quoting Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 327, 348 (2003)). That debate
has now been settled.
CONCLUSION
For the aforementioned reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.