RxUSA Wholesale, Inc. v. ALCON LABORATORIES, INC.

661 F. Supp. 2d 218, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87932, 2009 WL 3111728

• Court: District Court, E.D. New York
• Decided: September 24, 2009
• Docket: 06-CV-3447 (DRH)(AKT)
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

HURLEY, Senior District Judge.

Plaintiff RxUSA Wholesale, Inc. (“Plaintiff’), a secondary wholesaler of pharmaceutical products, brings this antitrust action alleging that defendants— pharmaceutical manufacturers, authorized pharmaceutical wholesalers, and individuals in control of a pharmaceutical enterprise (collectively, “Defendants”) — have willfully acquired and sought to maintain a monopoly and exclude competition by secondary wholesalers in the wholesale pharmaceutical industry. Defendants move to dismiss the Complaint for failure to state a claim, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(6). In the Complaint, Plaintiff seeks, inter alia, an order enjoining and prohibiting Defendants from engaging in further allegedly unlawful acts that violate the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1-2; the Donnelly Act, N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law §§ 340-347; the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 200 (“SOX”); and the Racketeer Influence and Corrupt Organization Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. §§ 1962(c) and (d). Plaintiff also seeks damages with regard to the alleged unlawful conduct. For the reasons that follow, Defen dants’ motions are granted and this case is dismissed.

BACKGROUND

In crafting the following summary of facts, the Court accepts all of the factual allegations in the Complaint as true. 1

Plaintiff is a “secondary wholesaler” of pharmaceutical products that ships U.S. FDA-approved pharmaceuticals to its customers. A secondary wholesaler generally purchases pharmaceuticals from “authorized wholesalers” — wholesalers authorized to purchase directly from drug manufacturers — and then resells them to its own customers, other non-authorized distributors and dispensing facilities.

Several states and the federal government have adopted pedigree rules to regulate the sale of prescription drugs to curtail the sale of counterfeit drugs in the United States. The federal pedigree rules require non-authorized pharmaceutical distributors to show pedigree information on all sales made, i.e., to document the chain of custody of pharmaceuticals from manufacturers to pharmacy or other dispenser, but exempt authorized pharmaceutical distributors from this requirement. Thus, in order to comply with the law, all unauthorized distributors must obtain appropriate pedigree information from the seller. The absence of such information renders illegal any sale of pharmaceutical products in the United States. 2

I. Plaintiff’s Allegations Against the Authorized Wholesalers

Plaintiff alleges that in the past, it purchased pharmaceuticals from the following five authorized wholesalers which in turn purchased directly from manufacturers: McKesson Corporation (“McKesson”), Cardinal Health Corporation (“Cardinal”), AmerisourceBergen Corp. (“AmerisourceBergen”), H.D. Smith, Inc. (“H.D. Smith”), and Bélico Drug Corp. (“Bélico”). These five companies are referred to in the Complaint, and will be hereinafter collectively referred to as, the Pharmaceutical Wholesaler Defendants or the “PWDs.” Plaintiff alleges that the PWDs control more than 95% of the market for wholesale pharmaceutical products in the United States.

Plaintiff had a different relationship with each PWD, as set forth below.

A. Plaintiff’s Alleged Dealings With McKesson

Plaintiff entered into a multi-year agreement with McKesson on October 1, 2003, under which McKesson agreed to supply pharmaceutical products to Plaintiff. As a result of this agreement, McKesson became a primary supplier to Plaintiff. From October 2003 through part of 2006, Plaintiff received approximately $529 million of goods from McKesson, an amount that was allegedly less than the full amount Plaintiff ordered. 3 McKesson allegedly fraudulently reported to the manu facturera that Plaintiff was receiving 100% of the product it was ordering from McKesson. In January 2006, McKesson advised Plaintiff that it would not provide Plaintiff with pedigree documentation necessary to permit lawful resale by Plaintiff of the pharmaceutical products purchased by Plaintiff from McKesson. In February 2006, McKesson terminated its supply agreement with Plaintiff.

B. Plaintiff’s Alleged Dealings With Cardinal

Plaintiff purchased pharmaceutical products from Cardinal beginning in November 2004 and then periodically thereafter through December 2005. In January 2006, Cardinal notified Plaintiff that it would not supply to Plaintiff and others pedigree information necessary to permit lawful resale. In July 2006, Cardinal notified Plaintiff that it would not supply Plaintiff with any more pharmaceutical products.

C. Plaintiff’s Alleged Dealings With AmerisourceBergen

Plaintiff purchased pharmaceutical products from AmerisourceBergen from June 1999 through March 2000. In January 2006, AmerisourceBergen announced that it would not supply to Plaintiff and others pedigree documentation necessary to permit lawful resale. In July 2006, AmerisourceBergen notified Plaintiff that it would not supply any more pharmaceutical products to Plaintiff.

D. Plaintiff’s Alleged Dealings With H.D. Smith

Plaintiff purchased pharmaceutical products from H.D. Smith from September 2000 through November 2001. On November 2001, H.D. Smith advised Plaintiff that it would not sell pharmaceutical products to any secondary wholesaler and has not sold any product to Plaintiff since that time.

E. Plaintiff’s Alleged Dealings With Bélico

Plaintiff intermittently purchased pharmaceutical products from Bélico from September 2000 through June 2006. In January 2006, Bélico announced that it would not supply to Plaintiff and others pedigree information necessary to permit lawful resale. In June 2006, Bélico notified Plaintiff that it would not supply Plaintiff with any pharmaceuticals.

F. PWDs ’ Alleged Intent

Plaintiff alleges that in refusing to sell to Plaintiff, the PWDs’ motivation was to consolidate “[each PWD’s] monopoly and the monopoly power of the PWDs, prevent Plaintiff from growing its business to become an even larger competitor, eliminate Plaintiff as a competitor in the relevant market, and thereby keep wholesale prices for the products it offered to end users artificially high.” (Compl. ¶¶ 192, 203, 214, 227, 237.)

F. Plaintiff’s Claims

Plaintiff asserts the following causes of action against the PWDs: (1) counts II — III and V-XII alleging that each PWD violated Section 2 of the Sherman Act by unilaterally refusing to sell to Plaintiff pharmaceutical products which Plaintiff labels as “essential facilities”; (2) counts XIII and XIV, alleging that each PWD violated Section 1 of the Sherman Act by allegedly conspiring with each other to refuse to deal with Plaintiff; and (3) count XX, alleging that such conduct also violated the Donnelly Act. The Complaint also asserts two claims against McKesson only, count I for monopolization of the relevant geographic wholesale pharmaceutical product market in violation of Section 2 of the Sherman Act based on McKesson’s termination of its supply agreement with Plaintiff, and count IV for attempted monopolization of the relevant geographic wholesale pharmaceutical product market in violation of Section 2 of the Sherman Act.

II. Plaintiff’s Allegations Against Brian Ferreira and Peter J. Pasquale

At all times relevant to the Complaint, Brian Ferreira (“Ferreira”) was a Vice-President, and Peter J. Pasquale (“Pasquale”) was a Senior Vice-President of McKesson. As noted above, McKesson was Plaintiffs primary supplier of pharmaceuticals from October 2003 to February 2006 pursuant to a supply agreement between the parties. Plaintiff alleges, inter alia, that Ferreira and Pasquale used the United States mails and wires to transmit fraudulent representations to various manufacturers intended to induce the manufacturers to believe that all of Plaintiffs pharmaceutical purchasing requirements were being met.

Plaintiff asserts the following causes of action against Ferreira and Pasquale: (1) count XXI, alleging that they violated SOX by issuing false reports, and (2) counts XXII and XXIII, alleging that they violated the civil RICO statute via the transmission of these false reports.

III. Plaintiff’s Allegations Against Healthcare Distribution Management Association

Healthcare Distribution Management Association (“HDMA”) is a voluntary association of wholesalers of pharmaceutical products which now excludes secondary wholesalers from its ranks. Each of the PWDs is a member of HDMA.

Plaintiff became a member of HDMA in or about 2005. On July 29, 2005, Plaintiff advised HDMA that it was having problems opening up accounts with most major pharmaceutical manufacturers and requested that HDMA look into this issue. In December 2005, Plaintiff was notified by HDMA that Plaintiff was no longer eligible for HDMA membership. Plaintiff alleges that the exclusion of Plaintiff from HDMA membership was “directed by, or acquiesced in by, the PWDs, whose intention was to exclude Plaintiff from participation in an essential industry organization and permit some of the Manufacturer Defendants to use the exclusion of Plaintiff from the HDMA as a purported ‘basis’ for refusal to deal with Plaintiff.” (Compl. ¶ 251.) As a result, Plaintiff claims it is unable to compete with HDMA members in the wholesale pharmaceutical market.

Plaintiff asserts one cause of action against HDMA, count XIX, alleging that HDMA violated Section 2 of the Sherman Act by unilaterally refusing to provide Plaintiff with membership in HDMA, which membership Plaintiff alleges is an “essential facility.”

IV. Plaintiff’s Allegations Against the Manufacturers

The pharmaceutical manufacturer defendants (collectively, the “Manufacturing Defendants”) 4 are the sole original source for certain branded and/or trademarked pharmaceutical products. Plaintiff alleges that the Manufacturing Defendants have wrongfully and illegally refused to deal with Plaintiff and other selected secondary wholesalers directly.

From the time it commenced operations through 2006, Plaintiff purchased large quantities of pharmaceuticals from one or more of the PWDs. Beginning in December 2003 and through March 2006, Plaintiff requested in writing that the Manufacturing Defendants sell pharmaceuticals directly to Plaintiff. According to the Complaint, all refused. Several of the Manufacturing Defendants advised Plaintiff that they would not sell products directly to Plaintiff because they were satisfied with their current distribution network. (See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 54, 61, 75, 82, 97, 137, 156. 163, 170.) Others noted that they only sold to distributors who were members of HDMA (see, e.g., id. ¶82), or that they did not deal directly with secondary wholesalers. (Id. ¶ 121.) Still others did not respond to Plaintiffs request. (See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 68, 90, 104, 130.)

Plaintiff asserts the following causes of action against the Manufacturing Defendants: (1) counts XV and XVI, alleging that the Manufacturing Defendants violated Section 1 of the Sherman Act by allegedly conspiring with each other to refuse to deal with Plaintiff; (2) counts XVII-XVIII, alleging that each Manufacturing Defendant violated Section 2 of the Sherman Act, by unilaterally refusing to sell to Plaintiff pharmaceutical products which are claimed to be “essential facilities”; and (3) count XX, alleging that such conduct also violated the Donnelly Act.

V. The Alleged Anti-Competitive Effects

Plaintiff describes the alleged anti-competitive effects of the foregoing as follows:

[] Collectively, the Defendants have sought to prevent, and have succeeded in preventing, Plaintiff from acquiring widely-used pharmaceutical products on competitive terms for resale, failed to permit Plaintiff to acquire products in sufficient quantity, failed to provide pedigree information lawfully necessary for Plaintiff to resell pharmaceutical goods, and ultimately refused to provide any product to Plaintiff at all, all of which made it impossible for Plaintiff to adequately compete or exist in the relevant market.

[ ] The Defendants’ unlawful acts have been directed primarily at Plaintiff and selected other “secondary wholesalers,” which represent a significant competitive source of supply for pharmaceutical products on a nationwide basis. Having obtained their monopoly position, the Defendants have aggressively misused their monopoly power to gain further competitive advantages and totally suppress competition in the relevant market by, among other things, such means as refusing to deal, entering into exclusive contracts, exercising preferential and restrictive arrangements among themselves, filing false statements with Manufacturers, failing to make full and complete disclosures to the SEC and their public shareholders in compliance with section 10(B)(5) of the federal securities laws, and refusing to provide necessary pedigree information so as to render goods lawfully resalable in all States of the United States.

(Compl. ¶¶ 13-14.)

VI. The Motions Before the Court

Presently before the Court are four separate motions to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) made by the following defendants: (1) the Manufacturing Defendants; (2) the PWDs; (3) McKesson, Pasquale, and Ferreira (the “McKesson Defendants”); and (4) HDMA. For the reasons explained be low, all four motions are granted in their entirety and the Complaint is dismissed.

DISCUSSION

I. Motion to Dismiss: Legal Standards

Rule 8(a) provides that a pleading shall contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2). The Supreme Court has recently clarified the pleading standard applicable in evaluating a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6).

First, in Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007), the Court disavowed the well-known statement in Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957) that “a complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.” 550 U.S. at 562, 127 S.Ct. 1955. Instead, to survive a motion to dismiss under Twombly, a plaintiff must allege “only enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955.

While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations, a plaintiffs obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level, on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact).

Id. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

More recently, in Ashcroft v. Iqbal, — U.S. -, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009), the Supreme Court provided further guidance, setting forth a two-pronged approach for courts deciding a motion to dismiss. First, a court should “begin by identifying pleadings that, because they are no more than conclusions, are not entitled to the assumption of truth.” 129 S.Ct. at 1950. “While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual assumptions.” Id. Thus, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id. at 1949 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955).

Second, “[w]hen there are well-pleaded factual allegations a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.” Id. at 1950. The Court defined plausibility as follows:

A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. The plausibility standard is not akin to a “probability requirement,” but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully. Where a complaint pleads facts that are “merely consistent with” a defendant’s liability, it “stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of ‘entitlement to relief.’ ”

Id. at 1949 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556-57, 127 S.Ct. 1955) (internal citations omitted).

In deciding a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), a court must look to the allegations on the face of the complaint, but may also consider “[documents that are attached to the complaint or incorporated in it by reference.” Roth v. Jennings, 489 F.3d 499, 509 (2d Cir.2007). See also Gillingham v. GEICO Direct, 2008 WL 189671, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 18, 2008) (noting that a court considering a motion to dismiss “must limit itself to the facts stated in the complaint, documents attached to the complaint as exhibits, and documents incorporated by reference in the complaint”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

II. Plaintiff’s Claims Against the Manufacturing Defendants are Dismissed

A. Plaintiff’s Claims Under Section 2 of the Sherman Act are Dismissed

Counts XVII and XVIII assert violations of Section 2 of the Sherman Act against the Manufacturing Defendants. Count XVII is entitled “Monopolization of the Relevant Geographic Wholesale Pharmaceutical Product Market (Refusal to Deal)” and alleges that the Manufacturing Defendants refused to supply product to Plaintiff in an effort to eliminate competition from Plaintiff and other wholesalers in violation of Section 2. (Compl. at 119.) Count XVIII is entitled “Monopolization of the Relevant Geographic Wholesale Pharmaceutical Product Market (Denial of an Essential Facility to Compete)” and alleges that the pharmaceutical products sold by the Manufacturing Defendants are “essential facilities” that Plaintiff cannot obtain through any other source and that the Manufacturing Defendants’ refusal to provide Plaintiff with these essential facilities violates Section 2. {Id. at 121.)

There are two elements to a Section 2 claim for monopolization: (1) “the possession of monopoly power in the relevant market” and (2) “ ‘the willful acquisition or maintenance of that power as distinguished from growth or development as a consequence of a superior product, business acumen, or historic accident.’ ” Verizon Commc’ns Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V . Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398, 407, 124 S.Ct. 872, 157 L.Ed.2d 823 (2004) (quoting United States v. Grinnell Corp., 384 U.S. 563, 570-71, 86 S.Ct. 1698, 16 L.Ed.2d 778 (1966)). Here, the Complaint founders on both elements.

1. The Complaint Fails to Allege that the Manufacturing Defendants Possess Monopolg Power in the Relevant Markets

“[I]t is axiomatic that a firm cannot monopolize a market in which it does not compete.” Discon, Inc. v. NYNEX Corp., 93 F.3d 1055, 1062 (2d Cir.1996), vacated on other grounds, NYNEX Corp. v. Discon, Inc., 525 U.S. 128, 119 S.Ct. 493, 142 L.Ed.2d 510 (1998). The Complaint identifies four markets, viz. (1) the wholesale market (all entities that purchase pharmaceutical products for resale); (2) the group purchasing market (all entities that purchase pharmaceutical products on behalf of a group of resellers or dispensing facilities); (3) the dispensing facility market (all persons and entities that dispense pharmaceutical products to consumers); and (4) governmental agencies and related facilities that dispense pharmaceutical products to consumers. (Compl. ¶ 273.) There is no allegation that the Manufacturing Defendants have any presence whatsoever in any of the alleged markets, much less any allegation that they possess monopoly power in those markets. Accordingly, Plaintiffs Section 2 monopolization claims fail to state a claim against the Manufacturing Defendants. See, e.g., Discon, 93 F.3d at 1062 (defendant may be held liable for monopolization under Section 2 only if the defendant itself competed directly in that market).

Citing no authority, Plaintiff attempts to avoid this conclusion by asserting that because the Manufacturing Defendants supply the wholesalers with pharmaceuticals, they sell all of their product “directly in” the wholesale market and consequently “compete” therein. (PL’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n to Manufacturer Defs.’ Rule 12(b) Mot. to Dismiss at 8.) Plaintiffs attempt to transform the Manufacturing Defendants into wholesalers is wholly without merit. See, e.g., Argus, Inc. v. Eastman Kodak Co., 612 F.Supp. 904, 911 (S.D.N.Y.1985) (“[A] distributor is not a competitor of the manufacturer and not his rival.”).

2. The Complaint Fails to Allege Anticompetitive Conduct

Even assuming arguendo the existence of monopoly power, the Complaint fails to allege that the Manufacturing Defendants engaged in anticompetitive conduct and thus fails to allege a Section 2 claim for this independent reason.

a. Plaintiff’s Refusal to Deal Claims

The Supreme Court has made clear that a refusal to deal with other firms does not typically violate Section 2. See Pacific Bell Tel. Co. v. Linkline Commc’ns, Inc., — U.S. -, 129 S.Ct. 1109, 1118, 172 L.Ed.2d 836 (2009) (“As a general rule, businesses are free to choose the parties with whom they will deal, as well as the prices, terms, and conditions of that dealing.”); Trinko, 540 U.S. at 408, 124 S.Ct. 872 (“[A]s a general matter, the Sherman Act ‘does not restrict the long recognized right of [a] trader or manufacturer engaged in an entirely private business, freely to exercise his own independent discretion as to parties with whom he will deal.’ ”) (quoting United States v. Colgate & Co., 250 U.S. 300, 307, 39 S.Ct. 465, 63 L.Ed. 992 (1919). “Observing that it has been ‘very cautious’ in creating exceptions to the right to refuse to deal, the Trinko Court noted a sole exception, set forth in the earlier case of Aspen Skiing, 5 which Trinko described as situated ‘at or near the outer boundary of § 2 liability.’ ” In re Elevator Antitrust Litig., 502 F.3d 47, 53 (2d Cir.2007) (quoting Trinko, 540 U.S. at 409, 124 S.Ct. 872)). “That exception applies when a monopolist seeks to terminate a prior (voluntary) course of dealing with a competitor.” Id. The Trinko Court explained the rationale behind this exception: “The unilateral termination of a voluntary (and thus presumably profitable) course of dealing suggested a willingness to forsake short-term profits to achieve an anticompetitive end.” Trinko, 540 U.S. at 409, 124 S.Ct. 872 (emphasis in original).

Here, Plaintiff has conceded that the Manufacturing Defendants and Plaintiff are not in competition. (See PL’s Mem. in Opp’n to Manufacturer Defs.’ Rule 12(b) Motion to Dismiss at 10.) As in Trinko then, Plaintiffs claim is simply “not a recognized antitrust claim under th[e Supreme] Court’s existing refusal-to-deal precedents.” Trinko, 540 U.S. at 410, 124 S.Ct. 872; see id. at 408, 124 S.Ct. 872 (“Under certain circumstances, a refusal to cooperate with rivals can constitute anti-competitive conduct and violate § 2.”) (emphasis added).

Moreover, even assuming Plaintiff was in direct competition with the Manufacturing Defendants, the Aspen Skiing exception would still not apply as the Manufacturing Defendants never voluntarily did business with Plaintiff. See Trinko, 540 U.S. at 409, 124 S.Ct. 872 (“The refusal to deal alleged in the present case does not fit within the limited exception recognized in Aspen Skiing. The complaint does not allege that [defendant] voluntarily engaged in a course of dealing with its rivals.”).

In sum, because Plaintiff is not a competitor of the Manufacturing Defendants and never conducted business with them, the Manufacturing Defendants did not have a duty to deal with Plaintiff in these circumstances. Accordingly, Plaintiffs claims under Section 2 for a refusal to deal are dismissed.

b. Plaintiff’s Essential Facilities Claims

Plaintiff alleges that the Manufacturing Defendants control pharmaceuticals that are essential for Plaintiff to compete in each of the relevant markets. The elements of an essential facility claim under Section 2 are “ ‘(1) control of the essential facility by a monopolist; (2) a competitor’s inability practically or reasonably to duplicate the essential facility; (3) the denial of the use of the facility to a competitor; and (4) the feasibility of providing the facility.’ ” Twin Labs., Inc. v. Weider Health & Fitness, 900 F.2d 566, 569 (2d Cir.1990) (quoting MCI Commc’ns Corp. v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 708 F.2d 1081, 1132-33 (7th Cir.1983)). “The policy behind prohibiting denial of an essential facility to a competitor, at least in part, is to prevent a monopolist in a given market ... from using its power to inhibit competition in another market .... ” Id. at 568. A “defendant must be a competitor of the entity to which it denies reasonable access to the essential facility for there to be a violation of section 2 of the Sherman Act.” Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, L.L.P. v. Bell Atl. Corp., 305 F.3d 89, 108 n. 12 (2d Cir.2002), rev’d on other grounds, Verizon Commc’ns Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398, 407, 124 S.Ct. 872, 157 L.Ed.2d 823 (2004); 6 see also Olde Monmouth Stock Transfer Co. v. Depository Trust & Clearing Corp., 485 F.Supp.2d 387, 395 (S.D.N.Y.2007) (“[T]he essential facility doctrine is intended to prevent a competitor from obtaining an unfair advantage in a market by denying to its actual or potential competitors access to a facility essential for use of that market.”) (emphasis in original). Because the Manufacturing Defendants do not compete with Plaintiff, Plaintiffs alternative theory of monopolization based on the essential facilities doctrine fails as a matter of law. Accordingly, Plaintiffs Section 2 claims against the Manufacturing Defendants are dismissed.

B. Plaintiff’s Claims Under Section 1 of the Sherman Act are Dismissed

Counts XV and XVI assert violations of Section 1 of the Sherman Act against the Manufacturing Defendants. Count XV is entitled “Monopolization of the Relevant Geographic Wholesale [Pharmaceutical Product Market] Concerted Refusal to Deal — Per Se Violation” and alleges that in an effort to control the price of their products, the Manufacturing Defendants conspired not to provide pharmaceutical products to Plaintiff or any wholesaler other than the PWDs and in doing so, committed a per se violation of Section 1. (Compl. at 116.) Count XVI is entitled “Monopolization of the Relevant Geographic Wholesale [Pharmaceutical Product Market] Concerted Refusal to Deal— Rule of Reason Violation” and alleges that if the Manufacturing Defendants’ concerted refusal to deal with any wholesalers other that the PWDs is not per se unlawful, it is unlawful under the rule of reason. (Id. at 117.)

Section 1 of the Sherman Act proscribes “[e]very contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations.” 15 U.S.C. § 1. Thus, to state a Section 1 claim, a plaintiff must establish: “[1] a combination or some form of concerted action between at least two legally distinct economic entities that [2] constituted an unreasonable restraint of trade either per se or under the rule of reason.” PepsiCo, Inc. v. Coca-Cola Co., 315 F.3d 101, 109 (2d Cir.2002) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). For the reasons that follow, the Court finds that Plaintiffs Section 1 claims fail because the Complaint does not allege facts which plausibly suggest an agreement. 7

1. The Complaint Fails to Allege the Existence of an Actionable Conspiracy by the Manufacturing Defendants

In Twombly, the Supreme Court was faced with the “question of what a plaintiff must plead in order to state a claim under § 1 of the Sherman Act.” 550 U.S. at 554-55, 127 S.Ct. 1955. The Court answered this question thusly:

[W]e hold that stating ... a[§ 1] claim requires a complaint with enough factual matter (taken as true) to suggest that an agreement was made. Asking for plausible grounds to infer an agreement does not impose a probability requirement at the pleading stage; it simply calls for enough fact to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence of illegal agreement.... In identifying facts that are suggestive enough to render a § 1 conspiracy plausible, we have the benefit of the prior rulings and considered views of leading commentators, already quoted, that lawful parallel conduct fails to bespeak unlawful agreement. It makes sense to say, therefore, that an allegation of parallel conduct and a bare assertion of conspiracy will not suffice. Without more, parallel conduct does not suggest conspiracy, and a conclusory allegation of agreement at some unidentified point does not supply facts adequate to show illegality. Hence, when allegations of parallel conduct are set out in order to make a § 1 claim, they must be placed in a context that raises a suggestion of a preceding agreement, not merely parallel conduct that could just as well be independent action.

.... An allegation of parallel conduct is thus much like a naked assertion of conspiracy in a § 1 complaint: it gets the complaint close to stating a claim, but without some further factual enhancement it stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of entitle[ment] to relief.

Id. at 556-57, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 8

Plaintiff argues that a plausible inference of conspiracy can be drawn from three sources in the Complaint: (1) allegations of agreements made at some unidentified time and place; (2) allegations of parallel conduct; and (3) allegations suggesting anticompetitive motive. For the reasons that follow, the Court finds that these allegations are insufficient to establish a plausible inference of conspiracy.

a. Conclusory Allegations of Agreement

In support of its claim that the Manufacturing Defendants entered into an agreement, Plaintiff cites to, and the Court’s review of the pleading reveals, only a single paragraph of the Complaint:

Each of the Manufacturers has agreed with each other not to provide pharmaceutical products to Plaintiff or any wholesaler other than the PWDs (and a small group of other insignificant authorized distributors who are “grandfathered” in). The intent and effect of these actions is that Plaintiff, and all wholesalers other than the PWDs, be eliminated as legitimate competitors to the PWDs such that the Manufacturers can maintain distribution of their product through a small group of purchasers and, thereby, control the price of their products.

(Compl. ¶437.) The Complaint contains no allegations as to when the alleged conspiracy began, where it occurred, or what statements the Manufacturing Defendants made to one another. Instead, it simply states the naked conclusion that the Manufacturing Defendants have “agreed with each other” not to deal with Plaintiff. Under Twombly, as well as controlling Second Circuit precedent, such conclusory allegations are insufficient to state a claim. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (“[A] conclusory allegation of agreement at some unidentified point does not supply facts adequate to show illegality [under Section 1].”); In re Elevator Antitrust Litig., 502 F.3d at 51 (finding that general allegations of conspiracy “without any specification of any particular activities by any particular defendant” is insufficient to allege a Section 1 claim).

b. Parallel Conduct

Plaintiff argues that certain parallel conduct evinces a conspiracy, “consisting of an almost identical false, written response to [Plaintiff] when it attempted to purchase goods [from the Manufacturing Defendants].” Plaintiff continues that “the Manufacturers would either simply refuse to respond to the request, or provide a form letter stating that no goods would be sold directly to [Plaintiff] because the manufacturer had ‘adequate distribution’ of its products in [Plaintiffs] geographic area.” (Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n to Manufacturer Defs.’ Rule 12(b) Mot. to Dismiss at 16.) This argument fails.

First, Plaintiffs characterization of the Manufacturing Defendants’ conduct as parallel is questionable. The Complaint alleges that some of the Manufacturing Defendants failed to respond to Plaintiffs solicitations while others responded via letter. With regard to the latter category, the Complaint alleges that several of the Manufacturing Defendants responded to Plaintiff in different ways. For example, the Complaint alleges that Eisai advised Plaintiff that it only sold to wholesalers who were members of HDMA and that it had established an adequate distribution of its products through its existing network of authorized distributors. (Compl. ¶ 82.) Merck advised Plaintiff that it was not currently eligible for a direct account with Merck as it did not have enough direct purchasing relationships with other manufacturers and it did not perform enough services for its customers. (Id. ¶ 111.) Sanofi-Aventis is alleged to have agreed to deal with Plaintiff but only if Plaintiff would disclose the identity of each of its customers. (Id. ¶¶ 146-48.)

Even assuming arguendo that the Manufacturing Defendants’ responses could be considered parallel, Twombly makes clear that allegations of parallel conduct alone are insufficient to infer conspiracy. In that regard, the conduct claimed to be conspiratorial is nothing more than the continuation of preexisting distribution patterns. Plaintiff never had a direct purchasing relationship with any of the Manufacturing Defendants. The claim that Plaintiff solicited each of the Manufacturing Defendants asking to become its authorized distributor and was either met with a written refusal or no response at all cannot, without more, give rise to an inference of conspiracy. See In re Elevator Antitrust Litig., 502 F.3d at 51 (finding that plaintiffs allegations of parallel conduct did “not constitute ‘plausible grounds to infer an agreement’ because, while that conduct is ‘consistent with conspiracy, [it is] just as much in line with a wide swath of rational and competitive business strategy unilaterally prompted by common perceptions of the market.’ ”) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 554, 127 S.Ct. 1955). Because Plaintiffs allegations are not “placed in a context that raises a suggestion of a preceding agreement, [but] merely [suggests] parallel conduct that could just as well be independent action,” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955, Plaintiffs allegations of parallel conduct fail to allege a conspiracy claim under Section 1.

c. Anticompetitive Motive

Finally, Plaintiff argues that the Manufacturing Defendants’ motive to conspire, which is allegedly apparent from the Complaint, is sufficient to support its conspiracy claim. Plaintiff submits that “[t]he Complaint makes clear that the Manufacturers’ motive was to eliminate secondary wholesaler competition from the market and, thereby, keep prices artificially high.” (Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n to Manufacturer Defs.’ Rule 12(b) Mot. to Dismiss at 15 (citing paragraph 4 of Compl.).) In other words, “[b]y keeping the amount of distributors low, the end user has a limited source from which it can buy product and the distributors can, therefore, keep prices high.” (Id. at 16. n. 14.)

This contention is at odds with antitrust law in this Circuit which recognizes that each manufacturer has an incentive to maintain as much wholesale competition as possible so long is it is consistent with the efficient distribution of its products. As explained by the Second Circuit:

The power to restrict output to maximize profit is complete in the manufacturing monopoly, and there is no additional monopoly profit to be made by creating a monopoly in the retail distribution of the product. On the contrary, a firm with a monopoly at the retail distribution level will further reduce output to maximize its profits, thereby reducing the sales and profit of the monopoly manufacturer. Like any seller of a product, a monopolist would prefer multiple competing buyers unless an exclusive distributorship arrangement provides other benefits in the way of, for example, product promotion or distribution.

E & L Consulting, Ltd. v. Doman Indus. Ltd., 472 F.3d 23, 30 (2d Cir.2006); see also G.K.A. Beverage Corp. v. Honickman, 55 F.3d 762, 767 (2d Cir.1995) (noting that “sole incentive” of a manufacturer with a monopoly over the product it distributes “is to select the cheapest method of distribution”). Because there is nothing suspect about a manufacturer’s decision to decline to expand an existing distribution network, especially one already comprised of five “major” wholesalers and other “small authorized wholesalers” that have nationwide reach, (Compl. ¶¶ 5, 463), the Court finds that the Complaint fails to allege facts suggesting anticompetitive motive. Cf. E & L Consulting, 472 F.3d at 30.

In sum, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to allege plausible grounds to infer an agreement between the Manufacturing Defendants. Accordingly, Plaintiffs Section 1 claims against the Manufacturing Defendants are dismissed.

2. Plaintiff’s New Conspiracy Theory; The Manufacturing Defendants Acted in Concert with the PWDs to Violate Section 1

In a last ditch effort to avoid dismissal of its Section 1 claims against the Manu factoring Defendants, Plaintiff argues that: “Alleged in the Complaint is a wide combination consisting of both manufacturers and distributors, collectively forcing a competing market segment out of business.” (Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n to Manufacturer Defs.’ Rule 12(b) Mot. to Dismiss at 19.) Contrary to Plaintiffs assertion, this conspiracy theory between the Manufacturers and the PWDs is not alleged in the Complaint.

“It is long-standing precedent in this circuit that parties cannot amend their pleadings through issues raised solely in their briefs.” Fadem v. Ford Motor Co., 352 F.Supp.2d 501, 516 (S.D.N.Y.2005). Even if the Court were to consider these new allegations, they fail to demonstrate a viable conspiracy claim.

These allegations are nothing more than legal conclusions of agreement and conspiracy. Such allegations do not state facts sufficient to “nudge[ plaintiffs] claims across the line from conceivable to plausible,” Twombly, 127 S.Ct. at 1974, as required by the Supreme Court. In fact, far from being plausible, this unpleaded theory of an industry-wide conspiracy against Plaintiff is inconsistent with the allegations in the Complaint which allege that the PWDs sold pharmaceuticals to Plaintiff from 1999 to 2006. Thus, under Plaintiffs new theory, we are to believe that the PWDs were conspiring with the Manufacturing Defendants to drive Plaintiff out of the industry at the very same time the PWDs were supplying Plaintiff with product. Which is to say, not only does Plaintiffs new theory fail to allege parallel conduct between the PWDs (who were supplying Plaintiff) and the Manufacturing Defendants (who never sold to Plaintiff), it is wholly implausible. That deficiency, together with the fact that there are no allegations as to when this alleged scheme formed or what the alleged conspirators specifically agreed to do, compels the conclusion that Plaintiffs new conspiracy theory cannot withstand dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6).

Finally, to the extent Plaintiff attempts to assert this unpleaded theory of conspiracy between the Manufacturing Defendants and the PWDs under Section 2, such a claim would fail for the same reasons set forth immediately above with regard to the unpleaded Section 1 conspiracy claim. 9 Although Twombly involved a conspiracy claim under Section 1, the Second Circuit has held that the pleading standards enunciated in that case apply with equal force to a Section 2 claim. See Elevator Antitrust Litig., 502 F.3d at 50.

C. Plaintiff’s Claims Under the Donnelly Act are Dismissed

The Donnelly Act declares illegal every contract, agreement, arrangement or combination whereby a monopoly is established or maintained, or whereby competition or the free exercise of any activity in the conduct of any business, trade or commerce is restrained. N.Y. General Business Law § 340(1). The Donnelly Act was patterned after the Sherman Act and has been narrowly construed to encompass only those causes of action falling within the Sherman Act. See State v. Mobil Oil Corp., 38 N.Y.2d 460, 462-63, 381 N.Y.S.2d 426, 344 N.E.2d 357 (1976); see also Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., Inc. v. Town of East Hampton, 997 F.Supp. 340 (E.D.N.Y.1998) (finding Donnelly Act is modeled after the Sherman Act and is generally interpreted in accordance with federal precedent). As a result, the Donnelly Act “should generally be construed in light of Federal prece dent and given a different interpretation only where State policy, differences in the statutory language or the legislative history justify such a result.” X.L.O. Concrete Corp. v. Rivergate Corp., 83 N.Y.2d 513, 518, 611 N.Y.S.2d 786, 634 N.E.2d 158 (1994) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Stolow v. Greg Manning Auctions Inc., 258 F.Supp.2d 236, 244 n. 8 (S.D.N.Y.2003), aff'd, 80 Fed. Appx. 722 (2d Cir.2003). Because Plaintiffs federal antitrust claims have been dismissed, Plaintiffs claims under the Donnelly Act are dismissed as well. See Empire Volkswagen, Inc. v. World-Wide Volkswagen Corp., 814 F.2d 90, 98 (2d Cir.1987) (dismissal of Sherman Act claim required dismissal of Donnelly Act claim).

III. Plaintiff’s Claims Against the PWDs are Dismissed

A. Plaintiff’s Claims Under Section 2 of the Sherman Act are Dismissed

Counts I 10 through III and V through XII assert violations of Section 2 against the PWDs alleging that each PWD monopolized the relevant wholesale pharmaceutical product market based upon their “Refusal to Deal” with Plaintiff and “Denial of [an] Essential Facility To Compete.” (Compl. at ii-iii.) As noted above, there are two elements to a Section 2 claim for monopolization: (1) “the possession of monopoly power in the relevant market” and (2) “ ‘the willful acquisition or maintenance of that power as distinguished from growth or development as a consequence of a superior product, business acumen, or historic accident.’ ” Trinko, 540 U.S. at 407, 124 S.Ct. 872 (quoting Grinnell Corp., 384 U.S. at 570-71, 86 S.Ct. 1698). For the reasons set forth below, the Court finds that the Complaint fails to allege the first element, possession of monopoly power, and therefore Plaintiffs Section 2 claims against the PWDs must be dismissed. 11

1. The Complaint Fails to Allege that the PWDs Possess Monopoly Power in the Relevant Markets

As noted above, in order to state a valid claim for monopolization under Section 2, a plaintiff must allege as a threshold requirement that the defendant enjoys monopoly power in the relevant market. Here, Plaintiff does not quantify the individual share of the U.S. market that each PWD controls. Instead, the Complaint aggregates the market shares of all the PWDs. In this regard, the Complaint alleges that the PWDs together “control[] more than 95% of the market for wholesale pharmaceutical products in the United States.” (Compl. ¶¶ 180, 197, 208, 219, 231.) For the reasons explained below, this failure to allege the individual market share of each PWD is fatal to Plaintiffs Section 2 claims.

Section 2 prohibits monopolization, attempted monopolization, and combinations or conspiracies to monopolize. See 15 U.S.C. § 2. Here, the Complaint asserts claims under Section 2 against the PWDs for monopolization. “Traditionally, the of fense of monopolization occurs where one firm possesses monopoly power.” Santana Prods., Inc. v. Sylvester & Assocs., Ltd., 121 F.Supp.2d 729, 737 (E.D.N.Y.1999). “Some commentators, however, have posited that Section 2 may be invoked against shared monopolies in which ‘no single firm possesses sufficient power to be considered a “monopolist” but nevertheless a relatively few firms achieve monopoly-like’ results.” Id. (quoting P. Areeda & H. Hovenkamp, Antitrust Law ¶ 810 (1996)). “Professors Areeda and Hovenkamp admit, however, that ‘courts and the Federal Trade Commission have universally rejected claims that Section 2 condemns “shared” monopoly.’ ” Id. (quoting P. Areeda & H. Hovenkamp, Antitrust Law, at ¶ 810g).

The Second Circuit has specifically rejected monopolization claims under Section 2 based on a shared monopoly theory of liability. See H.L. Hayden Co. of New York, Inc. v. Siemens Med. Sys., Inc., 879 F.2d 1005, 1018 (2d Cir.1989) (stating that “the district court correctly concluded that the market shares of [defendants] could not be aggregated to establish an attempt to monopolize in violation of Sherman Act section 2, 15 U.S.C. § 2”); see also Flash Elecs., Inc. v. Univ. Music & Video Distrib. Corp., 312 F.Supp.2d 379, 397 (E.D.N.Y.2004). Plaintiff acknowledges as much in its memorandum of law. (PL’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n to Wholesaler Defs.’ Rule 12(b) Motion to Dismiss at 9 n. 6 (“[I]t is true that market shares may not, in this circuit, be aggregated to de facto establish monopolization.... ”).) Accordingly, Plaintiffs Section 2 monopolization claims against the PWDs are dismissed.

Recognizing the deficiency of its Section 2 unilateral monopolization claims against the PWDs, Plaintiff now contends that the PWDs have collectively monopolized the pharmaceutical wholesale market and are therefore liable under Section 2 for conspiring to monopolize. Plaintiff contends that even if a shared monopoly cannot form the basis of monopolization claims under § 2, “the Second Circuit has not yet squarely addressed the question of whether a ‘shared monopoly’ theory of liability is itself viable in the context of a combination by competitors to exclude competition,” (id.), or in other words, a Section 2 conspiracy to monopolize. The problem with this argument is threefold.

First, and as discussed supra, parties may not amend their pleadings through issues raised solely in their briefs. 12 Fadem, 352 F.Supp.2d at 516.

Next, even if the Court were to consider these new allegations, given that “districts courts in this and other districts have uniformly held or approved the view that allegations of a ‘shared monopoly’ do not state a claim under section 2 of the Sherman Act,” Linens of Europe, Inc. v. Best Mfg., Inc., No. 03 Civ. 9612, 2004 WL 2071689, at *1 n. 1 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 16, 2004) (collecting cases), the Court harbors grave doubt whether such a claim is even viable. See Sun Dun, Inc. v. Coca-Cola Co., 740 F.Supp. 381, 391-92 (D.Md.1990) (“An examination of the history of the Sherman Act reveals that Congress’ concept of ‘monopoly’ did not include ‘shared monopolies’ or ‘oligopolies’ at all, but rather the complete domination of a market by a single economic entity.”); H.L. Hayden Co. of New York, Inc. v. Siemens Med. Sys., Inc., 672 F.Supp. 724, 741-42 (E.D.N.Y.1987) (“The notion that two competitors could conspire to monopolize is, seemingly, antithetical.”), aff'd, 879 F.2d 1005 (2d Cir.1989). 13

Third, even if a shared monopoly theory of liability was viable in the context of a claim of conspiracy to monopolize, Plaintiffs claim would still fail because, as explained infra at pages — (Court’s discussion of Plaintiffs Section 1 conspiracy claims against the PWDs), the Complaint does not contain sufficient facts to plausibly suggest the existence of a conspiracy between the PWDs. See In re Elevator Antitrust Litig., 502 F.3d at 50 (Twombly’s pleading requirements apply equally to Section 1 and Section 2 conspiracies).

In sum, Plaintiffs Section 2 monopolization claims against the PWDs fail to state a claim because Plaintiff has failed to allege that any PWD possesses monopoly power in the relevant market. To the extent Plaintiff has claims for conspiracy to monopolize, these claims fail as well as no conspiracy is pled. Accordingly, Counts II through III and V through XII alleging claims under Section 2 against the PWDs are dismissed.

B. Plaintiff’s Claims Under Section 1 of the Sherman Act are Dismissed

1. The Complaint

Counts XIII and XIY assert violations of Section 1 of the Sherman Act against the PWDs. Count XIII asserts that the PWDs are horizontal competitors of the Plaintiff and that they committed a per se violation of Section 1 by engaging in a “Concerted Refusal to Deal” with Plaintiff. Count XIII alleges as follows:

425. Each of the PWDs has agreed with each other not to provide to Plaintiff or to any other “secondary wholesaler” pharmaceutical products or pedigree documentation or electronic information to make such products resalable. The intent and effect of these actions is that Plaintiff, and all other secondary wholesalers, be eliminated as legitimate competitors to the PWDs and be forced out of business.

426. The PWDs’ actions constitute a concerted refusal to deal (also known as a “group boycott”), which is unlawful per se under Section 1 of the Sherman Act (15 USC § 1).

427. The PWDs’ actions have harmed Plaintiff and other secondary wholesalers as well as consumers who would have benefitted from increased competition for pharmaceutical products.

428. As a direct and proximate result of the PWDs’ improper group boycott, Plaintiff has been injured in its business and property in the amount of $586,733,225.00, which damages are continuing. ...

(Compl. ¶¶ 425-28.)

Count XIV asserts a violation of Section 1 under the rule of reason:

431. If the PWDs’ concerted refusal to deal with secondary wholesalers is not per se unlawful, it is unlawful under the rule of reason, in that the anticompeti tive effects of the PWD’s collective conduct outweigh the pro-competitive effects.

432. The concerted refusal to deal by the PWDs harms Plaintiff and other secondary wholesalers, which either cannot offer customers pharmaceutical products at all, or can do so only at a high cost that places them at a significant competitive disadvantage compared to the PWDs.

433. As a result of this restriction of competition, consumers will pay higher to obtain pharmaceutical products that they would in a fully competitive market.

434. As a direct and proximate result of the PWDs’ improper group boycott, Plaintiff has been injured in its business and property in the amount of $586,733,225.00, which damages are continuing. ...

(Id. ¶¶ 431-34.)

2. Elements of a Section 1 Claim

As noted supra, to state a Section 1 claim, a plaintiff must establish: “[1] a combination or some form of concerted action between at least two legally distinct economic entities that [2] constituted an unreasonable restraint of trade either per se or under the rule of reason.” PepsiCo, 315 F.3d at 109 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). For the reasons that follow, the Court finds that Plaintiffs Section 1 claims against the PWDs fail because the Complaint does not allege facts which plausibly suggest an agreement. 14

3. The Complaint Fails to Allege the Existence of an Actionable Conspiracy by the PWDs

Similar to Plaintiffs Section 1 claims against the Manufacturing Defendants, discussed supra, Plaintiffs Section 1 claims against the PWDs allege solely that the PWDs “agreed with each other” not to deal with Plaintiff. Thus, as with Plaintiffs Section 1 claims against the Manufacturing Defendants, Plaintiffs Section 1 claims against the PWDs must fail; Plaintiffs “conclusory allegation of agreement at some unidentified point does not supply facts adequate to show illegality [under Section 1].” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955; see also Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1950 (explaining that in Twombly, “[P]laintiffi’s] assertion of an unlawful agreement was a “ ‘legal conclusion’ ” and, as such, was not entitled to the assumption of truth.”).

Moreover, to the extent Plaintiff relies on allegations of parallel conduct to support its Section 1 claims, Plaintiffs reliance is unpersuasive. In this regard, Plaintiff is incorrect that allegations of parallel conduct are in and of themselves sufficient to withstand dismissal. (See Pi’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n to Wholesaler Defs.’ Rule 12(b) Motion to Dismiss at 24.) Rather, as discussed above, “an allegation of parallel conduct and a bare assertion of conspiracy will not suffice [to state a Section 1 claim].” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556-57, 127 S.Ct. 1955.

Plaintiff also contends, however, that along with parallel conduct, it has sufficiently alleged “ ‘a common motive to conspire’ [ ]to eliminate the secondary wholesale market.” (See Pi’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n to Wholesaler Defs.’ Rule 12(b) Motion to Dismiss at 24.) Plaintiffs contention has no merit.

As an initial matter, it is questionable whether Plaintiffs allegations even establish a pattern of parallel conduct. The PWDs argue that “the wide disparity in how the wholesaler defendants allegedly treated [Plaintiff] on its face demonstrates non-parallel conduct.” (Mem. of Law in Supp. of the Wholesaler Defs.’ Mots, to Dismiss at 18.) For example, the PWDs point out that Plaintiffs alleged sales relationships with the PWDs run the gamut from “periodic[ ]” (Comply 198), to “intermitiente ]” (id. ¶ 232), to sales over periods ranging from several months to several years, to a multi-year supply contract. In addition, “[t]he dates that [Plaintiff] alleges it last purchased from the various wholesaler defendants range from 2000 through mid-2006.” (Id. at 19.)

Plaintiff counters that parallel conduct is alleged in that each of the PWDs announced in 2006 that it was refusing to provide product to Plaintiff and other secondary wholesalers. On reply, the PWDs assert that given that the dates that PWDs stopped selling to Plaintiff ranged from 2000 to 2006, the “allegation that the [PWDs] denied or ignored requests sent by [Plaintiff] over a six-month period [in 2006] does not render the conduct here ‘parallel’ merely because the [PWDs] provided responses confirming the independent, non-parallel decisions they previously had made.” (Reply Mem. in Further Support of the Wholesale Defs.’ Mots, to Dismiss at 9-10.)

Even assuming arguendo that the conduct alleged in the Complaint could be construed as parallel, Plaintiffs Section 1 claims still fail as there are no facts alleged to support the inference that those actions were more plausibly concerted conduct than “lawful parallel conduct.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955. Although Plaintiff conclusorily states in its brief that “there was no legitimate reason for refusing to [sell to Plaintiff] other than to quell competition” (Pi’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n to Wholesaler Defs.’ Rule 12(b) Motion to Dismiss at 24), there are no facts alleged in the Complaint to support this conclusion. Thus, because the parallel conduct alleged in the Complaint, if any, “could just as well be [the product of] independent action” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955, Plaintiffs Section 1 claims fail. See Hinds County, Miss. v. Wachovia Bank N.A., 620 F.Supp.2d 499, 513 (S.D.N.Y.2009) (“When a complaint ‘relies either on wholly conclusory statements of concerted action, or, at best, on mere parallel conduct,’ and when plaintiffs ‘sprinkle[] the words “conspired,” “concerted,” and “eoncertedly” throughout’ the complaint, that complaint is insufficient to state a § 1 claim.”) (quoting Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC, 532 F.Supp.2d 556, 577 (S.D.N.Y.2007)). 15

C. Plaintiff’s Claims Under the Donnelly Act Are Dismissed

Plaintiffs Donnelly Act claims rest entirely on the federal antitrust allegations and are therefore subject to dismissal for the reasons discussed above. See, e.g., Empire Volkswagen, 814 F.2d at 98 (dismissal of Sherman Act claim required dismissal of Donnelly Act claim).

IV. Plaintiff’s Claim Against HDMA is Dismissed

A. The Complaint

The Complaint alleges that HDMA “is a voluntary association of wholesalers of pharmaceutical products which now excludes secondary wholesalers from its ranks.” (Compl. ¶ 245.) Plaintiff became an “affiliate member of HDMA in or about 2005.” (Id. ¶247.) On July 29, 2005, Plaintiff advised HDMA that it was “ ‘having major problems in opening up accounts with most major pharmaceutical manufacturers whose common thread of rejection ... borders on an absolute, definable, and provable conspiracy to restrain trade and compromise our industry.’ ” (Id. ¶ 248.) Plaintiff then requested that HDMA “look into this issue.” (Id.) The following week, HDMA’s Director of State Government Affairs advised Plaintiff that he would share Plaintiffs concern over this “potentially troubling situation ... with the appropriate people at HDMA” and get back to Plaintiff. (Id. ¶ 249.) In December 2005, Plaintiff was notified by HDMA that Plaintiff was “ ‘no longer eligible for HDMA membership.’ ” (Id. ¶ 250.)

Plaintiff asserts one federal cause of action against HDMA. Count XIX alleges that HDMA violated Section 2 of the Sherman Act by unilaterally refusing to provide Plaintiff with membership in HDMA, which membership is claimed to be an “essential facility” for competing in the prescription drug distribution business. More specifically, Plaintiff alleges that:

[] The exclusion of Plaintiff from HDMA membership was, upon information and belief, directed by, or acquiesced in by, the PWDs [who are all members of HDMA], whose intention was to exclude Plaintiff from participation in an essential industry organization and permit some to of the Manufacturing Defendants to use the exclusion of Plaintiff from the HDMA as a purported “basis” for refusal to deal with Plaintiff.

[ ] The purpose of Defendant HDMA’s refusal to provide an essential facility to Plaintiff and others was so as to consolidate the monopoly power of the HDMA members (to wit, the PWDs), eliminate the ‘secondary wholesaler’ class of trade, eliminate competition for the PWDs’ products in the relevant market, and thereby keep wholesale prices for the PWDs products artificially high.

[] As such, Defendant HDMA engaged in an individual refusal to provide Plaintiff and others with an essential facility in order to maintain the monopoly power of the PWDs, and participated in a concerted refusal to sell to, and a group boycott of, Plaintiff and others.

(Id. ¶¶ 251, 476-77.)

B. Plaintiff’s Claims Under Section 2 of the Sherman Act Against HDMA are Dismissed

As stated above, to state a claim for monopolization under Section 2, a plaintiff must allege that a defendant: (1) possesses monopoly power in a relevant market; and (2) acquired or maintains that monopoly power by anticompetitive means. Trinko, 540 U.S. at 407, 124 S.Ct. 872. As with the Manufacturing Defendants, Plaintiffs claims for monopolization against HDMA are fundamentally flawed because the Complaint fails to allege that HDMA competes in the relevant markets. See Discon, 93 F.3d at 1062 (“[I]t is axiomatic that a firm cannot monopolize a market in which it does not compete.”). The Complaint identifies four markets, viz. the wholesale market, the group purchasing market, the dispensing facility market, and governmental agencies and related facilities. (Compl. ¶ 273.) There is no allegation that HDMA distributes pharmaceuticals, sells pharmaceuticals, or otherwise participates in any way whatsoever in any of the alleged markets. Moreover, Plaintiff alleges no facts from which the Court could infer that HDMA possesses monopoly power in any of the identified markets. In fact, Plaintiff makes no allegations concerning HDMA’s purported share in any market, much less the ones pled.

Instead, in its opposition brief, Plaintiff argues that as an association, HDMA is made up of its members, viz. the PWDs, which collectively control in excess of 95% of the wholesale pharmaceutical market in the United States. Even assuming that Plaintiff is correct that HDMA stands in the shoes of its members for purposes of determining Section 2 liability, which proposition is dubious at best, as discussed supra, the Second Circuit has specifically rejected monopolization claims under Section 2 based on a shared monopoly theory of liability. See H.L. Hayden Co., 879 F.2d at 1018; see also Flash Elecs., 312 F.Supp.2d at 397.

Apparently conceding the inadequacy of its pleaded Section 2 unilateral monopolization claim, Plaintiff now argues that HDMA is liable for a conspiracy to monopolize under Section 2, based upon a conspiracy between HDMA’s members, which collectively possess monopoly power. (See Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n to HDMA’s Rule 12(b)(6) Mot. to Dismiss at 9-10 (asserting that the case law does not reject a shared monopoly theory in the context of a claim of conspiracy to monopolize).) Even assuming such a shared monopoly claim was viable, 16 and assuming further that HDMA, as a separate entity, could be subject to liability based upon the actions of its members, Plaintiffs claim would still fail as the Court has already held that the Complaint fails to allege a conspiracy— under both Sections 1 and 2 — against the PWDs. Accordingly, Plaintiffs Section 2 claims against HDMA are dismissed.

C. Plaintiff’s Claims Under the Donnelly Act Are Dismissed

As with the other defendants, Plaintiffs Donnelly Act claims, which are based entirely on the federal antitrust allegations, are dismissed. See, e.g., Empire Volkswagen, 814 F.2d at 98 (dismissal of Sherman Act claim required dismissal of Donnelly Act claim).

V. Plaintiff’s Claims Against Ferreira and Pasquale are Dismissed; Plaintiff’s Remaining Claims Against McKesson are Dismissed

The fourth and final motion is brought by the McKesson Defendants, viz. McKesson, Ferreira, and Pasquale, who move to dismiss the causes of action unique to them: (1) Count IV alleging attempted monopolization by McKesson in violation of Section 2 of the Sherman Act; (2) Count XXI, alleging that all three defendants violated SOX; (3) Counts XXII and XXIII alleging that defendants Ferreira and Pasquale violated RICO; and (4) Count XX alleging that all defendants violated the Donnelly Act. For the reasons explained below, the Court grants the McKesson Defendants’ motion in its entirety.

A. Plaintiff’s Attempted Monopolization Claim Against McKesson is Dismissed

Count IV asserts that McKesson — and only McKesson — -has attempted to monopolize the wholesale pharmaceutical market in violation of Section 2. More specifically, Plaintiff alleges that:

[ ] Defendant McKesson has engaged in the course of conduct above alleged with the specific intent of acquiring a monopoly of the wholesale pharmaceutical product market in the geographic area where Plaintiff operates its business in violation of § 2 of the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. § 2).

[ ] There is a dangerous probability that Defendant McKesson’s course of con duct above alleged will result in a monopoly of the wholesale pharmaceutical product market in the geographic area where Plaintiff operates its business.

(Compl. ¶¶ 314-15.)

“To state an attempted monopolization claim, a plaintiff must establish ‘(1) that the defendant has engaged in predatory or anticompetitive conduct with (2) a specific intent to monopolize and (3) a dangerous probability of achieving monopoly power.’ ” PepsiCo., 315 F.3d at 105 (quoting Spectrum Sports, Inc. v. McQuillan, 506 U.S. 447, 456, 113 S.Ct. 884, 122 L.Ed.2d 247 (1993)). Here, Plaintiffs claim fails because Plaintiff has not alleged that McKesson alone has “a dangerous probability of achieving monopoly power” in the wholesale pharmaceutical market.

“A threshold showing for a successful attempted monopolization claim is sufficient market share by the defendant” because a defendant’s market share “is the primary indicator of the existence of a dangerous probability of success.” Twin Labs., 900 F.2d at 570. Here, Plaintiff does not dispute that it has not alleged McKesson’s market share nor that McKesson alone possesses monopoly power or has a dangerous probability of achieving it. Instead, it relies on paragraph 289 of its Complaint and an alleged 95% market share of all 5 PWDs combined to show that McKesson possesses monopoly power. Paragraph 289 alleges as follows:

289. There is a dangerous probability that if Defendant McKesson, individually and in concert with Defendants Cardinal, AmerisourceBergen, H.D. Smith and Bélico, is allowed to continue in its efforts to eliminate of control the secondary wholesaler class of trade, Defendant McKesson will further increase and entrench its existing monopolistic market power in the whole pharmaceutical product market.

(Compl. ¶ 289.) Plaintiff also alleges that market share need not be pled where there is evidence of actual exclusion of competition from the market. See Twin Labs., 900 F.2d at 570 (noting that although market share is the “primary indicator” of a dangerous probability of success, it is “not the sole one”).

Regardless of how Plaintiff attempts to satisfy its pleading obligation with regard to alleging that McKesson has “a dangerous probability of achieving monopoly power,” it is clear that Plaintiffs claim against McKesson depends entirely on the assumption of joint conduct by all five of the PWDs, as opposed to unilateral conduct by McKesson. However, Plaintiff has cited no authority which would support such a claim, which in essence is a “conspiracy to attempt to monopolize,” under Section 2. Moreover, even if there was such a cause of action, Plaintiff does not and cannot allege that the object of any such conspiracy was to create McKesson as the lone monopolist. In that regard, it would be implausible to suggest that the other PWDs would conspire to create a monopoly for McKesson only, thereby driving themselves out of business. Accordingly, Count IV is dismissed.

B. Plaintiff’s SOX Claim Against the McKesson Defendants is Dismissed

Count XXI asserts that the McKesson Defendants violated SOX. In its opposition brief, Plaintiff withdraws this claim as against all three defendants. (See Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n to McKesson Defs.’ Rule 12(b)(6) Mot. to Dismiss at 10-11.) Accordingly, Count XXI is dismissed.

C. Plaintiff’s RICO Claims Against Ferreira and Pasquale are Dismissed

Counts XXII and XXIII allege that defendants Ferreira and Pasquale, officers of McKesson, committed wire fraud and violated RICO by allegedly misrepresenting to the Manufacturing Defendants the quantity of goods ordered by Plaintiff. Count XXII asserts a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), to wit, a substantive RICO violation. Count XXIII asserts a violation of § 1962(d), RICO conspiracy. The Court begins its analysis with an examination of the RICO allegations.

The Complaint alleges, in pertinent part, as follows:

[ ] Heretofore, and on or about October 1, 2003, the Plaintiff (and certain affiliated companies) entered into an agreement with McKesson (the “Supply Agreement”) wherein and whereby McKesson agreed to a multi-year program for the supply of prescription pharmaceutical products by McKesson to Plaintiff.

[ ] Pursuant to the terms of the Supply Agreement, Plaintiff was required to, and did, designate McKesson as a primary supplier and to purchase from McKesson substantially all of the pharmaceutical products that Plaintiff would purchase for resale.

[ ] Throughout the balance of 2003, 2004, 2005, and part of 2006, Plaintiff received a total of approximately $529 million of goods from McKesson pursuant to the Supply Agreement, and completely and timely complied with all of the terms thereof on its part.

[ ] The quantity of product received by Plaintiff from McKesson, however, was significantly less than the quantity actually ordered by Plaintiff from McKesson.

[ ] Pursuant to its agreements with the Manufacturers, McKesson was required to accurately report to the Manufactures the quantity of product ordered by Plaintiff (and other McKesson customers), and the quantity of the ordered product that was fulfilled by McKesson on a daily or weekly basis, so that the Manufacturers could ensure that an adequate supply of product was available to satisfy the needs of Plaintiff (and McKesson’s other customers).

[] Notwithstanding that reporting requirement, McKesson falsely and fraudulently reported to the Manufacturers, thousands of times throughout the period it dealt with Plaintiff, that Plaintiff was receiving 100% of the product that it was ordering from McKesson. McKesson perpetrated this fraud by refusing to permit Plaintiff to place its orders on-line through the usual McKesson SMO ordering system, which would have then been reported electronically. Instead, McKesson set up an alternative ordering system for Plaintiff so that the Manufacturers would not know the size of daily orders being placed by Plaintiff. This alternative system for Plaintiff was deliberately and willfully created to defraud the manufacturers, the Plaintiff, the SEC, McKesson’s accountant and SEC attorneys, and its public shareholders. Notwithstanding its reporting requirements, McKesson used this alternate ordering system so that it could, and did, falsely and fraudulently report to the Manufacturers that Plaintiff was receiving 100% of the product that it was ordering from McKesson.

[] On or about February 23, 2006, McKesson notified Plaintiff that it was terminating the Supply Agreement in its entirety on May 23, 2006.

[ ] Defendant McKesson, through defendants Ferreira and Pasquale, and others, has repeatedly and consistently used the United States mails and wires to (i) transmit fraudulent representa tions to various Manufacturers intended to induce the Manufacturers to believe that all of Plaintiffs pharmaceutical purchasing requirements were being met, and (2) fraudulently advise McKesson’s public shareholders, accountants, auditors and attorneys that all orders being placed by Plaintiff were, in fact, being fulfilled by McKesson.

[] The actions of Defendant Ferreira and Pasquale in repeatedly causing to be transmitted by mail and wire false reports to the Manufacturers, and McKesson’s public shareholders, accountants, auditors and attorneys, took place on thousands of occasions between October 1, 2003 and May 23, 2006 and took a virtually identical form, to wit (i) Defendant McKesson would receive by wire an order from Plaintiff for the purchase of a quantity of goods, (ii) Defendants Ferreira and Pasquale would then cause a fraudulent report to be sent by wire to the Manufacturers of those goods, falsely representing that a significantly lower quantity of goods had been ordered by Plaintiff; and (iii) Defendants Ferreira and Pasquale would then fraudulently misreport those orders or fail to disclose that McKesson had failed to fulfill large orders from Plaintiff, in reports given by mail, wire and otherwise to McKesson’s shareholders, accountant, auditors and attorneys.

[ ] Such acts of Defendants Ferreira and Pasquale, as aforesaid, individually and in concert, have proximately caused injury to the Plaintiff in its business and property in the sum of $586,733,225.00.

[ ] Additionally, Plaintiff is entitled to recover three-fold such damages ($1,760,199,675.00) ....

Compl. ¶¶ 181-89; 241-42, 500-01.)

In its opposition papers, Plaintiff asserts that “[wjhile the actions of the McKesson Defendants vis-a-vis shareholders, accountants, auditors and attorneys may be relevant for other reasons in the pending ease, there is no contention on the part of [Plaintiff] that those acts form any part of the basis for the RICO claim asserted here.” (See Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n to McKesson Defs.’ Rule 12(b)(6) Mot. to Dismiss at 20 n. 13.) Thus, as stated by Plaintiff, Plaintiffs RICO causes of action against Ferreira and Pasquale are limited to its claim that Ferreira and Pasquale “did not accurately transpose the information received on the manual sheets from [Plaintiff] onto the electronic reports that McKesson then sent to the Manufacturers.” (Id at 12-13.)

2. Applicable Law

“RICO is a broadly worded statute that ‘has as its purpose the elimination of the infiltration of organized crime and racketeering into legitimate organizations operating in interstate commerce.’ ” Attorney Gen. of Canada v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Holdings, Inc., 268 F.3d 103, 107 (2d Cir. 2001) (quoting S.Rep. No. 91-617, at 76 (1969)). “Because the mere assertion of a RICO claim has an almost inevitable stigmatizing effect on those named as defendants, courts should strive to flush out frivolous RICO allegations at an early stage of the litigation.” Bell v. Hubbert, No. 95 Civ. 10456, 2007 WL 60513, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 8, 2007) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

“To establish a RICO claim, a plaintiff must show: (1) a violation of the RICO statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1962; (2) an injury to business or property; and (3) that the injury was caused by the violation of Section 1962.” DeFalco v. Bernas, 244 F.3d 286, 305 (2d Cir.2001) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); see also City of N.Y. v. Smokes-Spirits. com, Inc., 541 F.3d 425, 439 (2d Cir.2008). Thus, to state a claim under the civil RICO statute, “a plaintiff has two pleading burdens.” Moss v. Morgan Stanley, Inc., 719 F.2d 5, 17 (2d Cir.1983). First, the complaint must allege that the defendant has violated “the substantive RICO statute ... commonly known as ‘criminal RICO.’ ” Id. In order to meet this initial burden, a plaintiff must plead “the existence of seven constituent elements: (1) that the defendant (2) through the commission of two or more acts (3) constituting a ‘pattern’ (4) of ‘racketeering activity’ (5) directly or indirectly invests in, or maintains an interest in, or participates in (6) an •‘enterprise’ (7) the activities of which affect interstate or foreign commerce.” See id. Allegations in support of predicate acts sounding in fraud, such as mail or wire fraud, must satisfy the rigors of Rule 9(b). See Mills v. Polar Molecular Corp., 12 F.3d 1170, 1176 (2d Cir.1993); Zhuv. First Atl. Bank, No. 05 Civ. 96, 2005 WL 2757536, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 25, 2005). Second, a plaintiff must allege that the injury to business or property occurred by reason of a violation of the criminal RICO statute. See Moss, 719 F.2d at 17.

Ferreira and Pasquale argue that Plaintiffs RICO claims must be dismissed because the Complaint fails to plead: (1) the predicate acts of mail or wire fraud; (2) a pattern of racketeering activity; and (3) injury or proximate causation. Because the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to allege that any injury it suffered was proximately caused by the alleged racketeering activity, the Court dismisses Plaintiffs RICO claims and does not address the remaining arguments.

3. Plaintiff has Failed to Allege that its Injuries Were Proximately Caused by the Predicate Acts

The Complaint does not explain how the purported RICO violations, viz. alleged fraudulent transmissions to unidentified “Manufacturers” indicating that Plaintiffs orders were being fulfilled, caused injury to Plaintiff; it just summarily alleges that they did. However, the Complaint does allege that the purpose of the alleged racketeering scheme was to inflict competitive injury on Plaintiff (Comply 244), and the damages sought (approximately $1.76 billion) mirror the amount of antitrust damages sought. In addition, in its opposition papers, Plaintiff states that “[t]he predicate acts of fraud on the part of the enterprise ... resulted in ... McKesson’s ability to continue to suppress [Plaintiff] as a legitimate competitor because the same persuaded Manufacturers that there was no need to increase [Plaintiffs] allotment of product, nor to establish a direct purchasing, relationship with [Plaintiff].” (PL’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n to McKesson Defs.’ Rule 12(b)(6) Mot. to Dismiss at 19-20.)

Ferreira and Pasquale argue that even assuming an anticompetitive injury were alleged, under the Supreme Court case Anza v. Ideal Steel Supply Corp., 547 U.S. 451, 126 S.Ct. 1991, 164 L.Ed.2d 720 (2006), Plaintiff has failed to plead proximate causation. For the reasons set forth below, the Court agrees.

a. Controlling Supreme Court Case Law on Causation

The RICO statute provides that any person injured “by reason of a violation of section 1962” may maintain a civil RICO suit. 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c). Analysis of causation under § 1962(c) is controlled by three key Supreme Court decisions. First, in Sedima, S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co., 473 U.S. 479, 105 S.Ct. 3275, 87 L.Ed.2d 346 (1985), the Court explained that the damages from any injury caused under RICO must “flow from the commission of the predicate acts.” Id. at 497, 105 S.Ct. 3275. Thus, “the plaintiff only has standing if, and can only recover to the extent that, he has been injured in his business or property by the conduct constituting the [RICO] violation.” Id. at 496, 105 S.Ct. 3275.

Next, in Holmes v. Sec. Investor Prot. Corp., 503 U.S. 258, 112 S.Ct. 1311, 117 L.Ed.2d 532 (1992), the Court focused on § 1964(c)’s requirement that the injury be “by reason of’ the RICO violation. While recognizing that this language could be read broadly to permit recovery merely upon a showing that defendant’s violation was the “but-for” cause of plaintiffs injury, the Court found that the statute was not intended to be read so broadly. Id. at 265-66, 112 S.Ct. 1311 (noting the “unlikelihood that Congress meant to allow all factually injured plaintiffs to recover” under RICO). Instead, the Court held that a plaintiff must demonstrate that the violation was not only the “but-for” cause of the injury, but also the proximate cause, which “demand[s] for some direct relation between the injury asserted and injurious conduct alleged.” 17 Id. at 268, 112 S.Ct. 1311; see also id. at 271, 112 S.Ct. 1311 (“The general tendency of the law, in regard to damages at least, is not to go beyond the first step.”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The Court “noted the following three policy reasons for requiring proximate causation in the RICO context: (1) the factual difficulty of measuring indirect damages and distinguishing among distinct independent causal factors; (2) the complexity of apportioning damages among plaintiffs ‘to obviate the risk of multiple recoveries’; and (3) the fact that ‘the need to grapple with these problems is simply unjustified by the general interest in deterring injurious conduct, since directly injured victims can generally be counted on to vindicate the law.’ ” Smokes-Spirits.com, 541 F.3d at 440 (quoting Holmes, 503 U.S. at 269, 112 S.Ct. 1311). Applying these principles, the Court in Holmes held that the injury alleged was too remote to allow recovery because it was contingent upon the harm to another. Holmes, 503 U.S. at 271-74, 112 S.Ct. 1311. 18

Lastly, in Anza, the plaintiff brought a RICO action against his competitor claiming injury to his business caused by the competitor’s alleged practice of unlawfully selling products free of sales tax and submitting fraudulent sales tax returns by mail and wire fraud. In finding that the plaintiff had inadequately alleged that the competitor’s alleged defrauding of the state tax authority was the proximate cause of plaintiffs lost sales, the Supreme Court stated that “[w]hen a court evaluates a RICO claim for proximate causation, the central question it must ask is whether the alleged violation led directly to the plaintiffs injuries.” 547 U.S. at 461, 126 S.Ct. 1991. Because the “direct victim of [the competitor’s] conduct was the State of New York [in that] it was the State that was being defrauded and the State that lost tax revenue as a result,” id. at 458,126 S.Ct. 1991, the Court found Plaintiffs claimed RICO damages were too attenuated. Id. at 459, 126 S.Ct. 1991. The Court explained:

The cause of [plaintiffs] asserted harms ... is a set of actions (offering lower prices) entirely distinct from the alleged RICO violation (defrauding the State).... This conclusion is confirmed by considering the directness requirement’s underlying premises. See [Holmes,] 503 U.S., at 269-270, 112 S.Ct. 1311. One motivating principle is the difficulty that can arise when a court attempts to ascertain the damages caused by some remote action. See id., at 269, 112 S.Ct. 1311 (“[T]he less direct an injury is, the more difficult it becomes to ascertain the amount of a plaintiffs damages attributable to the violation, as distinct from other, independent, factors”)....

There is, in addition, a second discontinuity between the RICO violation and the asserted injury. [Plaintiffs] lost sales could have resulted from factors other than [defendants’] alleged acts of fraud. Businesses lose and gain customers for many reasons, and it would require a complex assessment to establish what portion of [plaintiffs] lost sales were the product of [the defendant/competitor’s] decreased prices....

The attenuated connection between [plaintiffs] injury and the [defendants’] injurious conduct thus implicates fundamental concerns expressed in Holmes. Notwithstanding the lack of any appreciable risk of duplicative recoveries, which is another consideration relevant to the proximate-cause inquiry, see id., at 269, 112 S.Ct. 1311, these concerns help to illustrate why [plaintiffs] alleged injury was not the direct result of a RICO violation. Further illustrating this point is the speculative nature of the proceedings that would follow if [plaintiff] were permitted to maintain its claim. A court considering the claim would need to begin by calculating the portion of [the defendant/competitor’s] price drop attributable to the alleged pattern of racketeering activity. It next would have to calculate the portion of [plaintiffs] lost sales attributable to the relevant part of the price drop. The element of proximate causation recognized in Holmes is meant to prevent these types of intricate, uncertain inquiries from overrunning RICO litigation. It has particular resonance when applied to claims brought by economic competitors, which, if left unchecked, could blur the line between RICO and the antitrust laws.

The Court of Appeals reached a contrary conclusion, apparently reasoning that because the [defendants] allegedly sought to gain a competitive advantage over [plaintiff], it is immaterial whether they took an indirect route to accomplish their goal. See 373 F.3d at 263. This rationale does not accord with Holmes. A RICO plaintiff cannot circumvent the proximate-cause requirement simply by claiming that the defendant’s aim was to increase market share at a competitor’s expense. See Associated Gen. Contractors [ v. California State Council of Carpenters] 459 U.S. [519], at 537, 103 S.Ct. 897 [74 L.Ed.2d 723 (1983)] (“We are also satisfied that an allegation of improper motive ... is not a panacea that will enable any complaint to withstand a motion to dismiss”). When a court evaluates a RICO claim for proximate causation, the central question it must ask is whether the alleged violation led directly to the plaintiffs injuries. In the instant case, the answer is no. We hold that [plaintiffs] § 1962(c) claim does not satisfy the requirement of proximate causation.

Id. at 458-61,126 S.Ct. 1991.

b. Application to the Present Case

The Court finds unpersuasive Plaintiffs argument that it has suffered a more direct injury than the plaintiff in Anza, or, for that matter, that is has pled proximate causation under Holmes or Sedima. As in Anza, all we have here is an “allegation of improper motive,” i.e., that Ferreira and Pasquale misrepresented that Plaintiffs orders were being filled to “to increase [McKesson’s] market share at [Plaintiffs] expense.” Id. at 460, 126 S.Ct. 1991. Indeed, the correlation between defendants’ lower prices and plaintiffs lost profits would likely have been easier to ascertain in Anza than in the instant case. If Plaintiffs RICO claims were allowed to proceed, the Court would first need to ascertain the extent to which Plaintiffs alleged inability to compete was the result of the alleged fraudulent transmissions sent by Ferreira and Pasquale to unidentified “Manufacturers” or the result of other factors such as the changes in the regulatory environment regarding the pedigree rules (CompLUf 261-65); the imposition by manufacturers of restrictions on selling to secondary wholesalers (id. ¶256); McKesson’s termination of its Supply Agreement with Plaintiff (id. ¶ 189); and the alleged reluctance of all of the defendant companies to do business with Plaintiff. Cf. Holmes, 503 U.S. at 272-73, 112 S.Ct. 1311 (“If the nonpurchasing customers were allowed to sue, the district court would first need to determine the extent to which their inability to collect from the broker-dealers was the result of the alleged conspiracy to manipulate, as opposed to, say, the broker-dealers’ poor business practices or their failures to anticipate developments in the financial markets.”).

Moreover, the other factors cited in Anza also require dismissal. First, here, as in Anza, it was a third party (the Manufacturing Defendants) that were defrauded and not the Plaintiff. Anza, 547 U.S. at 458, 126 S.Ct. 1991 (“It was the State that was being defrauded and the State that lost revenue.”). Next, the Manufacturing Defendants are fully capable of availing themselves of any legal rights they believe they may have. Id. at 460, 126 S.Ct. 1991 (“The requirement of a direct causal connection is especially warranted where the immediate victims of an alleged RICO violation can be expected to vindicate the laws by pursuing their own claims.”).

In sum, the Court finds that Plaintiff has faked to plead that its alleged RICO damages, viz. its alleged inability to compete in the wholesale pharmaceutical market, were proximately caused by the alleged predicate acts, to wit, the alleged false reports filed by Ferreira and Pasquale. Because Plaintiff has failed to allege that it has been injured “by reason of a violation of section 1962,” 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c), Count XXII is dismissed.

4. Plaintiff’s RICO Conspiracy Claim is Dismissed

In addition to asserting substantive RICO claims under section 1962(c), Count XXIII alleges a RICO conspiracy claim under section 1962(d). This claim too must be dismissed. Section 1962(d) provides that “[i]t shall be unlawful for any person to conspire to violate any of the provisions of subsection (a), (b), or (c) of this section.” Thus, to establish the existence of a RICO conspiracy, a plaintiff must prove “the existence of an agreement to violate RICO’s substantive provisions.” Cofacredit, S.A. v. Windsor Plumbing Supply Co., 187 F.3d 229, 244 (2d Cir.1999) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); accord First Capital Asset Management, Inc. v. Satinwood, Inc., 385 F.3d 159, 182 (2d Cir.2004). Because Plaintiff “did not adequately allege a substantive violation of RICO,” its conspiracy claim is “properly dismissed.” First Capital, 385 F.3d at 182 (citations omitted); accord Nat’l Group for Commc’n and Computers Ltd. v. Lucent Techs. Inc., 420 F.Supp.2d 253, 272 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (“Case law in this Circuit confirms that a 1962(d) conspiracy claim must be dismissed where the substantive RICO claim is deficient.”).

D. Plaintiff’s Donnelly Claims are Dismissed

Count XX alleges that all defendants violated the Donnelly Act. In its opposition brief, Plaintiff “agrees that there is no Donnelly Act claim asserted against either Ferreira and Pasquale.” (See Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n to McKesson Defs.’ Rule 12(b) (6) Mot. to Dismiss at 20 n. 13.) In addition, the Court has found that Plaintiffs Donnelly claim fails to state a claim against the PWDs, including McKesson, as well as all other remaining defendants. Accordingly, count XX is dismissed.

VI. Leave to Amend is Denied

Plaintiff does not move for leave to amend, either formally or informally, with regard to any of its claims. Although this Court would well be within its discretion to deny leave to amend on that ground alone, see Shields v. Citytrust Bancorp., Inc., 25 F.3d 1124, 1132 (2d Cir.1994) 19 (“Although federal courts are inclined to grant leave to amend following a dismissal order, we do not deem it an abuse of the district court’s discretion to order a case closed when leave to amend has not been sought.”), the Court notes that leave to amend is also not warranted in this case because any amendment would be futile. See Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182, 83 S.Ct. 227, 9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962) (futility of amendment ground for denial of motion). Here, Plaintiff has not provided the Court with, or suggested the existence of, any new facts which could cure its pleading deficiencies. Compare In re Tamoxifen Citrate Antitrust Litig., 466 F.3d 187, 220 (2d Cir.2006) (“It is within the court’s discretion to deny leave to amend implicitly by not addressing the request when leave is requested informally in a brief filed in opposition to a motion to dismiss.... Furthermore, where amendment would be futile, denial of leave to amend is proper.”) (citation omitted); Porat v. Lincoln Towers Cmty. Assoc., 464 F.3d 274, 276 (2d Cir.2006) (“A counseled plaintiff is not necessarily entitled to a remand for repleading whenever he has indicated a desire to amend his complaint, notwithstanding the failure of plaintiffs counsel to make a showing that the complaint’s defects can be cured.”). Accordingly, although no applications have been made, the Court declines to grant Plaintiff leave to amend.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motions to dismiss the Complaint are GRANTED in their entirety. The Clerk of the Court shall close this case.

SO ORDERED.

1 . The Court notes that Plaintiff's Complaint is 163 pages and asserts 23 causes of action against 25 defendants.

2 . Plaintiff filed a separate lawsuit against the United States Department of Health and Human Services and the United States Food and Drug Administration, alleging, inter alia, that the federal pedigree rules are unconstitutional. See RxUSA Wholesale, Inc. v. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., No. 2:06CV5086 (E.D.N.Y.). On January 7, 2009, this action was administratively closed without prejudice to reopen upon consent of all parties due to a Bill that was introduced in Congress that may moot the issues in this case.

3 . Plaintiff filed a separate lawsuit against McKesson for damages allegedly stemming from McKesson's breach of its supply agreement. See RxUSA Wholesale, Inc. v. McKesson Corporation, No. 06cv4343 (E.D.N.Y.).

4 . The Manufacturing Defendants are Alcon Laboratories, Inc., AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Boehringer Ingelheim Corporation (USA), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Eisai Inc., Forest Pharmaceuticals, Inc., GlaxoSmithKline, Inc., Kos Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Merck & Co., Inc., Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Organon International, Inc., Pfizer, Incorporated, Sanofi-Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Schering-Plough Corporation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Wyeth.

5 . Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp., 472 U.S. 585, 105 S.Ct. 2847, 86 L.Ed.2d 467 (1985).

6 . In reversing the Circuit Court on other grounds, the Supreme Court in Trinko noted that it had never recognized the essential facilities doctrine and that it "f[ou]nd no need either to recognize it or to repudiate it here.” 540 U.S. at 411, 124 S.Ct. 872.

7 . Because the Court finds that Plaintiff fails to allege the first element of a Section 1 claim, the Court need not, and does not, address the second element, viz. whether Plaintiff has alleged an unreasonable restraint of trade.

8 . In its opposition papers, Plaintiff relies heavily on the Second Circuit's decision in Twombly v. Bell Atl. Corp., 425 F.3d 99 (2d Cir.2005), which has since been reversed by the Supreme Court.

9 . In addition to prohibiting monopolization, Section 2 of the Sherman Act also prohibits combinations or conspiracies to monopolize. See 15 U.S.C. § 2.

10 . Count I asserts a Section 2 "monopoly leveraging” claim against McKesson. In its opposition papers, Plaintiff states that this reference to monopoly leveraging was incorrect and that Count I "was intended to (and does) assert a Section 2 refusal to deal claim against McKesson as a result of its anti-competitive termination of a Supply Agreement between McKesson and [Plaintiff] (as distinguished from Count 2, which asserts a refusal to deal claim against Defendant McKesson independent of the termination of the Supply Agreement).” (PL's Mem. of Law in Opp’n to Wholesaler Defs.' Rule 12(b) Motion to Dismiss at 17.)

11 . The Court need not, and does not, address the second element of a Section 2 claim.

12 . The Section 2 claims are entitled "Monopolization of the Relevant Geographic Pharmaceutical Product Market” and make no reference to a conspiracy to monopolize. (See, e.g., Compl. at 81, 83.)

13 . In support of its shared monopoly theory, Plaintiff relies on the Supreme Court’s decision in Am. Tobacco Co. v. United States, 328 U.S. 781, 66 S.Ct. 1125, 90 L.Ed. 1575 (1946), where the Court affirmed the conviction of three major tobacco companies for a Section 2 conspiracy. The Court limited its review to the narrow question of whether the exclusion of competitors is a necessary element of monopolization under Section 2. Id. at 784, 66 S.Ct. 1125. Although the Court did not directly address the feasibility of the shared monopoly theory, it arguably implicitly recognized such theory by affirming the convictions. Thus, the Am. Tobacco case "has given some courts pause about categorically rejecting the shared monopoly theory in the context of a conspiracy to monopolize claim.” Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC, 532 F.Supp.2d 556, 580 (S.D.N.Y.2007). Nonetheless, Plaintiff has pointed to no case where such a theory was in fact upheld.

14 . Because the Court finds that Plaintiff failed to allege the first element of a Section 1 claim, the Court need not, and does not, address the second element, viz. whether Plaintiff has alleged an unreasonable restraint of trade.

15 . To the extent Plaintiff attempts to assert an unpleaded theory of conspiracy between the Manufacturing Defendants and the PWDs, that claim has already been rejected by the Court. See supra at pages 234-36.

16 . See supra at pages — discussing viability o£ a shared monopoly theory.

17 . The Second Circuit has explained that the term "proximate causation” when used in the RICO context “takes on a meaning that is different from its ordinary meaning at common law.” Lerner v. Fleet Bank, N.A., 459 F.3d 273, 284 (2d Cir.2006). "When a plaintiff brings suit under RICO ... he or she must show both that he [or she] is within the class the statute sought to protect and that the harm done was one that the statute was meant to prevent.” Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

18 . The defendants in Holmes were alleged to have participated in a conspiracy to manipulate the value of the stock of several companies. See Holmes, 503 U.S. at 262, 112 S.Ct. 1311. When the fraud was disclosed, two broker-dealers who dealt in large amounts of the manipulated stock were put into liquidation when the share prices plummeted and were thus unable to meet their financial obligations to their customers. The Securities Investor Protection Corporation ("SIPC”), which was required to reimburse the injured broker-dealer firms' customers, alleged that the defendants’ securities and wire-fraud offenses amounted to a pattern of racketeering activity within the meaning of RICO. Id. at 262-63, 112 S.Ct. 1311.

19 . The Shields decision was superseded by statute on other grounds, Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4, as recognized in In re Paracelsus Corp. Sec. Litig., 61 F.Supp.2d 591, 595 (S.D.Tex.1998).