Rutkoski v. Hollis

600 N.E.2d 1284, 235 Ill. App. 3d 744, 175 Ill. Dec. 826, 1992 Ill. App. LEXIS 1612

• Court: Appellate Court of Illinois
• Decided: September 30, 1992
• Docket: 4-91-0798
• Status: Published

Opinions

JUSTICE KNECHT

delivered the opinion of the court:

Plaintiff, Mary Rutkoski, filed a one-count amended legal malpractice complaint in the Sangamon County circuit court against defendant, attorney Richard Hollis, on behalf of her deceased husband’s estate. She appeals from the trial court’s dismissal of her complaint. The complaint alleged her husband, Charles Rutkoski, received deficient advice regarding his role as executor of the estate of his orother, Alexander Rutkoski. The trial court concluded the complaint failed to state a cause of action because Illinois law precludes recovery for economic losses in legal malpractice cases where the claim is eased on negligence. Plaintiff argues her amended complaint adequately alleged decedent was owed an extracontractual duty by lefendant, thereby allowing her to recover damages in tort. She also contends her complaint stated a third-party beneficiary breach of contract cause of action. We disagree and affirm.

I. Facts

A. Plaintiff’s Complaint

Charles sought legal advice from defendant in connection with Charles’ role as executor of Alexander’s estate. Charles later died and plaintiff was appointed executor of his estate. Plaintiff’s July 1989 complaint alleged defendant committed legal malpractice by failing to advise Charles regarding his role as executor of Alexander’s estate. Charles was also a beneficiary of the estate.

Before Alexander died, they owned farmland in a closely held corporation named Rutkoski Brothers, Inc. When Alexander died, Charles and his heirs intended to continue to farm the property owned by the corporation. The complaint alleged that all conditions of the special-use valuation for Federal and State tax laws were met when Alexander died and these conditions have continually been met.

Plaintiff alleged that defendant, as an attorney, breached his duty by negligently and carelessly failing to make an election under the special-use valuation provisions of the Federal and State tax laws, specifically, but not limited to, elections pursuant to section 2032(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 (26 U.S.C. §2032(a) (1988)). This negligence resulted in the estate paying excessive estate taxes in the amount of $250,000, which reduced Charles’ share of the estate proceeds. Plaintiff sought damages in excess of $15,000 plus costs.

Defendant sought an involuntary dismissal of the complaint pursuant to section 2 — 615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 110, par. 2 — 615). In April 1990, the trial court granted the dismissal because, in pertinent part, the complaint failed to set forth facts establishing a duty owed to Charles by defendant and breach of that duty.

B. Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint

In May 1990, plaintiff filed a one-count amended complaint. The complaint alleged an attorney-client relationship existed between defendant and Charles, the executor of Alexander’s estate, and that defendant undertook the duty to act as the attorney of the estate and prepared documents for the estate. The complaint also stated in relevant part:

“6. Charles Rutkoski was a direct beneficiary of the Will of Alexander Rutkoski.

* * *

13. In performance of the legal services to Charles *** [defendant] breached his duty in that he negligently and carelessly failed to make an election under the special use valuation provisions of the federal and state tax laws, specifically, but not limited to, elections pursuant to Section 2032(a) of the Internal Revenue Code.

15. As a direct and proximate result of the negligent and careless acts of the Defendant, Charles Rutkoski suffered damage for the reason that his share, as a beneficiary of the estate, was reduced as a result of the payment of excessive estate taxes.

17. Charles Rutkoski during his lifetime was not familiar with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code.

18. During his lifetime, Charles Rutkoski did not receive any legal advice regarding various tax elections that could have been made at the time of Alexander Rutkoski’s death.”

Plaintiff again sought damages in excess of $15,000 plus costs. In July 1991, defendant filed a motion to dismiss (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 110, par. 2 — 615). He argued plaintiff’s complaint failed to state a cause of action because the claim was based on negligence and she sought only economic damages. Defendant contended purely economic damages cannot be recovered from an attorney under a tort theory of negligence. Plaintiff responded she was not seeking economic loss damages. Rather, she sought damages for an intended beneficiary of the contract between Charles and defendant. She argued the Illinois Supreme Court authorizes actions where there was an extracontractual duty to the persons whom the client intended to benefit from the agreement between the parties.

In September 1991, the trial court dismissed this complaint for failure to state a cause of action. The trial judge relied on this court’s ruling in Collins v. Reynard (1990), 195 Ill. App. 3d 1067, 553 N.E.2d 69, reh’g allowed (1992), 154 Ill. 2d 48, that Illinois law precludes recovery of economic losses in tort cases, including legal malpractice, which are based on claims of negligence.

Defendant contends dismissal of plaintiff’s amended complaint was proper because it alleged only economic damages and did not allege (1) the primary purpose of the attorney-client relationship between Charles, as executor, and defendant, as attorney, was for Charles’ benefit as a beneficiary of Alexander’s estate; or that (2) a duty owed to a nonclient was breached and was the proximate cause of plaintiff’s loss.

II. Negligence-Based Claim Fails

A proper complaint for legal malpractice under a tort theory of negligence must allege (1) the existence of an attorney-client relationship; (2) a duty arising from that relationship, and in the case of a nonclient, that the relationship between the attorney and client was primarily or directly to benefit the nonclient; (3) a breach of that duty by defendant counsel; (4) proximate cause; and (5) damages. (Pelham v. Griesheimer (1982), 92 Ill. 2d 13, 18, 440 N.E.2d 96, 98; McLane v. Russell (1989), 131 Ill. 2d 509, 514-15, 546 N.E.2d 499, 501-02.) Plaintiff contends her complaint adequately alleged a negligence claim against defendant based on defendant’s duties to Charles as a beneficiary of Alexander’s estate.

The deficiency in plaintiff’s pleadings lies in her failure to allege that the relationship between Charles and defendant was primarily for the benefit of Charles as a beneficiary of the estate.

A. Points Adequately Pleaded

Contrary to defendant’s contentions, plaintiff’s amended complaint adequately addressed the additional factors. It sufficiently established the existence of an attorney-client relationship. It also adequately alleged a duty on the part of defendant and breach of duty causing damages.

Defendant argues that plaintiff’s amended complaint does not allege defendant breached his duty by failing to advise Charles about tax elections. Paragraph No. 18 states Charles did not receive any legal advice about these tax elections. Although this does not specifically allege defendant’s failure to advise, it adequately informed defendant that plaintiff alleged he did not do so. Mid-America Fire & Marine Insurance Co. v. Middleton (1984), 127 Ill. App. 3d 887, 892, 468 N.E.2d 1335, 1338.

Plaintiff’s pleading adequately alleged defendant breached his duty to Charles as executor by failing to advise him about taxes. This allegation does not, however, address a duty owed Charles as a third-party beneficiary of the estate.

Defendant also argues plaintiff cannot maintain an action against him when Charles suffered no monetary damages due to defendant’s actions. He cites Jackson Jordan, Inc. v. Leydig, Voit & Mayer (1990), 199 Ill. App. 3d 728, 733, 557 N.E.2d 525, 528, as support. Plaintiff correctly notes Jackson Jordan, Inc., involved an action by a corporate client against its attorney and did not involve the issue of an attorney’s extracontractual duty to a nonclient. Jackson Jordan, Inc., 199 Ill. App. 3d at 730, 557 N.E.2d at 526.

A nonclient can sufficiently plead a cause of action against an attorney for negligence without having to allege the client suffered monetary damages. (See McLane, 131 Ill. 2d at 514-15, 546 N.E.2d at 501-02; Pelham, 92 Ill. 2d at 20-21, 440 N.E.2d at 99; Ogle v. Fuiten (1983), 112 Ill. App. 3d 1048, 1050, 445 N.E.2d 1344, 1346, aff'd 1984), 102 Ill. 2d 356, 466 N.E.2d 224.) Plaintiff adequately alleged lamages. However, without more than economic damages, this legal nalpractice claim founded in a tort theory of negligence could not survive unless it was alleged that defendant owed Charles an extra-contractual duty. Plaintiff failed to include such an allegation.

B. Insufficient Complaint

Plaintiff contends she seeks compensation for damages suffered )y Charles in his capacity as a third-party beneficiary of the contract setween him and defendant. She indicates Charles suffered no damiges as executor of Alexander’s estate. The damages for which she seeks compensation were incurred by Charles as beneficiary of Alexmder’s estate and were caused by excessive or unnecessary estate axes, which taxes reduced Charles’ share of the estate.

When a client directly intends to benefit a person, or group of sersons, the person or group may maintain an action against an attoriey based on negligence although no privity exists between the person or group and the attorney. This remedy is limited to circumstances where the attorney owed some extracontractual duty to the njured party. The nonclient must allege and prove the intent of the lient was primarily to benefit the nonclient third party through the ttorney’s actions. Pelham, 92 Ill. 2d at 20, 440 N.E.2d at 99; McLane, 131 Ill. 2d at 515, 546 N.E.2d at 502.

Defendant does not challenge this principle. He contends, howver, that plaintiff’s complaint did not allege facts or law necessary to iermit her complaint to proceed. He argues plaintiff’s amended comlaint did not contain any allegations which support a third-party benficiary claim. He contends plaintiff’s claim incorrectly relies only on er presumption that, since Charles was a beneficiary under Alexaner’s will, Charles as executor intended to benefit himself as benefiiary when he employed defendant.

Plaintiff responds that defendant cannot in good faith claim he ras unaware that Charles, as a beneficiary under the will, expected 3 benefit from the executor-attorney relationship. Plaintiff cites no cases wherein an attorney representing an executor of an estate was found to have implied duties to the beneficiaries of the will.

Several sections of the Probate Act of 1975 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 110½, par. 1 — 1 et seq.) support defendant’s argument that his primary duty was to Charles as executor and not to Charles as a beneficiary of Alexander’s will. An executor has a duty to defend a proceeding in which another contests the validity of a will. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 110½, par. 8 — 1(a).) Any beneficiary could choose to contest a will. Under these circumstances, an attorney retained by the executor owes no duty to the interests of the beneficiaries. (See also Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 110½, par. 8 — 2.) Moreover, any beneficiary could have sought plaintiff’s removal as executor. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 110½, par. 23 — 2.

At oral argument, defendant cited supplemental authority to establish that an attorney representing an executor of an estate cannot also have obligations to the beneficiaries of an estate. In Neal v. Baker (1990), 194 Ill. App. 3d 485, 551 N.E.2d 704, the Fifth District Appellate Court concluded that an income beneficiary of a will failed to state a negligence cause of action against the attorney who advised the executor of the estate. The court reasoned the beneficiary could not be viewed as an intended beneficiary of the attorney’s advice regarding taxes because of the adversarial role between the executor and the beneficiary. The primary purpose between the executor and the defendant attorney was to assist the executor in properly administering the estate. Neal, 194 Ill. App. 3d at 488, 551 N.E.2d at 706.

Plaintiff responds that Neal is not dispositive because it did not hold a beneficiary could never establish a specific intent to benefit from the executor-attorney relationship. She also notes defendant raises this argument for the first time on appeal. She relies on Trent v. Brasch Manufacturing Co. (1985), 132 Ill. App. 3d 586, 593, 477 N.E.2d 1312, 1317, for her argument that because defendant did not raise this issue of deficiency in her pleadings regarding Charles as £ third-party beneficiary of the relationship between defendant anc Charles as executor below, she should be permitted to amend hei pleadings accordingly.

We note discussion did occur at the trial level regarding Charles as £ beneficiary of the estate being a third-party beneficiary of the agree ment between defendant and Charles as executor. The record indicates that during the hearing on the motion to dismiss, plaintiff alluded to £ potential claim based on the intended-beneficiary theory and defense counsel noted plaintiff’s pleadings did not allege the primary, direct pur pose of the attorney-client relationship was to Charles.

In addition, in her initial brief to this court, plaintiff argued because defendant owed an extracontractual duty to Charles, she, on belalf of Charles’ estate, could recover damages in tort. She also con-;ended, however, that her pleadings adequately alleged a breach of jontract claim with Charles as a third-party beneficiary. She cannot low change her theory of her argument by suggesting we should only consider the trial court’s dismissal based on a negligence claim.

The outcome in Neal is relevant. Even if plaintiff had approiriately alleged Charles was an intended third-party beneficiary, she :ould not have successfully brought an action against defendant be:ause of the potentially adversarial relationship between an executor’s nterest in administering the estate and the interests of the beneficiares of the estate. Defendant’s primary duty was to Charles as execu- ;or of the estate and not to the beneficiaries of the estate, including lharles. If defendant’s primary duty was to the beneficiaries, plaintiff lad to explicitly include facts to that effect.

Plaintiff finally argues even if her pleading did not fully establish i third-party beneficiary claim against defendant, her pleadings hould have been liberally construed and her action should have been •ermitted to continue. She argues because her pleadings, if liberally onstrued, adequately informed defendant of what he was being ac-used, they should have been allowed to stand. She cites Middleton 127 Ill. App. 3d at 892, 468 N.E.2d at 1338) as support.

In ruling on a motion to dismiss, a court is to interpret the allegaions of the complaint in light most favorable to the nonmoving party. McGrath v. Fahey (1988), 126 Ill. 2d 78, 90, 533 N.E.2d 806, 811.)

'he court must accept as true all well-pleaded factual matters in the omplaint and all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom. Howver, it need not accept conclusions of law, argumentative matter, or onclusions of fact unsupported by allegations of specific facts upon ¡diich such conclusions rest. Kennedy v. First National Bank (1990), 94 Ill. App. 3d 1004, 1009, 551 N.E.2d 1002, 1005.

Plaintiff’s amended complaint does not allege facts necessary to ave permitted her claim based on negligence to succeed. The mended complaint did not allege defendant owed Charles, as a third-arty beneficiary, a duty which was breached.

III. Breach Of Contract Claim Fails

A. Third-Party Beneficiary Contract Not Alleged

Although plaintiff’s one-count complaint is drawn under a egligence theory, she argues the court should have inferred defendant owed Charles, as a beneficiary of the estate, duties which he breached. Defendant contends plaintiff did not properly allege a third-party beneficiary breach of contract in her amended complaint. To do so, defendant correctly notes, she had to allege the purpose of the contract was to benefit Charles as a beneficiary of Alexander’s estate and a term of that contract was breached. Pelham, 92 Ill. 2d at 17-18, 440 N.E.2d at 98.

Plaintiff characterizes the contract between Charles, as executor, and defendant as one to benefit all beneficiaries of Alexander’s estate. She relies on an alleged implicit covenant by an attorney representing an executor so that the executor fulfills his own duty, which is to prevent dissipation of the estate assets. Defendant breached this duty because property of the estate was dissipated when the estate paid excessive and unnecessary taxes. This dissipation injured al beneficiaries of the will. These allegations, however, were not includec in plaintiff’s amended complaint.

The Pelham court found plaintiff’s amended complaint failed tc state a cause of action for breach of contract. It reasoned the “amended complaint fails to allege, legally or factually, that a contrae was entered into for the direct benefit of the plaintiffs, which is ai indispensable element of a third-party beneficiary theory of recovery.’ (Pelham, 92 Ill. 2d at 17-18, 440 N.E.2d at 98.) Plaintiff neglected t( include this necessary allegation.

B. Plaintiffs Inadequate Pleadings Preclude Proceeding

Plaintiff also argues the dismissal should be vacated and the cas( decided on its merits rather than on procedural technicalities. She relies on Summar v. Indiana Harbor Belt R.R. Co. (1986), 147 Ill. App. 3d 851, 515 N.E.2d 130, as support. She also directs us to Village of Pawnee v. Knostman (1983), 115 Ill. App. 3d 842, 450 N.E.2d 1272, in which this court granted a party leave to amend on remand Plaintiff notes in Village of Pawnee, this court indicated “justic would not be served by affirming a dismissal of a judgment against ¡ party on the basis of a pleading defect which could be remedied b; amendment.” Village of Pawnee, 115 Ill. App. 3d at 854-55, 45 N.E.2d at 1281.

We note the court’s observation in Village of Pawnee was not controlling factor. Moreover, in that case this court concluded plair tiff’s pleadings sufficiently stated a cause of action for a breach c contract. Village of Pawnee, 115 Ill. App. 3d at 854, 450 N.E.2d a 1281.

Plaintiff was provided an opportunity to amend her pleadings to properly state a cause of action against defendant. She failed to sufficiently allege any recognized cause of action against defendant. Her complaint did not allege facts to support a third-party beneficiary claim based on negligence. Her failure to allege that the contract between Charles and defendant was entered into for Charles’ direct benefit as a beneficiary also defeats her third-party beneficiary breach of contract claim. The trial court did not err by dismissing her claims based on both theories.

Affirmed.

McCullough, j., concurs.