REYNOLDS, P. J.
(after stating the facts). — We are met at the outset by an attack upon' the affidavit. It is made by one of the attorneys for plaintiff, it being stated in the affidavit that the attorney named, being duly sworn, prays the court to grant the plaintiff an appeal to th¿ St. Louis Court of Appeals and that the appeal is not made for vexation or delay but because the affiant believes that the appellant (plaintiff) is aggrieved by the judgment of the court in the cause. This is subscribed and sworn to by the attorney. It is objected to this affidavit that it is not set out in the body of it that the affiant makes the affidavit as agent or attorney for plaintiff. There is nothing in this proposition. The attorney who made the affidavit w;as one of the attorneys of record in the cause, as appears by the record.
In O’Brien v. Yare, 88 Mo. App. 489, l. c. 493, Judge Bland, speaking for this court and quoting from Ring v. The Chas. Vogel Paint & Glass Co., 46 Mo. App. 374, says there is a strong legal presumption that all acts of an attorney in the progress of a suit are done by the direction of the party whom he presumes to represent, citing Wright v. Cole, 52 Mass. 293.
In Gilkeson v. Knight, 71 Mo. 403, Judge Norton, speaking for the Supreme Court, says that the affidavit for an attachment was good when it appeared that it had been made by the' same person who signed the petition as plaintiff’s attorney, although not stated on [701]*701the face of the affidavit that it was made by the attorney for his client, either as attorney or agent.
In Melcher v. Scruggs, 72 Mo. 406, l. c. 413, it is held that where the affidavit for the appeal was signed by a party by whose deposition, read in the ease, it appeared that he was the business manager of the appellant, the affidavit was sufficient. So much for the motion to dismiss the appeal.
The verdict in this ease cannot possibly stand in so far as relates to the counterclaim and in finding for the defendant, after deduction from the total amount awarded under the counterclaim the amount allowed plaintiff on his account in suit. The jury by their verdict in favor of plaintiff on his account must have found that the facts set out hy plaintiff in that account as to the rendition of the services and their value and that they had been rendered at the instance of the defendant, were correct. To so find the jury must have concluded that the defense which the defendant interposed to that account, namely, unsldllfulness in ■rendering them, was not sustained. That is, the jury by their verdict of $225 upon the account” in favor of plaintiff necessarily found against the defendant on all of his averments as against that account. Having so found, to then turn round and find a verdict in favor of the defendant on his counterclaim, which counterclaim, to all intents and purposes, was founded upon the identical defenses set up to the account, is utterly irreconcilable with the verdict in favor of the plaintiff on that account. Hence, as being inconsistent with itself on the issues, the verdict, as a whole, cannot stand.
We have read the testimony in this ease with care and have concluded that the instruction which the plaintiff asked at the conclusion of the case, to the effect that the defendant cannot recover on his counterclaim set up in his answer and that the verdict should [702]*702be for the plaintiff and against the defendant on his counterclaim, should have been given.
The counterclaim is specifically based on a special contract, and there is not an iota of testimony to prove any special contract. We have set out the substance of the counterclaim and it will be seen by it that it specifically counts on a contract of plaintiff with defendant whereby plaintiff “undertook as a physician and surgeon to attend and to cure and heal the defendant.” It is not within the implied contract of a surgeon employed to operate or of a physician to attend on a patient, that he will heal and effect a cure. Any such contract must be an express one; it is not implied by the mere employment. Not a. particle of evidence sustains the averment of a special contract of any character, much less of a contract to heal and cure. It is very clear that the defendant, to recover under his counterclaim, must prove a special contract and he has not done this.
In the very elaborate and able brief filed by counsel for respondent in support of their motion for rehearing, under which motion the present opinion is filed, we are referred to the case of Whitesell v. Hill, 37 L. R. A. 830; also reported in 70 N. W. 750 and 101 Iowa 629, which it is claimed is in point. In that case it is held by the court- that in an action against a physician for malpractice, he may set up' as a counterclaim the value of his services, and the fact that he has been guilty of negligence will not prove that his services were of no value. But that is not this case. Here the counterclaim on which defendant recovered is alleged.to have been a contract to heal and cure. To use skill, etc., is all that is implied in the mere employment of a physician or surgeon. We have not overlooked the language of the counterclaim, as suggested by counsel, but have quoted it substantially as pleaded. The counterclaim did not rest upon the statement that defendant had employed “the plaintiff as a [703]*703physician and surgeon to heal and cure defendant of a certain disease and malady, to-wit, appendicitis.” If that had been all, it might have sustained the contention of learned counsel, for it could be treated as a mere averment of the object in the mind of the defendant in employing plaintiff. The counterclaim goes further and avers that “for that purpose the plaintiff undertook as a physician and surgeon to attend and to cure and heal the defendant.” This surely is a specific averment of a contract on the part of the plaintiff, not merely to attend as a surgeon and physician, but to attend “and to cure and heal the defendant.” It is the breach of this contract that is alleged as a basis of the counterclaim. We do not think that the case of Vanhooser v. Berghoff, 90 Mo. 487, 3 S. W. 72, to which we are referred, fits the facts in this case. As far as it goes, it is against the contention of respondent’s counsel. Judge Ray in his opinion as quoted by counsel, and as appears in the report, distinctly says that under the law, the contract of the physician is not one of warranty that a cure will be effected but only that he possesses and will use reasonable skill, judgment and diligence, such as is ordinarily possessed and employed by members of the same profession, and that while this is true, it is competent for the surgeon to make a contract expressly binding himself to cure. It was averred in the Yanhooser case, that the defendant undertook to reduce and set the bone and to attend, cure and heal the same, and it is then averred that he promised carefully and skillfully to perform such service, but that he had carelessly and negligently and unskillfully failed to set the bone, etc. Judge Ray says that taken altogether, he does not think the petition sets out an express promise to cure but only such an undertaking as the law implies, which is to employ in this behalf reasonable skill and diligence. In other words, in the Yanhooser case, it is held that the averment of a con[704]*704tract to cure and heal was modified by the averments following, which limited it to a promise to carefully and skillfully perform the service.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
REYNOLDS, P. J.
(after stating the facts). — We are met at the outset by an attack upon' the affidavit. It is made by one of the attorneys for plaintiff, it being stated in the affidavit that the attorney named, being duly sworn, prays the court to grant the plaintiff an appeal to th¿ St. Louis Court of Appeals and that the appeal is not made for vexation or delay but because the affiant believes that the appellant (plaintiff) is aggrieved by the judgment of the court in the cause. This is subscribed and sworn to by the attorney. It is objected to this affidavit that it is not set out in the body of it that the affiant makes the affidavit as agent or attorney for plaintiff. There is nothing in this proposition. The attorney who made the affidavit w;as one of the attorneys of record in the cause, as appears by the record.
In O’Brien v. Yare, 88 Mo. App. 489, l. c. 493, Judge Bland, speaking for this court and quoting from Ring v. The Chas. Vogel Paint & Glass Co., 46 Mo. App. 374, says there is a strong legal presumption that all acts of an attorney in the progress of a suit are done by the direction of the party whom he presumes to represent, citing Wright v. Cole, 52 Mass. 293.
In Gilkeson v. Knight, 71 Mo. 403, Judge Norton, speaking for the Supreme Court, says that the affidavit for an attachment was good when it appeared that it had been made by the' same person who signed the petition as plaintiff’s attorney, although not stated on [701]*701the face of the affidavit that it was made by the attorney for his client, either as attorney or agent.
In Melcher v. Scruggs, 72 Mo. 406, l. c. 413, it is held that where the affidavit for the appeal was signed by a party by whose deposition, read in the ease, it appeared that he was the business manager of the appellant, the affidavit was sufficient. So much for the motion to dismiss the appeal.
The verdict in this ease cannot possibly stand in so far as relates to the counterclaim and in finding for the defendant, after deduction from the total amount awarded under the counterclaim the amount allowed plaintiff on his account in suit. The jury by their verdict in favor of plaintiff on his account must have found that the facts set out hy plaintiff in that account as to the rendition of the services and their value and that they had been rendered at the instance of the defendant, were correct. To so find the jury must have concluded that the defense which the defendant interposed to that account, namely, unsldllfulness in ■rendering them, was not sustained. That is, the jury by their verdict of $225 upon the account” in favor of plaintiff necessarily found against the defendant on all of his averments as against that account. Having so found, to then turn round and find a verdict in favor of the defendant on his counterclaim, which counterclaim, to all intents and purposes, was founded upon the identical defenses set up to the account, is utterly irreconcilable with the verdict in favor of the plaintiff on that account. Hence, as being inconsistent with itself on the issues, the verdict, as a whole, cannot stand.
We have read the testimony in this ease with care and have concluded that the instruction which the plaintiff asked at the conclusion of the case, to the effect that the defendant cannot recover on his counterclaim set up in his answer and that the verdict should [702]*702be for the plaintiff and against the defendant on his counterclaim, should have been given.
The counterclaim is specifically based on a special contract, and there is not an iota of testimony to prove any special contract. We have set out the substance of the counterclaim and it will be seen by it that it specifically counts on a contract of plaintiff with defendant whereby plaintiff “undertook as a physician and surgeon to attend and to cure and heal the defendant.” It is not within the implied contract of a surgeon employed to operate or of a physician to attend on a patient, that he will heal and effect a cure. Any such contract must be an express one; it is not implied by the mere employment. Not a. particle of evidence sustains the averment of a special contract of any character, much less of a contract to heal and cure. It is very clear that the defendant, to recover under his counterclaim, must prove a special contract and he has not done this.
In the very elaborate and able brief filed by counsel for respondent in support of their motion for rehearing, under which motion the present opinion is filed, we are referred to the case of Whitesell v. Hill, 37 L. R. A. 830; also reported in 70 N. W. 750 and 101 Iowa 629, which it is claimed is in point. In that case it is held by the court- that in an action against a physician for malpractice, he may set up' as a counterclaim the value of his services, and the fact that he has been guilty of negligence will not prove that his services were of no value. But that is not this case. Here the counterclaim on which defendant recovered is alleged.to have been a contract to heal and cure. To use skill, etc., is all that is implied in the mere employment of a physician or surgeon. We have not overlooked the language of the counterclaim, as suggested by counsel, but have quoted it substantially as pleaded. The counterclaim did not rest upon the statement that defendant had employed “the plaintiff as a [703]*703physician and surgeon to heal and cure defendant of a certain disease and malady, to-wit, appendicitis.” If that had been all, it might have sustained the contention of learned counsel, for it could be treated as a mere averment of the object in the mind of the defendant in employing plaintiff. The counterclaim goes further and avers that “for that purpose the plaintiff undertook as a physician and surgeon to attend and to cure and heal the defendant.” This surely is a specific averment of a contract on the part of the plaintiff, not merely to attend as a surgeon and physician, but to attend “and to cure and heal the defendant.” It is the breach of this contract that is alleged as a basis of the counterclaim. We do not think that the case of Vanhooser v. Berghoff, 90 Mo. 487, 3 S. W. 72, to which we are referred, fits the facts in this case. As far as it goes, it is against the contention of respondent’s counsel. Judge Ray in his opinion as quoted by counsel, and as appears in the report, distinctly says that under the law, the contract of the physician is not one of warranty that a cure will be effected but only that he possesses and will use reasonable skill, judgment and diligence, such as is ordinarily possessed and employed by members of the same profession, and that while this is true, it is competent for the surgeon to make a contract expressly binding himself to cure. It was averred in the Yanhooser case, that the defendant undertook to reduce and set the bone and to attend, cure and heal the same, and it is then averred that he promised carefully and skillfully to perform such service, but that he had carelessly and negligently and unskillfully failed to set the bone, etc. Judge Ray says that taken altogether, he does not think the petition sets out an express promise to cure but only such an undertaking as the law implies, which is to employ in this behalf reasonable skill and diligence. In other words, in the Yanhooser case, it is held that the averment of a con[704]*704tract to cure and heal was modified by the averments following, which limited it to a promise to carefully and skillfully perform the service. Considering the averments of the counterclaim in the case before us and on which the defendant recovered damages, and in which counterclaim the averment of the contract to heal and cure is distinctly contained, we hold this to be an averment which could only be sustained by proof of an express contract, a contract outside of the implied contract under which a surgeon is employed, and that it is an averment in no manner qualified by any subsequent words in the counterclaim, and it is upon the counterclaim that the recovery was had.
Referring to the point made, that the counterclaim sets up a tort and that tort cannot be the subject of a counterclaim in an action on contract, it is sufficient to say that it is settled that under our statute (R. S. 1909, sec 1807, et alia), the defendant may, by way of counterclaim, assert every right to which he may be entitled as against, plaintiff, arising out of, or connected with, the subject of the action. This is so, whether the counterclaim sounds in contract or tort. See among other cases Ritchie v. Hayward, 71 Mo. 560; Small v. Speece, 131 Mo. App. 513, 110 S. W. 7; National Handle Co. v. Huffman, 140 Mo. App. 634, l. c. 642, 120 S. W. 690. In view of this right, the defendant, if so advised, may amend his pleading by omitting the averment of a special contract and declare as in tort.
It is suggested in opposition to the motion for rehearing, as it was when the case was originally argued and submitted, that as there is no • appeal by the defendant from that much of the verdict which finds for plaintiff, that much of it should be permitted to stand and the judgment in the cause reversed only as to that part of the verdict which relates to the counterclaim. We were at first inclined to take this view of the case but on reconsideration have concluded that as [705]*705there is hut the one judgment, and' that in favor of defendant, and that judgment is an entirety, we will not here enter up judgment on that part of the verdict which is in favor of plaintiff. In the light of the verdict that would not he fair to the defendant. Accordingly, the whole verdict is set aside, the judgment reversed and the cause remanded.
Nortoni, J., and Caulfield, J., concur.