SAYRE, J.
[1] The statement of the case sets out the complaint as amended. Defend
ant’s demurrer was properly overruled. The locus in
quo
of the accident is described as “on Second avenue, near Fourth street, in the city of Birminglíam, Jefferson county, Ala.,” and this was sufficient to apprise the defendant of the place of the negligence complained of, to the end that its defense might be intelligently prepared. In some of the cases cited by defendant to this point definite location, as for example, whether plaintiff was on defendant’s railroad track, was necessary in order to show a duty owing from defendant to plaintiff. But that requirement was fully complied with in this case. The complaint showed that plaintiff’s automobile was in the public road where it had a right to be.
Nor is the complaint demurrable in failing to show that defendant’s alleged negligence was the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injury and damage. The allegation of proximate consequence, which is but another way of alleging proximate cause, is explicit, unequivocal, and sufficient.
The question of proximate cause is appropriately discussed with reference to the affirmative charge requested by' defendant, but without avail. Plaintiff’s automobile was being driven along the street at a short interval behind another automobile. Along the street ran two lines of street car rails. Overtaking defendant’s motor truck, the foremost automobile passed to the left. Plaintiff’s automobile followed, but, as its front wheel drew up opposite the rear wheel of the truck, the latter, as plaintiff’s evidence tended to show, suddenly and without warning turned to the left, came into contact with plaintiff’s car, and threw it over upon the street car track, so that a street car, moving in the opposite direction and reaching the spot just at that moment, came into collision with plaintiff’s car, wrecking it. The question of proximate cause, in its legal acceptation, is, or ought to be, a practical question of common sense. Quite a number of definitions are quoted in Dye-Washburn Co. v. Aldridge, 207 Ala. 471, 93 So. 512. Chief Justice Stone quotes a widely accepted definition in Western Railway v. Mutch, 97 Ala. 194, 11 So. 894, 21 L. R. A. 316, 8 Am. St. Rep. 179. See, also, L. & N. v. Quick, 125 Ala. 553, 28 So. 14; 22 R. C. L. 110. There must be a natural and unbroken sequence between the wrong complained of and the injury suffered —without intervening independent cause. Defendant suggests the street car as an independent efficient intervening cause of plaintiff’s injury. But, if defendant’s agent was at fault, was guilty of actionable negligence, in bringing about the collision between its truck and plaintiff’s automobile — and without such negligence there could be.no recovery — it is clear enough that there was no' lack of proximate causal connection between the negligence charged and the damage so suffered, and that the presence of the street car served only to aggravate the damage already done in much the same way as if plaintiff’s car had been thrown against a stone wall standing in the same place. It is a commonly recognized principle of law “that if a new force or power intervenes, sufficient of itself to stand as the cause of the misfortune, the other must be considered as to.o remote.” Miles v. Hines, 205 Ala. 86, 87 So. 837. We think that in the case supported by plaintiffs evidence the jury might very well have found that the operation of the street car was not sufficient of itself to stand as the cause of plaintiff’s misfortune; that so much of the damage as was done by the collision between plaintiff’s automobile and the street ear would not have been suffered but for the negligence alleged in the complaint and was the proximate consequence of that negligence. “The logical rule in this connection, the rule of common sense and human experience as well,
* * *
is that a person guilty of negligence should be held responsible for all the consequences which a prudent and experienced man, fully acquainted with all the circumstances which in fact existed, whether they could have been ascertained by reasonable diligence or not, would, at the time of the negligent act, have thought reasonably possible to follow, if they had occurred to his mind.” Armstrong v. Street Railway, 123 Ala. 233, 26 So. 349.
So, also, the question of negligence on the part of defendant’s agent in charge of its truck was a question for jury decision. There was evidence from which the jury may have inferred knowledge on the part of defendant’s agent that plaintiff’s automobile was about to pass to the front of the truck; that shortly before the accident the driver of the truck had looked back — though possibly or probably his attention at that moment was fixed upon the automobile just in front of plaintiff’s — that immediately before attempting to pass to the front plaintiff’s agent gave the signal customary in such cases; and that defendant’s driver without any cautionary signal turned suddenly to the left. These were questions for the jury, as was the question of the contributory negligence of the driver of plaintiff’s automobile. If there was ample room in which to pass between the street ear and the truck moving forward as it had been and plaintiff’s agent had no reason to anticipate the truck’s sudden turn — • and plaintiff’s evidence tended to support these hypotheses — then the ultimate question of contributory negligence was properly submitted to the jury. Overton v. Bush, 2 Ala. App. 623, 56 So. 852. Appellant cites Morrison v. Clark, 196 Ala. 670, 72 So. 305, as authority for the proposition that it was negligence on the part of plaintiff’s driver to attempt to pass the truck before ascertaining that the driver thereof had been made aware of his purpose, and says that there was no evidence that the truck driver knew of the approach of plaintiff’s automobile. We have stated the tendencies of the evidence. From
it the jury may have inferred knowledge on the part of defendant’s driver, and, moreover, “it is for the jury to say whether the circumstances were such that the person driving in advance should, in the exercise of reasonable care, have looked behind or sideways.” Rand v. Syms, 162 Mass. 163, 38 N. E. 196. This is reasonable doctrine as applied to the facts in this cáse and is not contradicted by anything said in Morrison v. Clark.
Charge 15, requested by defendant gml refused by the court, appears to have, been intended to bring to the attention of the jury certain provisions of the ordinances of the city of Birmingham. But we are not informed of any ordinance providing that an automobile overtaking another automobile “must not undertake to pass to the left while a street car is passing the automobile sought to be passed.” The ordinance provides that automobiles shall not pass a street car stopped or stopping to discharge or take on passengers—this for the protection of passengers ; but that provision has no field of operation in the facts of this case.
Charge 8, requested by defendant, was properly refused because it predicated the duty of defendant’s driver upon actual knowledge that plaintiff’s automobile ■ was near at hand and desired to pass, whereas, as we háve seen, it was for the jury to say under all the circumstances whether defendant’s driver was derelict in failing to inform himself of the presence and intention of plaintiff’s agent and in giving some cautionary signal evidencing his intention to turn.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
SAYRE, J.
[1] The statement of the case sets out the complaint as amended. Defend
ant’s demurrer was properly overruled. The locus in
quo
of the accident is described as “on Second avenue, near Fourth street, in the city of Birminglíam, Jefferson county, Ala.,” and this was sufficient to apprise the defendant of the place of the negligence complained of, to the end that its defense might be intelligently prepared. In some of the cases cited by defendant to this point definite location, as for example, whether plaintiff was on defendant’s railroad track, was necessary in order to show a duty owing from defendant to plaintiff. But that requirement was fully complied with in this case. The complaint showed that plaintiff’s automobile was in the public road where it had a right to be.
Nor is the complaint demurrable in failing to show that defendant’s alleged negligence was the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injury and damage. The allegation of proximate consequence, which is but another way of alleging proximate cause, is explicit, unequivocal, and sufficient.
The question of proximate cause is appropriately discussed with reference to the affirmative charge requested by' defendant, but without avail. Plaintiff’s automobile was being driven along the street at a short interval behind another automobile. Along the street ran two lines of street car rails. Overtaking defendant’s motor truck, the foremost automobile passed to the left. Plaintiff’s automobile followed, but, as its front wheel drew up opposite the rear wheel of the truck, the latter, as plaintiff’s evidence tended to show, suddenly and without warning turned to the left, came into contact with plaintiff’s car, and threw it over upon the street car track, so that a street car, moving in the opposite direction and reaching the spot just at that moment, came into collision with plaintiff’s car, wrecking it. The question of proximate cause, in its legal acceptation, is, or ought to be, a practical question of common sense. Quite a number of definitions are quoted in Dye-Washburn Co. v. Aldridge, 207 Ala. 471, 93 So. 512. Chief Justice Stone quotes a widely accepted definition in Western Railway v. Mutch, 97 Ala. 194, 11 So. 894, 21 L. R. A. 316, 8 Am. St. Rep. 179. See, also, L. & N. v. Quick, 125 Ala. 553, 28 So. 14; 22 R. C. L. 110. There must be a natural and unbroken sequence between the wrong complained of and the injury suffered —without intervening independent cause. Defendant suggests the street car as an independent efficient intervening cause of plaintiff’s injury. But, if defendant’s agent was at fault, was guilty of actionable negligence, in bringing about the collision between its truck and plaintiff’s automobile — and without such negligence there could be.no recovery — it is clear enough that there was no' lack of proximate causal connection between the negligence charged and the damage so suffered, and that the presence of the street car served only to aggravate the damage already done in much the same way as if plaintiff’s car had been thrown against a stone wall standing in the same place. It is a commonly recognized principle of law “that if a new force or power intervenes, sufficient of itself to stand as the cause of the misfortune, the other must be considered as to.o remote.” Miles v. Hines, 205 Ala. 86, 87 So. 837. We think that in the case supported by plaintiffs evidence the jury might very well have found that the operation of the street car was not sufficient of itself to stand as the cause of plaintiff’s misfortune; that so much of the damage as was done by the collision between plaintiff’s automobile and the street ear would not have been suffered but for the negligence alleged in the complaint and was the proximate consequence of that negligence. “The logical rule in this connection, the rule of common sense and human experience as well,
* * *
is that a person guilty of negligence should be held responsible for all the consequences which a prudent and experienced man, fully acquainted with all the circumstances which in fact existed, whether they could have been ascertained by reasonable diligence or not, would, at the time of the negligent act, have thought reasonably possible to follow, if they had occurred to his mind.” Armstrong v. Street Railway, 123 Ala. 233, 26 So. 349.
So, also, the question of negligence on the part of defendant’s agent in charge of its truck was a question for jury decision. There was evidence from which the jury may have inferred knowledge on the part of defendant’s agent that plaintiff’s automobile was about to pass to the front of the truck; that shortly before the accident the driver of the truck had looked back — though possibly or probably his attention at that moment was fixed upon the automobile just in front of plaintiff’s — that immediately before attempting to pass to the front plaintiff’s agent gave the signal customary in such cases; and that defendant’s driver without any cautionary signal turned suddenly to the left. These were questions for the jury, as was the question of the contributory negligence of the driver of plaintiff’s automobile. If there was ample room in which to pass between the street ear and the truck moving forward as it had been and plaintiff’s agent had no reason to anticipate the truck’s sudden turn — • and plaintiff’s evidence tended to support these hypotheses — then the ultimate question of contributory negligence was properly submitted to the jury. Overton v. Bush, 2 Ala. App. 623, 56 So. 852. Appellant cites Morrison v. Clark, 196 Ala. 670, 72 So. 305, as authority for the proposition that it was negligence on the part of plaintiff’s driver to attempt to pass the truck before ascertaining that the driver thereof had been made aware of his purpose, and says that there was no evidence that the truck driver knew of the approach of plaintiff’s automobile. We have stated the tendencies of the evidence. From
it the jury may have inferred knowledge on the part of defendant’s driver, and, moreover, “it is for the jury to say whether the circumstances were such that the person driving in advance should, in the exercise of reasonable care, have looked behind or sideways.” Rand v. Syms, 162 Mass. 163, 38 N. E. 196. This is reasonable doctrine as applied to the facts in this cáse and is not contradicted by anything said in Morrison v. Clark.
Charge 15, requested by defendant gml refused by the court, appears to have, been intended to bring to the attention of the jury certain provisions of the ordinances of the city of Birmingham. But we are not informed of any ordinance providing that an automobile overtaking another automobile “must not undertake to pass to the left while a street car is passing the automobile sought to be passed.” The ordinance provides that automobiles shall not pass a street car stopped or stopping to discharge or take on passengers—this for the protection of passengers ; but that provision has no field of operation in the facts of this case.
Charge 8, requested by defendant, was properly refused because it predicated the duty of defendant’s driver upon actual knowledge that plaintiff’s automobile ■ was near at hand and desired to pass, whereas, as we háve seen, it was for the jury to say under all the circumstances whether defendant’s driver was derelict in failing to inform himself of the presence and intention of plaintiff’s agent and in giving some cautionary signal evidencing his intention to turn.
Charge 18, requested by defendant, was abstract, and therefore properly refused.
There was no error in sustaining plaintiff’s objection to defendant’s question to the witness Greenburg on cross-examination : “Would-you have given that much for it before the wreck?”—meaning $400 or $500. The witness had deposed that, “A car of that model in good condition I presume would probably be worth around $400- or $500, more or less” ; but he had said also in the same connection that he had never seen the car before the wreck and could not approximate its value at that time. There was no error. There was no request for the'witness’ opinion as to value; nor was there evidence that the witness had an opinion, or that, if he had, it would have been worth tire paper required to record this item of judgment.
There was no error in allowing plaintiff to show how far defendant’s truck ran from the place where the accident happened. The witness answered: “When out of sight.” This shed some light perhaps—at least the jury may have so found with reason—upon the driver’s understanding at the time of what had occurred; may have been properly accepted as in the nature of a contemporaneous, spontaneous admission of wrong.
If there was a variance in any particular between allegation and proof, that was a matter that should have been called to the court’s attention by an objection to the evidence. Circuit court rule' No. 34, Code of 1923, p. 906, vol. 4.
The assertion, made on the motion for a new trial, that the jury went contrary to the court’s instruction in rendering their verdict cannot be sustained. There was nothing further needing comment. The motion was overruled without reversible error.
Affirmed.
GARDNER, MILLER, and BOULDIN, JJ., concur.