Opinion issued April 30, 2015
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-14-00334-CR ——————————— RUBEN FERNANDEZ, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 180th District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 1360307
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Ruben Fernandez was charged by indictment with sexual assault,
enhanced by a prior felony conviction. A jury found Fernandez guilty. Fernandez
pleaded true to the enhancement allegation, and the trial court sentenced him to 12
years’ confinement. On appeal, Fernandez raises two points of error: (1) his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance, and (2) the trial court abused its discretion
by preventing him from impeaching the complainant in violation of the
Confrontation Clause. We affirm.
Background
The complainant began working for Fernandez’s air conditioning repair
company in December 2010. She testified at trial that approximately one year
later, Fernandez’s personality and behavior changed and he began looking at her in
a sexual way. 1 According to the complainant, Fernandez told her that he liked her,
liked the way that she worked, and wanted “something” with her. But the
complainant, who was married, did not want a relationship with Fernandez and
made that clear to him.
The complainant recalled a specific instance in which Fernandez placed his
hand on her leg and told her that he would give her “some money” if she let him
touch her. Because this made her feel uncomfortable, she did not go to work for a
week after that incident. She returned to work because she liked the job and
Fernandez promised not to touch her again. Although Fernandez did not touch her
again, he frequently talked about sex, which made her uncomfortable.
On May 23, 2012, Fernandez asked the complainant to assist with a job.
Fernandez picked the complainant up from her home and drove her to the job site.
1 Because the complainant does not speak English, a certified interpreter translated her testimony at trial.
2 She testified that she was the only person assisting Fernandez. While working,
Fernandez drank two to three beers. After work, they stopped to eat dinner at a
restaurant. Fernandez parked his truck in a spot far from the restaurant even
though there were available spots closer to the restaurant’s entrance. The
complainant testified that Fernandez consumed approximately eight beers and that
she consumed two alcoholic beverages at dinner. After a couple of hours, the
complainant wanted to leave, but Fernandez wanted to keep drinking.
Once they returned to Fernandez’s truck, Fernandez told the complainant
that he wanted to touch her and have sex with her. The complainant testified that
while they were in the truck, Fernandez grabbed her, asked if he could touch her,
and offered her money. He also grabbed her purse and told her that she “need[ed]
to let [him] touch [her].” The complainant testified that she was “very scared.”
Fernandez took her purse, grabbed her by the arms, and continued to struggle with
her as she told him she wanted to exit the truck. But Fernandez did not stop
touching her and told her that she was “not going to go.” The complainant testified
that as they struggled, her shoulder was pushed against the door, and Fernandez
placed his hand down her pants and inserted his fingers in her vagina. She tried to
pull his hand out of her pants and told him to let go of her.
The complainant testified that when she was finally able to open the truck’s
door, she fell to the ground. Because Fernandez was pushing the complainant
3 against the door, he also fell and landed on top of her. Fernandez quickly stood up,
returned to the driver’s side of the truck, and drove away while the complainant
was lying face down on the ground.
Officer H. Trinh of the Houston Police Department testified that the
complainant was crying and upset when he arrived at the scene that night. Because
he could not communicate with the complainant in English, he requested that
dispatch send a Spanish-speaking officer to assist him. Officer E. Alejandro of the
Houston Police Department arrived and translated for the complainant and Officer
Trinh. Officer Trinh wrote his report based on Officer Alejandro’s translations.
Officer Alejandro testified that when she arrived at the scene, the
complainant was crying, shaking, and in distress. On cross-examination, she
agreed with Fernandez’s counsel that the complainant told her that she had
consumed only one alcoholic beverage and that Fernandez had offered her extra
money to touch her breasts. Officer Alejandro also testified that the complainant
told her that the assault occurred on the ground outside of the truck and that the
police report states that Fernandez placed his fingers in the complainant’s vagina
when she was on the ground outside of the truck.
Tiffani Dusang, a forensic nurse examiner, testified that she conducted a
sexual assault examination on the complainant. During her examination, Dusang
did not find trauma to the complainant’s vaginal area, but she testified that it is
4 “common not to find trauma” from digital penetration. Dusang’s report noted that
the complainant had blue or red bruises, and Dusang testified that the color
indicated the bruises were “newer” and consistent with being grabbed. Her report
also noted that the complainant was “tearful” during the examination.
Dusang also testified regarding what the complainant reported to her. The
complainant told Dusang that Fernandez attempted to touch the complainant’s
breasts and vaginal area. When she told him no, they struggled and he placed two
fingers in her vagina. Dusang also testified that the complainant told her that when
she fell to the ground, Fernandez took her purse, dragged her across the ground,
and left her lying on the ground.
Officer J. De Los Santos of the Houston Police Department, who worked in
the homicide/sex crimes division at the time of the complainant’s assault,
interviewed the complainant a week after the assault. He testified that she was “a
little distraught” and upset during the interview. On cross-examination,
Fernandez’s counsel asked De Los Santos a series of questions regarding
statements the complainant made at the scene. After the State lodged hearsay
objections, the trial court held a bench conference. The trial court ruled that
Fernandez’s counsel could not elicit the complainant’s prior inconsistent
statements because Fernandez had not asked the complainant about her statements
to De Los Santos and provided her the opportunity to explain or deny them.
5 Fernandez’s counsel stated that he would recall the complainant. Later that day,
two interpreters were made available to interpret for the complainant, but
Fernandez’s counsel declined to recall the complainant and rested.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
In his first point of error, Fernandez contends that his trial counsel rendered
ineffective assistance by failing to impeach the interpreter and the complainant.
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
Both the federal and state constitutions guarantee an accused the right to
have the assistance of counsel. See U.S. CONST. VI; TEX. CONST. I, § 10; TEX.
CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 1.051 (West Supp. 2014). The right to counsel
includes the right to reasonably effective assistance of counsel. See Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2063 (1984); Ex parte Gonzales,
945 S.W.2d 830, 835 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Both state and federal claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel are evaluated under the two prong analysis of
Strickland. Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
The first prong requires the appellant to demonstrate that counsel’s
performance was deficient, meaning that counsel made errors so serious that he
was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. The second prong requires the
appellant to show that counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Id.
6 To establish prejudice, the appellant must prove there is a reasonable probability
that but for counsel’s deficient performance, the result of the proceeding would
have been different. Jackson v. State, 973 S.W.2d 954, 956 (Tex. Crim. App.
1998). Unless an appellant can prove both prongs, an appellate court must not find
counsel’s representation to be ineffective. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct.
at 2064.
There is a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct fell within the wide
range of reasonable professional assistance. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813; Jackson
v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). On direct appeal, a
reviewing court will rarely be able to fairly evaluate the merits of an ineffective-
assistance claim because the record on direct appeal is usually undeveloped and
inadequately reflective of the reasons for defense counsel’s actions at trial. Mata v.
State, 226 S.W.3d 425, 430 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The lack of a clear record
usually will prevent the appellant from meeting the first prong of Strickland, as the
reasonableness of counsel’s choices and actions during trial can be proven
deficient only through facts that do not normally appear in the appellate record. Id.
In order for an appellate court to find on direct appeal that counsel was
ineffective, counsel’s deficiency must be affirmatively demonstrated in the trial
record. Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 142 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). When the
record is silent as to counsel’s reasons for his conduct, finding counsel ineffective
7 would call for speculation by the appellate court. Stults v. State, 23 S.W.3d 198,
208 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. ref’d). An appellate court will
not speculate about the reasons underlying defense counsel’s decisions to find
counsel ineffective. Id.; Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771. If appellant does not file a
motion for new trial or request a hearing, or if counsel does not appear at the
hearing, an affidavit from trial counsel becomes almost vital to the success of an
ineffective assistance claim on direct appeal. Stults, 23 S.W.3d at 208–09.
B. Analysis
First, Fernandez contends that his counsel should have cross-examined and
impeached the interpreter after he alerted his counsel that the interpreter made
incorrect translations. During a recess from the complainant’s direct testimony,
Fernandez’s counsel notified the trial court that Fernandez disagreed with the
interpreter’s translations, arguing that the interpreter was translating in “gist form.”
Specifically, Fernandez believed that the complainant’s statement that Fernandez
“offered to pay [the complainant] money” was incorrect and that the complainant
said that “he offered to pay [the complainant] a hundred dollars.” The interpreter
repeated the question to the complainant and again translated her testimony as
“money.” The interpreter also told the trial court that she translated the
complainant’s responses “verbatim.”
8 Second, Fernandez contends that his trial counsel was ineffective in not
impeaching the complainant with inconsistent statements she had made to Officer
Alejandro at the scene. Specifically, Fernandez faults his trial counsel for not
impeaching her with discrepancies between her trial testimony and statements she
had made to Officer Alejandro at the scene regarding (1) how many alcoholic
beverages she had consumed, (2) whether she was inside or outside of the truck
when Fernandez touched her vagina, and (3) how she opened the truck door.
Fernandez’s trial counsel did seek to discuss the inconsistent statements while
cross-examining Officer De Los Santos. However, the trial court ruled that
Fernandez’s trial counsel could not question Officer De Los Santos about the
complainant’s prior statements without first allowing the complainant to explain or
deny the statements. Fernandez’s trial counsel then stated that he would recall the
complainant, presumably to lay the proper predicate for impeachment. Later,
however, Fernandez’s trial counsel stated on the record, but without offering any
reason, that he had decided not to recall the complainant. Fernandez’s trial counsel
thus never questioned the complainant about any prior statements. According to
Fernandez, his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to impeach
the interpreter and the complainant. We disagree.
Here, the record does not reveal the reasons or motives underlying
Fernandez’s trial counsel’s challenged actions. Because the record is silent as to
9 why counsel chose not to impeach the interpreter regarding the correctness of her
translation or the complainant regarding her prior inconsistent statements, we may
not assume that his decisions are not attributable to sound trial strategy. See
Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814 (holding that appellant failed to rebut presumption that
counsel’s decision was reasonable because record was silent as to why counsel
failed to object to State’s attempt to elicit hearsay). Moreover, the courts of
appeals, including this one, have reasoned that failure to impeach could be part of a
reasonable strategy. See Davis v. State, 276 S.W.3d 491, 502 (Tex. App.—Waco
2008, pet. ref’d) (recognizing counsel’s decision not to impeach witnesses may be
“sound trial strategy”); Tadych v. State, No. 01-06-00620-CR, 2007 WL 4465572,
at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 20, 2007, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not
designated for publication) (“Because there is no evidence of trial counsel’s
strategy in not seeking to impeach [witness], appellant cannot prevail unless there
is no conceivable strategy as a matter of law. We may not speculate on why
counsel acted as she did, and we do not conclude as a matter of law that no strategy
could exist.”); Sims v. State, 807 S.W.2d 618, 624 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1991, pet.
ref’d) (“[W]e cannot say that failure to attempt impeachment was not sound trial
strategy.”); Harris v. State, No. 01-88-00991-CR, 1990 WL 39468, at *4 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 5, 1990, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication)
(holding that failure to bring up inconsistent testimony and impeach witness may
10 be sound trial strategy because attempting to impeach may have been “more
harmful” than beneficial to appellant).
Because Fernandez has not shown that his trial counsel’s actions at trial
were “so outrageous that no reasonable competent trial attorney would have done
likewise,” and the record is silent as to trial counsel’s strategy, we presume
counsel’s conduct was reasonable and professional. See Mata, 226 S.W.3d at 433;
see also Stults, 23 S.W.3d at 208; Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771. Accordingly, we
hold that Fernandez failed to satisfy the first prong of Strickland.
We overrule Fernandez’s first point of error.
Evidentiary Ruling
In his second point of error, Fernandez contends that the trial court abused
its discretion by sustaining the State’s hearsay objection and not allowing Officer
De Los Santos to testify about the complainant’s prior inconsistent statements.
Fernandez contends that this violated his constitutional right to cross-examine the
State’s witnesses, in violation of the Confrontation Clause.
We review a trial court’s decision on the admissibility of evidence for an
abuse of discretion. Tillman v. State, 354 S.W.3d 425, 435 (Tex. Crim. App.
2011). Likewise, we review a trial court’s decision to limit cross-examination
under an abuse of discretion standard. Mims v. State, 434 S.W.3d 265, 271 (Tex.
11 App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.); Ho v. State, 171 S.W.3d 295, 304 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d) (citing Love v. State, 861 S.W.2d
899, 903 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (en banc)). There should be “reluctance on the
part of an appellate court to reverse trial court decisions which admit or exclude
evidence.” Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 378 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990);
Harris v. State, 152 S.W.3d 786, 793 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet.
ref’d).
A party may impeach a witness with evidence of a prior inconsistent
statement if the party first presents the witness with the existence of the statement,
the details and circumstances surrounding the statement, and gives the witness the
opportunity to explain or deny the statement. TEX. R. EVID. 613(a). To be
admissible under Texas Rule of Evidence 613(a), a prior statement must be
inconsistent with the one given at trial. Lopez v. State, 86 S.W.3d 228, 230 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2002). “If a party fails to establish this predicate, the trial court should
sustain an objection to extrinsic proof of the prior inconsistent statement.” Madry
v. State, 200 S.W.3d 766, 769 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d)
(citing Ferguson v. State, 97 S.W.3d 293, 296 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2003, pet. ref’d)). Thus, before a witness may be impeached, she must be
informed of the statement’s content, the time and place at which it was made, and
the person to whom it was made. Harris v. State, 152 S.W.3d 786, 795 (Tex.
12 App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d) (citing Flores v. State, 48 S.W.3d 397,
404 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, pet. ref’d)).
1. Failure to lay proper predicate under Rule 613
The State argues that the trial court did not err in denying Fernandez’s
attempt to elicit testimony from Officer De Los Santos regarding the complainant’s
prior inconsistent statement because Fernandez did not lay the predicate required
by Texas Rule of Evidence 613. We agree.
Fernandez’s counsel attempted to elicit testimony contradicting the
complainant’s testimony about how many alcoholic beverages she consumed,
whether Fernandez assaulted her inside or outside the truck, and how the truck’s
door opened. But the trial court did not allow the testimony, noting that in order to
impeach the complainant, counsel had to “ask certain statements and give the
complainant an opportunity to confirm or deny that.” Fernandez’s counsel did not
recall the complainant to examine her about the prior statements.
Under Rule 613, Fernandez had to lay the proper predicate before he could
introduce extrinsic evidence of the complainant’s prior inconsistent statement to
Officer De Los Santos. See TEX. R. EVID. 613(a). During cross-examination,
Fernandez’s counsel asked the complainant, “At some point you are able to open
the door and you testified that you fell out of the truck onto the parking lot,
13 correct?” and she responded “Yes.” The complainant also testified during cross-
examination that she consumed two alcoholic beverages and that Fernandez placed
his fingers inside her vagina while she was inside the truck. But Fernandez’s
counsel did not ask the complainant any questions regarding statements she made
to Officer De Los Santos. Accordingly, we conclude that Fernandez failed to lay
the proper predicate under Rule 613 and that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in refusing to allow Fernandez to cross-examine Officer De Los Santos
regarding any alleged prior inconsistent statement by the complainant. See Madry,
200 S.W.3d at 770 (holding that trial court did not abuse its discretion because
defendant failed to lay proper predicate for introduction of police officer’s prior
inconsistent statement where appellant did not confront witness with prior
statement or summarize contents of statements); Osteen v. State, 61 S.W.3d 90, 91
(Tex. App.—Waco 2001, no pet.) (holding that defendant failed to lay proper
predicate for admission of a prior inconsistent statement where defendant did not
tell complainant the contents of allegedly inconsistent statement or afford her an
opportunity to explain or deny statements).
2. Failure to preserve Confrontation Clause claim
Fernandez also contends that the trial court violated his rights under the
Confrontation Clause. We agree with the State that Fernandez failed to preserve
this issue for appeal.
14 Ordinarily, to preserve error, there must be a timely, specific objection and
an adverse ruling by the trial court. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. Even constitutional error
may be waived by failure to object at trial. Fuller v. State, 253 S.W.3d 220, 232
(Tex. Crim. App. 2008). A defendant waives his constitutional right to confront
witnesses if he does not timely object to testimony on that ground. See Holland v.
State, 802 S.W.2d 696, 700 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); Campos v. State, 186 S.W.3d
93, 98 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.).
Here, Fernandez argued that Officer De Los Santos’s testimony about the
complainant’s alleged prior inconsistent statements was admissible to impeach the
complainant. But Fernandez never informed the trial court that precluding
impeachment through Officer De Los Santos would constitute a violation of the
Confrontation Clause. Therefore, his argument did not put the trial court on notice
of a complaint under the Confrontation Clause. See Layton v. State, 280 S.W.3d
235, 239 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (to preserve complaint, party must “let the trial
judge know what he wants, why he thinks he is entitled to it, and to do so clearly
enough for the judge to understand him at a time when the trial court is in a proper
position to do something about it”). Accordingly, we conclude that Fernandez
failed to preserve his Confrontation Clause claim. See Reyna v. State, 168 S.W.3d
173, 179 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (“When a defendant’s objection encompasses
complaints under both the Texas Rules of Evidence and the Confrontation Clause,
15 the objection is not sufficiently specific to preserve error.”); Fortunato v. State,
No. 01–07–00066–CR, 2008 WL 1827910, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
April 24, 2008, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication)
(Confrontation Clause complaint not preserved because appellant argued at trial
only that evidence was admissible to impeach credibility and therefore did not put
trial court on notice of violation of Confrontation Clause); Perry v. State, 236
S.W.3d 859, 864 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2007, no pet.) (requiring that a “party
clearly articulate that the Confrontation Clause demanded admission of the
evidence to allow the trial court to rule on the issue” in order to preserve
Confrontation Clause argument on appeal).
We overrule Fernandez’s second point of error.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Rebeca Huddle Justice
Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Higley, and Huddle.
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).