TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-04-00304-CR
Roy Lynn McDavid, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 147TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 3022275, HONORABLE WILFORD FLOWERS, JUDGE PRESIDING
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
Appellant Roy Lynn McDavid appeals from his conviction on two counts of
aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.02 (West Supp. 2005). (1)
The charges arose from appellant's two-hour assault of his girlfriend with various objects, including
a Maglite flashlight (count I) and a leather strap (count II). Appellant pled not guilty and waived his
right to a jury trial. After a bench trial, the court found appellant guilty, found the habitual offender
enhancement paragraphs to be true, and sentenced him to 30 years' confinement on each count, to
run concurrently. See id. § 12.42(d) (West Supp. 2005). Appellant contends in three issues that the
trial court erred in finding him guilty because (1) the court violated his due process rights by not
holding a hearing or articulating a ruling on appellant's pro se notice of insanity defense, (2) the
evidence was factually insufficient to show that appellant was sane at the time of the offense, and
(3) the evidence was insufficient to establish the requisite mens rea for criminal liability. We will
affirm.
BACKGROUND
Appellant testified that, on October 18, 2002, he and his girlfriend, Audra Morris,
"got into an altercation" in the Winnebago where they lived. Appellant, who claims to suffer from
paranoid schizophrenia, testified that Morris cut him on the hand and arm with a knife and that
"[w]hen she done that, I blacked out. I don't even know nothing else that really happened. I just lost
my mind." Appellant further testified that he had "smoked a joint that had the embalming fluid in it,
that's when I started losing my mind because I had been up about seven days. I was on speed, crack
cocaine, whiskey, beer, weed, and that. . . . I was off my medication (2) and doing all the drugs. . . .
When it all happened, I totally blacked out. I smoked that wet [embalmed joint], I lost my mind.
I ain't never smoked it before." Near the end of trial, appellant's counsel attempted to clarify
appellant's allegation of self-defense by asking him, "You are trying to say that when she cut you,
that's what caused you to lose track of what you were doing?" Appellant responded, "I was already
out of my mind because I had never smoked that stuff."
Morris testified that she and appellant started arguing because she told him that she
was going to move out. She "could tell that he was on speed." "He got mad . . . , started hitting me
. . . , [and] told me if I left it would be in a trash bag." Morris testified that appellant began slapping
her with his hands, then progressed to whipping her with a leather strap, followed by beating her in
the head with a metal flashlight--"one of them the cops carry, the long ones, the Maglites." At one
point, a neighbor knocked on the door "asking what was going on." Morris testified that appellant
locked her in the bathroom and told the neighbor they were fighting. Once the neighbor left, he let
Morris out and continued beating her. Although appellant claimed to have "blacked out," he recalled
that "[when the neighbor] came to the door, Audra wasn't locked in the bathroom. She was sitting
right there."
Morris testified that the assault lasted about two hours. Afterwards, she told appellant
she was in pain, and "he decided that it would be best if he took me to the hospital." Appellant
testified that he "snapped back out of it" and realized he "had made a mistake," so he drove Morris
to the hospital and dropped her off. Officer Kenneth Saffel, who met with Morris at the hospital on
the night of the assault, testified that she had "[obvious] bruising and lacerations. . . . There were
multiple bruises all over her body. It is one of the worse (sic) beatings I had ever seen at that time
in my career." Officer Robert Mitchell, who met with Morris the next day at the SafePlace shelter,
testified that "[s]he had a cast on her arm . . . [and] every visible part of her body pretty much was
bruised, deeply bruised, dark purple bruising. . . . [H]er ribs may have been broken. Her wrist was
broken. Her pinky was broken." The photographs admitted into evidence confirm the severe nature
of Morris's injuries.
In closing, appellant's counsel argued, "We would ask the Court to take into
consideration the fact that Mr. McDavid's acts were not intentional." To support his argument,
counsel cited the unavailability of appellant's medications and Morris's stabbing of him. Counsel
did not raise the issue of insanity at any point other than filing a pretrial motion requesting the court
to "authorize the expenditure of up to $2000.00 to obtain the services of a psychiatrist or
psychologist or other expert on offenders with mental health problems and histories." Although the
trial court granted this motion, the record does not reflect that appellant actually obtained the services
of a mental health expert, and no expert was called to testify.
Appellant, however--in addition to his testimony that he was "insane" and had "lost
his mind" at the time of the offense--filed a pro se pretrial notice of intent to present an insanity
defense and a pro se pretrial motion for a preliminary hearing on his sanity during the criminal act.
He attached to these filings a document from the Travis County Sheriff's Department titled
"Psychiatric Treatment Referral," dated March 4, 2004. The form identifies appellant and states,
"While incarcerated . . . you received psychiatric treatment for the following diagnosis:," and
"schizophrenia w/ panic d/o [disorder]" is written in. The form also reflects that, starting in early
2004, appellant began taking four different medications for this disorder. From the record, it appears
that the trial court did not hold a hearing or articulate a specific ruling on the issue of appellant's
sanity.
After appellant was adjudged guilty and sentenced to 30 years' confinement on both
counts, he filed a motion for new trial, which was overruled by operation of law. See Tex. R. App.
P. 21.8(c). This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Appellant urges this Court to reverse his conviction on the grounds that (1) his due
process rights were violated by the trial court's failure to act on his notice of insanity defense, (2)
the evidence was factually insufficient to show appellant was sane, and (3) the evidence was
insufficient to establish the requisite mens rea. We will address each in turn.
Insanity Defense
Section 8.01(a) of the penal code provides that "[i]t is an affirmative defense to
prosecution that, at the time of the conduct charged, the actor, as a result of severe mental disease
or defect, did not know that his conduct was wrong." Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 8.01(a) (West 2003).
Pursuant to article 46.03 of the code of criminal procedure, "a defendant planning to offer evidence
of the insanity defense shall file a notice of his intention to offer such evidence . . . at least 10 days
prior to the date the case is set for trial." See Act of May 18, 1977, 65th Leg., R.S., ch. 596, § 2,
1977 Tex. Gen. Laws 1458, 1467-69 (formerly Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 46.03, § 2(a) (West
1979)). (3) If competent evidence is offered in support of the insanity defense, then the trier of fact
shall determine and include in the judgment whether the defendant is guilty, not guilty, or guilty by
reason of insanity. Id. § 1(a)-(b). Section 46.03 also provides a trial court with discretion to appoint
mental health experts to examine the defendant and to testify thereto. Id. § 3(a).
Appellant claims that he had a due process right to a hearing and a ruling on the issue
of his sanity, as raised by his pro se notice of insanity defense and his pro se motion for a
preliminary hearing on insanity. (4) However, nothing in either section 8.01 or in article 48.06 requires
the trial court to hold a preliminary hearing or make an express ruling on a defendant's affirmative
defense that he was insane at the time of the offense. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 8.01(a); Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 46.03. In fact, the court of criminal appeals addressed this issue and expressly
held that defendants are not entitled to a separate hearing on the issue of insanity. Nilsson v. State,
477 S.W.2d 592, 599 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972). In Nilsson, the defendant claimed "that he was
deprived of due process by the failure of the trial court to conduct a separate hearing to determine
his sanity at the time the offense was committed." Id. The court held that this affirmative defense,
which questions a defendant's mental state at the time of the offense, is unlike the issue of whether
a defendant is presently competent to stand trial. Id. The court therefore held that, because "it would
be impossible to separate the factual context in which an offense was created from a determination
of the state of mind of the accused, . . . [the defendant] was not entitled to a separate hearing on the
issue of insanity as a defense." Id.
Moreover, despite his claim that the trial court erred by "not considering" his notice
of insanity defense, appellant received what he was entitled to under article 46.03. Filing such a
notice provides a defendant with the right to present evidence on the issue of insanity and for the trier
of fact to weigh that evidence when considering its determination of guilt. Tex. Code Crim. Proc.
Ann. art. 46.03, §§ 1(a)-(b), 2(b). Also, the presentation of an insanity defense allows the court to
appoint mental health experts. Id. § 3(a). Here, the trial court authorized $2000 for the expense of
a mental health expert and permitted appellant to offer evidence, by way of his own testimony, about
whether he was insane at the time of the offense. Because this was a bench trial, appellant's
affirmative defense did not have to be formally "submitted" to the fact finder as contemplated in
section 1. See id. § 1(a). Rather, it is implicit in the court's allowance of appellant's testimony that
the court considered the defense in adjudicating guilt. As the statute requires, with this evidence
before it, the court then determined that appellant failed to satisfy his burden of proof on the
affirmative defense and, accordingly, found him "guilty" rather than "not guilty by reason of
insanity." See id. § 1(b); Martinez v. State, 867 S.W.2d 30, 33 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (defendant
carries burden to prove insanity by preponderance); see also Cosby v. State, 220 S.W.2d 471, 474
(Tex. Crim. App. 1949) (where defendant "waive[s] a trial by jury . . . , court's decision of the issue
[of insanity] is binding on [appellate] court as much so as if it had been submitted to and decided by
a jury").
Because appellant was not entitled to a separate hearing on his insanity defense and
because the record reflects that the trial court considered his defense and determined that it was not
proven, appellant's first issue is overruled.
Finding of "sanity"
Appellant next contends that the evidence is factually insufficient to support a finding
that he was sane at the time of the offense. In making this argument, however, appellant forgets that
defendants are presumed to be sane and that the State carries no burden to prove sanity. Manning
v. State, 730 S.W.2d 744, 748 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987); Sims v. State, 807 S.W.2d 618, 626 (Tex.
App.--Dallas 1991, pet. ref'd). Instead, a defendant carries the burden of proof on his affirmative
defense to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he was insane during the commission of
the offense. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 2.04 (West 2003); Martinez, 867 S.W.2d at 33. (5)
Even if we construe appellant's second issue as a claim that the trial court, as the trier
of fact, erred in determining that appellant failed to satisfy his burden on insanity, the record does
not support a reversal of the court's determination. When a court of appeals is called upon to review
whether the defendant has proved his affirmative defense of insanity by a preponderance of the
evidence, the correct standard of review is whether, after considering all of the relevant evidence,
"the judgment is so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence so as to be manifestly
unjust." Bigby v. State, 892 S.W.2d 864, 875 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (quoting Meraz v. State, 785
S.W.2d 146, 155 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)). Under this standard, we must affirm the judgment if a
rational trier of fact could have determined that appellant failed to prove by a preponderance of the
evidence that, at the time of the offense, as a result of severe mental disease or defect, he did not
know his conduct was wrong. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 8.01(a); Patel v. State, 787 S.W.2d 410, 412
(Tex. Crim. App. 1990). Where conflicting evidence on the issue of insanity is presented,
determinations regarding the weight and credibility of that evidence should be resolved by the fact
finder, and we defer to those decisions because the fact finder has the benefit of observing the
witnesses' actions and demeanor. Dashield v. State, 110 S.W.3d 111, 116 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st
Dist.] 2003, pet. ref'd); see also Cosby, 220 S.W.2d at 474 (in bench trial, court's decision on issue
of insanity is entitled to same deference that would be afforded to jury's).
Here, although appellant testified that he suffered from paranoid schizophrenia, he
also blamed his "blacking out" and "losing of his mind" on the fact that, after having "been up about
seven days," he smoked a "joint" laced with embalming fluid and was also "on speed, crack cocaine,
whiskey, [and] beer." The affirmative defense provided in section 8.01(a) does not protect
defendants who claim that they were temporarily insane as the result of voluntary intoxication. Tex.
Pen. Code Ann. §§ 8.01(a), 8.04 (West 2003); Taylor v. State, 885 S.W.2d 154, 156 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1994); Long v. State, 764 S.W.2d 30, 31 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1989, pet. ref'd)
(uncontroverted evidence that defendant was voluntarily intoxicated by drug use at time of offense
"demolishe[d] the defense" of insanity).
Furthermore, evidence was presented demonstrating that appellant was aware that his
actions were wrong; namely, (1) during the commission of the offense, appellant was interrupted by
a concerned neighbor and he lied to her about what was taking place inside the Winnebago so that
she would go away, (2) the offense lasted for two hours, making it unlikely appellant would have
been unaware of his actions the entire time, and (3) appellant testified that, when he was finished
assaulting Morris, he realized he had made a mistake and drove her to the hospital. Even if his claim
of having "blacked out" were believed, the affirmative defense of insanity is not established by a
defendant's claim to have been unconscious or semiconscious during the offense. Medenhall v.
State, 77 S.W.3d 815, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
Thus, considering all of the relevant evidence, the trial court (as the fact finder in this
bench trial) reasonably could have concluded that appellant did not meet his burden of proving
insanity by a preponderance of the evidence, and we defer to the court's resolution of any conflicting
evidence on the issue of insanity. See Dashield, 110 S.W.3d at 116. Therefore, because the trial
court's decision was not so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be
manifestly unjust, appellant's second issue is overruled.
Finding of "mens rea"
In his final issue, appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to establish
mens rea based on his testimony that he had "blacked out" and was therefore unconscious or
semiconscious during the offense. See Medenhall, 77 S.W.3d at 818 (proper defense for defendant's
claim that he was unconscious is lack of mens rea, not insanity); see also Tex. Pen. Code Ann.
§ 6.02 (West Supp. 2005) (culpability required for criminal liability). For a defendant to be proven
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, the State has the
burden to show that the defendant acted either intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly. See Tex. Pen.
Code Ann. §§ 22.01, .02.
Whether an accused acted with the requisite culpability is a question to be determined
by the trier of fact. Pine v. State, 889 S.W.2d 625, 629 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, pet.
ref'd) (citing Hemphill v. State, 505 S.W.2d 560, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974)). Culpability may be
inferred from the conduct of, remarks by, and circumstances surrounding the acts engaged in by the
defendant. Id. "Proof of a culpable mental state generally relies upon circumstantial evidence," and
"the trier of fact may infer intent from any facts in evidence which tend to prove existence of such
intent." Skillern v. State, 890 S.W.2d 849, 880 (Tex. App.--Austin 1994, pet. ref'd) (citing
Hernandez v. State, 819 S.W.2d 806, 810 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)).
We review the issue of culpability for legal and factual sufficiency. Id. The inquiry
on review of the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is whether any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt
after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution. Drichas v. State, 175 S.W.3d
795, 798 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). In a factual-sufficiency analysis, the evidence is viewed in a
neutral light, and we must defer to the fact finder's determinations, particularly in matters of
credibility. Id. at 799. The evidence may be deemed factually insufficient either if (1) the supporting
evidence, considered alone, is too weak to support the finding beyond a reasonable doubt, or (2) the
contravening evidence is so strong that the State could not have met its burden of proof. Id. (citing
Zuniga v. State, 144 S.W.3d 477, 484-85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)).
Here, the indictment stated that appellant did "intentionally, knowingly, and
recklessly cause bodily injury to Audra Morris by hitting [her] with a flashlight . . . [and] with a belt
and strap," both of which were used and exhibited as deadly weapons. Appellant does not deny that
he inflicted the serious bodily injury on Morris by using a Maglite and a leather strap; he contends
only that he was in some state of unconsciousness during the commission of these acts. To any
extent that this lack of consciousness was the result of appellant's admitted voluntary intoxication,
that is insufficient to show a lack of culpability because "[a] long line of cases have consistently held
that the evidence of appellant's intoxication, if any, does not negate the elements of intent or
knowledge." Smith v. State, 968 S.W.2d 490, 494 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 1998, no pet.) (citations
omitted).
Moreover, as the sole judge of the weight and credibility of the evidence, the trial
court was free to disbelieve appellant's claim that he "blacked out." There was evidence
demonstrating that appellant was not unconscious, but instead intentionally or knowingly assaulted
Morris. First, Morris testified that, immediately preceding the assault, appellant warned her that the
only way she would be leaving the Winnebago was "in a trash bag." Second, by appellant's own
testimony concerning the neighbor's intervention, he was aware of the events taking place. Third,
appellant also testified that he assaulted Morris in defense of her cutting him, which would be
purposeful and conscious conduct rather than the result of being unconscious. Finally, from the facts
that the assault lasted for two hours and that appellant then took Morris to the hospital, the trial court
could infer that appellant acted intentionally or knowingly.
This case is similar to Wade v. State, 630 S.W.2d 418 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th
Dist.] 1982, no pet.). After determining that Wade failed to carry his burden on the affirmative
defense of insanity, the Houston court addressed whether the evidence was sufficient to establish that
Wade acted with the requisite level of knowledge or intent to be found guilty of murdering his wife.
Id. at 421. As did appellant, Wade testified that when he and his wife began fighting, he "snapped,"
and the events became a "blur"; Wade claimed to not remember his actions and he denied that he
intended to hurt his wife. Id. at 421-22. The court overruled Wade's culpability challenge, holding
that, despite his claims, a reasonable fact finder could have concluded that Wade "intended to cause
serious bodily injury and committed an act clearly dangerous to his wife's life that resulted in her
death." Similarly, in the instant case the court could reasonably resolve the evidence to conclude that
appellant acted with sufficient culpability to be found guilty of aggravated assault with a deadly
weapon, and we will defer to the court's resolution of credibility determinations. See Drichas, 175
S.W.3d at 799.
Based on this record, we conclude that, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable
to the prosecution, a rational trier of fact could have determined that the evidence was sufficient to
support the element of culpability required for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon beyond a
reasonable doubt. See id. at 798. Further, viewing the evidence neutrally and deferring to the trial
court's determinations on weight and credibility, it was reasonable for the court to determine that
the evidence on the issue of culpability was factually sufficient because the supporting evidence was
not too weak, and the controverting evidence was not too strong. See id. at 799. Because the
evidence was legally and factually sufficient to establish the requisite mens rea, appellant's third
issue is overruled.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled each of appellant's three issues, we affirm his conviction on both
counts of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon.
W. Kenneth Law, Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Patterson and Puryear
Affirmed
Filed: April 6, 2006
Do Not Publish
1. Although the offense at issue occurred in October 2002, we will cite to the current versions
of statutes if no substantive amendments have been made that affect this appeal.
2. Appellant claimed that Morris, an admitted drug user, would frequently steal his
prescription medications. Appellant's mother's testimony corroborated his allegation.
3. In 2005, the legislature repealed article 46.03 and amended the code of criminal procedure
to add "Chapter 46C: Insanity Defense," which applies "only to an offense committed on or after
the effective date of this Act. An offense committed before the effective date of this Act is covered
by the law in effect when the offense was committed, and the former law is continued in effect for
that purpose." Act of May 27, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 831, §§ 1, 2, 5, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 2841,
2853-54. Because the 1979 version of the statute was the law in effect when appellant committed
this offense on October 18, 2002, that law will be cited herein.
4. In response to appellant's first issue, the State urges that the trial court had no duty to
consider appellant's insanity defense because all of appellant's pro se filings were made after trial
counsel had been appointed to him, and the law is clear that defendants have "no absolute right to
hybrid representation." See Hathorn v. State, 848 S.W.2d 101, 123 n.12 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
We need not reach the issue because it is within a trial court's discretion to entertain the arguments
of both defendant and counsel. Id.; see also Johnson v. State, 760 S.W.2d 277, 291 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1988) (Onion, J., concurring). Under the facts of this case, it is also unnecessary to address
appellant's counter-response that hybrid representation should always be permitted when the issue
of insanity is raised.
5. This is true unless a prior, unvacated adjudication of insanity is shown; then the State must
prove the accused's sanity at the time of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Manning v. State,
730 S.W.2d 744, 748 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). Here, there is no evidence that appellant was
previously adjudicated insane. Thus, the burden remained on appellant.