Burr, J.
Defendant Zimmerman was tbe owner of tbe southwest quarter of section 9, township 161, range 95, Divide county, this state. He gave a first mortgage on this land to the Federal Land Bank at St. Paul, to secure the sum of $1,900, a second mortgage to one Rolf Reite, and a third mortgage to the plaintiff. The Federal Land Bank began foreclosure of its mortgage. The plaintiff, to prevent- this foreclosure, paid to the Federal Land Bank the amount for which the mortgage was being foreclosed, $140, together with all of the costs incurred up to that time, amounting in all to $183.31. Plaintiff then foreclosed his mortgage, the sale taking place January 30, 1922, and afterwards received a sheriff’s deed. Thereafter plaintiff paid three subsequent instalments due the Federal Land Bank, amounting to $185.45. Defendant Reite began foreclosure on his mortgage, the sale being held March 18, 1922, and thereafter secured a sheriff’s deed. Plaintiff demanded of defendant Reite that he reimburse him for the amo.unt of payment which he had made on the mortgage due the Federal Land Bank, and upon the failure of the defendant Reite to make such payments this action was commenced to secure a decree from the court to the effect that the plaintiff was subrogated to the rights, lien, and equities of the Federal Land Bank on its mortgage to the extent of $370.76, being the amount of the principal and interest and costs paid by the plaintiff to the Federal Land Bank under the terms of its mortgage, and to prevent foreclosure.
While the answer admits the first five paragraphs of the complaint it denies the remaining four. These relate to the fact of the default by Zimmerman in his payments of interest and portion of the principal to the Federal Land Bank, the foreclosure proceedings by the Federal Land Bank and amounts paid by the plaintiff, the validity of the lien of the Federal Land Bank and the purpose of payments by the plaintiff. However, the evidence shows beyond dispute the amount of payments made by the plaintiff and no contention is made by the defendant Reite — the only defendant answering — as to all of the other facts except the purpose of the plaintiff in making the payments. The record shows that either expressly or tacitly the parties have agreed upon all of the issues involved, except the intent of the plaintiff as to merger, and its legal effect.
■ In this case the plaintiff does not quarrel with the findings of the
trial court so far as they go. His contention is that the court erred in failing to find two other facts from the testimony, and that these other facts sought would have resulted in different conclusions. Because of this he claims further the court erred in the conclusions of law.
The first error complained of is that the court failed to find the Federal Land Bank agreed to subrogation of the plaintiff to its rights; second, that the court failed to find there was no intent on the part of the plaintiff to merge his equitable right of subrogation for money advanced to pay interest and foreclosure expenses in the matter of the first mortgage with his interest under his third mortgage, and the third is the court erred in its conclusion of law when it held that when the plaintiff foreclosed his own mortgage he thus merged in the deed whatever right he may have had to subrogation.
In the case at bar there is no question but what the defendant Federal Land Bank consented that the plaintiff be subrogated to the rights which the Federal Land Bank may have had in the interest and portion of the principal paid by the plaintiff. This consent is set forth in a stipulation made in open court between the Land Bank and the plaintiff and which is a part of the record in the case. However, in our view the consent or nonconsent of the Federal Land Bank is immaterial, subrogation being determined by other factors, and this consent is not evidenced until the time of trial — long after the occurrence of the facts on which subrogation is based.
While it is the general rule that where a greater and a less estate meet in the same person the less estate is at once merged in the greater, this rule is subject to exceptions. As a general principle equity does not favor the doctrine of merger and hence will keep the estates that are united in one person distinct when the intention of that person is expressed or implied. This principle comes into existence for the benefit of the person holding the estates — not for the benefit of some one else — so it is determined by the interest of the party holding the estates. This old English rule has been generally followed by our courts. When there is anything in the record which shows that it is advantageous to the party to keep the estates separate then there is the implied intent on his part to keep them separate. Where it. would be of no use to a party to keep alien on'his estate then this intent is not
implied. However equity does not require this party to repudiate any intent to keep the estates separate. If any overt act be required it is one to show that he did not intend to keep them apart. If the record shows that it is for his interest that they be kept separate then the law presumes he intended to keep them separate and the burden would be upon him who desired to show they were merged. In fact, so far has this rule gone that we may state it to be the general rule that where a greater estate and a less estate meet in the same person, but with an intermediate estate, then the law presumes there was no merger in the absence of proof showing the holder of the two estates intended to merge them. Justice between parties is the aim of equity and if by keeping the estates separate, justice will be done the law presumes it was the intent of the party to keep them separate. As stated in Stantons v. Thompson, 49 N. H. 272, “Whether the mortgage was to be kept on foot or not depends, ordinarily, upon the intention of the parties, but in order
to
protect the mortgage against an intervening title, the law will uphold the mortgage, even when the parties had undertaken to discharge-it, unless injustice would be done thereby.” On page 279 of this opinion the court says, “Wherever it is for his interest.by reason of some intervening title or other cause, that the mortgage should be upheld as a source of title, it will not at law be regarded as merged.” It is immaterial whether the contract interest is that of another creditor or of the holder. ' The principle is for the protection of the one' tvho has the two or more estates which are said to have merged — not for the protection of some one else — and therefore it is immaterial what may be the relationship of the other party.. It may be true that where a junior mortgagee seeks to compel a senior mortgagee to assign to him by tender of the amount due on the senior mortgage the junior mortgagee must first be required to show such an assignment is necessary for his protection, but this is for the purpose of compelling an assignment. .It has nothing to do with the relationship of the junior .mortgagee to some mortgagee other than the senior. In the'ease-’.at -bar, however, the senior mortgagee consents to the subrogation hence that rule is not involved in this case. The testimony in the case at bar- is silent as to the intent of the plaintiff in the alleged merger.. There were but two witnesses, plaintiff and the defendant Heite. The conflict between them was as to the conversation which .took place.- .
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Burr, J.
Defendant Zimmerman was tbe owner of tbe southwest quarter of section 9, township 161, range 95, Divide county, this state. He gave a first mortgage on this land to the Federal Land Bank at St. Paul, to secure the sum of $1,900, a second mortgage to one Rolf Reite, and a third mortgage to the plaintiff. The Federal Land Bank began foreclosure of its mortgage. The plaintiff, to prevent- this foreclosure, paid to the Federal Land Bank the amount for which the mortgage was being foreclosed, $140, together with all of the costs incurred up to that time, amounting in all to $183.31. Plaintiff then foreclosed his mortgage, the sale taking place January 30, 1922, and afterwards received a sheriff’s deed. Thereafter plaintiff paid three subsequent instalments due the Federal Land Bank, amounting to $185.45. Defendant Reite began foreclosure on his mortgage, the sale being held March 18, 1922, and thereafter secured a sheriff’s deed. Plaintiff demanded of defendant Reite that he reimburse him for the amo.unt of payment which he had made on the mortgage due the Federal Land Bank, and upon the failure of the defendant Reite to make such payments this action was commenced to secure a decree from the court to the effect that the plaintiff was subrogated to the rights, lien, and equities of the Federal Land Bank on its mortgage to the extent of $370.76, being the amount of the principal and interest and costs paid by the plaintiff to the Federal Land Bank under the terms of its mortgage, and to prevent foreclosure.
While the answer admits the first five paragraphs of the complaint it denies the remaining four. These relate to the fact of the default by Zimmerman in his payments of interest and portion of the principal to the Federal Land Bank, the foreclosure proceedings by the Federal Land Bank and amounts paid by the plaintiff, the validity of the lien of the Federal Land Bank and the purpose of payments by the plaintiff. However, the evidence shows beyond dispute the amount of payments made by the plaintiff and no contention is made by the defendant Reite — the only defendant answering — as to all of the other facts except the purpose of the plaintiff in making the payments. The record shows that either expressly or tacitly the parties have agreed upon all of the issues involved, except the intent of the plaintiff as to merger, and its legal effect.
■ In this case the plaintiff does not quarrel with the findings of the
trial court so far as they go. His contention is that the court erred in failing to find two other facts from the testimony, and that these other facts sought would have resulted in different conclusions. Because of this he claims further the court erred in the conclusions of law.
The first error complained of is that the court failed to find the Federal Land Bank agreed to subrogation of the plaintiff to its rights; second, that the court failed to find there was no intent on the part of the plaintiff to merge his equitable right of subrogation for money advanced to pay interest and foreclosure expenses in the matter of the first mortgage with his interest under his third mortgage, and the third is the court erred in its conclusion of law when it held that when the plaintiff foreclosed his own mortgage he thus merged in the deed whatever right he may have had to subrogation.
In the case at bar there is no question but what the defendant Federal Land Bank consented that the plaintiff be subrogated to the rights which the Federal Land Bank may have had in the interest and portion of the principal paid by the plaintiff. This consent is set forth in a stipulation made in open court between the Land Bank and the plaintiff and which is a part of the record in the case. However, in our view the consent or nonconsent of the Federal Land Bank is immaterial, subrogation being determined by other factors, and this consent is not evidenced until the time of trial — long after the occurrence of the facts on which subrogation is based.
While it is the general rule that where a greater and a less estate meet in the same person the less estate is at once merged in the greater, this rule is subject to exceptions. As a general principle equity does not favor the doctrine of merger and hence will keep the estates that are united in one person distinct when the intention of that person is expressed or implied. This principle comes into existence for the benefit of the person holding the estates — not for the benefit of some one else — so it is determined by the interest of the party holding the estates. This old English rule has been generally followed by our courts. When there is anything in the record which shows that it is advantageous to the party to keep the estates separate then there is the implied intent on his part to keep them separate. Where it. would be of no use to a party to keep alien on'his estate then this intent is not
implied. However equity does not require this party to repudiate any intent to keep the estates separate. If any overt act be required it is one to show that he did not intend to keep them apart. If the record shows that it is for his interest that they be kept separate then the law presumes he intended to keep them separate and the burden would be upon him who desired to show they were merged. In fact, so far has this rule gone that we may state it to be the general rule that where a greater estate and a less estate meet in the same person, but with an intermediate estate, then the law presumes there was no merger in the absence of proof showing the holder of the two estates intended to merge them. Justice between parties is the aim of equity and if by keeping the estates separate, justice will be done the law presumes it was the intent of the party to keep them separate. As stated in Stantons v. Thompson, 49 N. H. 272, “Whether the mortgage was to be kept on foot or not depends, ordinarily, upon the intention of the parties, but in order
to
protect the mortgage against an intervening title, the law will uphold the mortgage, even when the parties had undertaken to discharge-it, unless injustice would be done thereby.” On page 279 of this opinion the court says, “Wherever it is for his interest.by reason of some intervening title or other cause, that the mortgage should be upheld as a source of title, it will not at law be regarded as merged.” It is immaterial whether the contract interest is that of another creditor or of the holder. ' The principle is for the protection of the one' tvho has the two or more estates which are said to have merged — not for the protection of some one else — and therefore it is immaterial what may be the relationship of the other party.. It may be true that where a junior mortgagee seeks to compel a senior mortgagee to assign to him by tender of the amount due on the senior mortgage the junior mortgagee must first be required to show such an assignment is necessary for his protection, but this is for the purpose of compelling an assignment. .It has nothing to do with the relationship of the junior .mortgagee to some mortgagee other than the senior. In the'ease-’.at -bar, however, the senior mortgagee consents to the subrogation hence that rule is not involved in this case. The testimony in the case at bar- is silent as to the intent of the plaintiff in the alleged merger.. There were but two witnesses, plaintiff and the defendant Heite. The conflict between them was as to the conversation which .took place.- . Each
witness gave a different version of the conversation but each version of the conversation suggests specifically the intent of the plaintiff in paying instalments and costs; hence the presumption is the plaintiff, who was the holder of the third mortgage, intended when he paid the interest due on the first mortgage to keep his rights thereunder separate from the third mortgage because of the intervening second mortgage held by the defendant Reite. In the absence of testimony to the contrary this is the presumption of law. The very record shows that whatever he did was to-protect his third mortgage. He states that when he found the Federal Land Bank had started the foreclosure of its mortgage he told the defendant Reite “something had to be done right away before that was brought to a close or their mortgage would have to be paid,” and the defendant Reite admits that when' he had his conversation with plaintiff the plaintiff had told him he had “stopped foreclosure by the Federal Land Bank and put quite a little money into it.” It is clear-therefore that when the plainfiff'acted in paying the interest coupons he did it to prevent the foreclosure of the first mortgage and thus protect his own. Hence it was for his interest to do so and because it was for his interest to do so the court presumes he intended to keep the estates separate even though thereafter he foreclosed his second mortgage and received a sheriff’s deed. There was an intervening mortgage. This intervening mortgage was held by defendant Reite and foreclosed. Of‘ course this foreclosure cut out the plaintiff’s foreclosure. 'What the plaintiff did resulted in the protection to the defendant Reite. It'is tine when defendant Reite foreclosed he did not need to worry about the plaintiff’s mortgage. His care was the first mortgage held by the Federal Land Bank; but plaintiff protected the interest of the defendant-Reite, as well as his own, by paying these interest coupons'and stopping' the foreclosure. Hence it is only justice that these estates should not merge. Not having merged the plaintiff is subrogated to the rights of the Federal Land Bank and may enforce them against the defendant Reite. Subd. 2, § 6718 of the Code is applicable to this case. The principle for subrogation is set forth in Anderson v. Kain, 40 N. D. 633—639, 169 N. W. 501.
The defendant Reite lays great stress upon the fact that the plaintiff had not purchased the Federal Land Bank mortgage.-in its entirety: He says that in order to entitle the plaintiff to subrogation he'should
hare paid the whole debt and satisfied- the senior creditor in full. Of •corarse this depends upon what is meant by the whole debt. There is nothing in the evidence whatever to show that this was not the whole debt. In any event it is clear the mortgage stood as security for'the interest and the instalments and principal paid by the Federal Land Bank by the plaintiff. There is only the testimony of two witnesses, the plaintiff and the defendant Beite. We have no means of knowing the extent of the Federal Land Bank mortgage, nor its terms. Evidently the parties were so well acquainted-with the state of affairs they overlooked the fact that the members of this court, no matter how prescient they are, could not be expected to know those facts and of course cannot take judicial notice of them. We do not know whether the amount paid by the plaintiff was the entire debt due the Federal Land Bank. However, assuming- -it was not — seeing that whatever argument is presented by both sides in the briefs proves this — nevertheless it appears that the payments -made were the payments of instalments. The plaintiff paid the costs of the foreclosure of the Federal Land Bank mortgage up to the time it was stopped, $45.31, as well as the payments which were delinquent on Dec. 1, 1921, $140. He then made a payment of $61.95, Feb. 25, 1922, one of $61.75, Aug. 17, 1922, and one of $61.75 on Jan. 24, 1923. These dates are the dates of payment and they indicate semiannual payments. Whether these wore all the payments left and thus satisfied the entire debt or whether they were merely payments that were due we cannot say. However, it is quite clear they were separate.instalments, each- a contract by itself, and thus when he made these payments he made payments of the entire debt that was due. This is all the more apparent where .we consider the Federal Land .Bank was foreclosing because of nonpayment of these amounts, and in the absence of proof we may presume the bank had a right under its mortgage to so foreclose. No one denies this. The plaintiff is subrogated to the rights of the Federal .Land Bank. If the bank may foreclose for nonpayment of these sums .without reference to other items, so may.'the plaintiff. This satisfies the rule that in order to enforce his right of subrogation to this intervening estate he must pay the entire debt. “He is not compelled to await maturity of the principal's entire indebtedness before proceeding against him for ihe instalments actually paid in his behalf.”' Fender v. Fender, 30 Ga. App.
319, 117 S. E. 676. Where an entire debt is split into several instalments, due at different'times, each instalment is a separate debt. In the case of Nettleton v. Ramsey County Land & Loan Co. 54 Minn. 395, 40 Am. St. Rep. 342, 56 N. W. 128, the plaintiff was obligated' to pay .the entire debt which' was represented by various instalment notes. He paid the notes that were due but there was a portion of the debt still to be paid. The court held however, that this did not prevent him from insisting on his right of subrogation when he had paid all of the debt that was then due. The case cited was very similar to the case át bar in this that as to' the fact of the amount of the debt “the evidence is not very strong or satisfactory, but there is some evidence to support the finding; 'enough/we'think, to call upon the defendant to make some showing in rebuttal.” This is the situation here. Hence under either theory regarding the entire indebtedness, plaintiff may enforce his right. It was the duty of the defendant to show the plaintiff intended to merge his estates of that he did not pay the entire debt due. The judgment is reversed with order to enter a decree as prayed for in the complaint with eosts.
Birdzell, Ch. J., and Nuessle, Christianson, and Burke, JL, concur.