[Cite as Rose v. Jendral, 2025-Ohio-5615.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF SUMMIT )
HOLLY E. ROSE C.A. No. 31489
Appellee
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE KYLE JENDRAL COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO Appellant CASE No. DR-2022-04-1050
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: December 17, 2025
FLAGG LANZINGER, Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Kyle Jendral (“Father”), appeals from the judgment of the Summit County Court
of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division. For the following reasons, this Court affirms.
I.
{¶2} Father and Holly Rose (“Mother”) are the biological parents of one minor child,
N.G.G. (the “Child”). Father and Mother were never married. In 2022, Mother filed a complaint
to establish parentage, parental rights and responsibilities, and child support. After an evidentiary
hearing that spanned four, non-consecutive days, a magistrate issued a decision that designated
Mother the legal custodian and residential parent of the Child, granted Father parenting time, and
ordered Father to pay child support. The trial court adopted the magistrate’s decision on February
1, 2024. Father filed objections, which the trial court overruled in part, and sustained in part, on
July 25, 2024. 2
{¶3} Prior to the trial court’s July 25, 2024, decision, the parties filed numerous motions.
The motions relevant to this appeal are: (1) Father’s motion to modify his child support obligation
filed on June 5, 2024; and (2) Mother’s motion for contempt filed on July 11, 2024. Father based
his motion to modify his child support obligation on the fact that he was involuntarily terminated
from his employment on February 1, 2024. Father asserted that his current support obligation was
$1,841.28 per month, and requested that his obligation “be modified and more specifically
deviated to $0 as of the date of his involuntary termination (February 1, 2024).” Mother based her
motion for contempt on Father’s refusal to exchange the Child with her mother (i.e., the Child’s
maternal grandmother whom Mother sent on her behalf) at the designated exchange location.
Mother argued that this resulted in her being deprived of her parenting time.
{¶4} A magistrate held a hearing on several of the parties’ pending motions on
September 9, 2024, including Father’s motion to modify his child support obligation and Mother’s
motion for contempt. Mother appeared with counsel at the hearing, and Father represented
himself.
{¶5} During the hearing, Mother’s counsel argued that the court should dismiss Father’s
June 5, 2024, motion to modify his child support obligation because the court could not grant the
relief Father requested. More specifically, Mother’s counsel argued that a court can only modify
a child support obligation retroactive to the date of the filing of a motion to modify (here, June 5,
2024). Mother’s counsel argued that Father’s motion was legally defective because Father
requested a modification as of the date he was terminated from his employment (i.e., February 1,
2024).
{¶6} The magistrate then heard testimony from Mother and Father relative to Mother’s
motion for contempt. The testimony indicated that Mother lives in Summit County and Father 3
lives six hours away in Indiana. The testimony indicated that the parties had a week on/week off
parenting schedule in place for the Child, and that exchanges occurred on Saturdays at 11:00 a.m.
at a police station halfway between their respective locations.
{¶7} Mother testified that she was unable to meet Father on Saturday, July 6, 2024, so
she sent her mother (“Grandmother”) on her behalf to pick up the Child from Father. Mother
testified that Father arrived at the police station and refused to exchange the Child with
Grandmother, and that Father left the police station with the Child within a matter of seconds.
Mother testified that this resulted in her not seeing the Child for three weeks, and that she wanted
one week of make-up parenting time.
{¶8} On cross-examination, Mother acknowledged that Father messaged her about
picking up the Child later in the week, and that Father offered to exchange the Child with her if
she drove all the way to Father’s house. On re-direct examination, Mother explained that she was
hesitant to drive six hours to pick up the Child because she had done so on a prior occasion, and
Father made her wait two hours after she arrived before he exchanged the Child with her.
{¶9} Father then testified that Mother informed him that Grandmother would be picking
up the Child about ten minutes before Grandmother arrived at the police station. Father testified
that he did not exchange the Child with Grandmother because the court order regarding parenting
time indicated that the “parties” would exchange the Child, which he interpreted to mean Mother
and Father only. Father also testified that he was concerned with Mother’s health because he
suspected she was pregnant, and Mother failed to respond to several messages he sent to her
through OurFamilyWizard during the week leading up to the exchange. 4
{¶10} After the hearing, the magistrate issued a decision that dismissed Father’s motion
to modify his child support obligation and granted Mother’s motion for contempt. This Court will
summarize the magistrate’s reasoning as to each motion in turn.
{¶11} Regarding Father’s motion to modify his child support obligation, the magistrate
noted that Father previously filed a motion to terminate his child support obligation based upon
the loss of his employment, which the magistrate denied. The magistrate explained that Father
filed the then-pending motion to modify his child support obligation on June 5, 2024, and that
Father requested the court to deviate the child support order to $0 as of February 1, 2024, that is,
the date he was terminated from his employment. The magistrate held that it could not grant the
relief Father requested because, under R.C. 3119.83, courts cannot retroactively modify a child
support obligation prior to the date of the filing of a motion to modify. The magistrate also held
that, under R.C. 3119.22 through R.C. 3119.231, termination of employment is not a reason for a
downward deviation in child support. The magistrate cited Ohio Supreme Court precedent for the
proposition that a court must dismiss a motion if the court cannot grant the requested relief, and
dismissed Father’s motion on that basis.
{¶12} Regarding Mother’s motion for contempt, the magistrate noted that the order in
effect at the time Father refused to exchange the Child with Grandmother provided for parenting
time as follows: “Alternating weeks; the exchanges shall take place on Saturdays at 11:00 a.m.,
with the parties continuing to meet halfway.” The magistrate concluded that Mother proved by
clear and convincing evidence that Father was in contempt of court for failing to exchange the
Child with Grandmother for Mother’s alternating week of parenting time.
{¶13} In reaching its conclusion, the magistrate rejected Father’s argument that he did not
exchange the Child with Grandmother because the order provided that the “parties” shall exchange 5
the Child. The magistrate explained that Grandmother was known to the Child and Father, that
the order contained no language restricting who could exchange the Child, and that a “reasonable
response at the exchange point would have been to turn over” the Child to Grandmother.
{¶14} The magistrate also explained that it “question[ed]” Father’s testimony that he
offered Mother opportunities to visit the Child that week, including offering Mother to drive six
hours to Indiana to retrieve the Child. The magistrate found that those offers did not “negate
[Father’s] action of withholding [the Child] for [Mother’s] parenting time[,]” and instead
“escalate[d] the parental conflict and [did] not foster a peaceful parenting relationship.” The
magistrate concluded that Father failed to comply with the court’s order regarding the exchange
of the Child, and that Father’s failure constituted contempt. The magistrate also ordered Father to
pay Mother’s attorney’s fees related to the filing of the motion for contempt.
{¶15} Based upon its contempt finding, the magistrate sentenced Father to one day in the
Summit County Jail. The magistrate suspended Father’s jail sentence on the condition that Father
purge the contempt by providing Mother with one week of Father’s parenting time with the Child.
The magistrate held that if Father failed to purge the contempt, it would impose the jail sentence.
{¶16} Father filed timely objections to the magistrate’s decision, which the trial court
overruled in part, and sustained in part. Relevantly, the trial court overruled Father’s objections
related to his motion to modify his child support obligation and Mother’s motion for contempt.
Father now appeals the trial court’s decision, raising four assignments of error for this Court’s
review.
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR ONE
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY FINDING [FATHER] IN CONTEMPT OF COURT WITHOUT CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE OF A 6
WILLFUL VIOLATION OF A CLEAR AND UNAMBIGUOUS COURT ORDER, IN VIOLATION OF OHIO LAW AND THE CHILD’S BEST INTERESTS.
{¶17} In his first assignment of error, Father argues that the trial court abused its discretion
when it found him in contempt. We disagree.
{¶18} This Court reviews a trial court’s action with respect to a magistrate’s decision for
an abuse of discretion. Tabatabai v. Tabatabai, 2009-Ohio-3139, ¶ 17 (9th Dist.). Under an abuse
of discretion standard, we must determine whether the trial court’s decision was arbitrary,
unreasonable, or unconscionable rather than merely an error of law or judgment. Blakemore v.
Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983). In so doing, we consider the trial court’s action with
reference to the nature of the underlying matter. Tabatabai at ¶ 18.
{¶19} “This Court reviews a trial court’s finding of contempt for an abuse of discretion.”
Hibben v. McGuire, 2022-Ohio-3598, ¶ 24 (9th Dist.). “Contempt is generally understood as a
disregard for judicial authority.” Edminister v. Edminister, 2011-Ohio-1899, ¶ 8 (9th Dist.); see
R.C. 2705.02. “Contempt is established when the movant demonstrates the existence of ‘a valid
court order, knowledge of the order by the defendant, and a violation of the order.’” A.G. v. Gain,
2022-Ohio-95, ¶ 7 (9th Dist.), quoting Henry v. Henry, 2015-Ohio-4350, ¶ 12 (9th Dist.).
{¶20} “Because all contempt involves some type of sanction or punishment, the
distinction between civil and criminal contempt is usually based on the purpose to be served by
the sanction.” Liming v. Damos, 2012-Ohio-4783, ¶ 12. “Often, civil contempt is characterized
by conditional sanctions, i.e., the contemnor is jailed until he or she complies with the court order.”
Id. “On the other hand, criminal contempt is usually characterized by unconditional prison terms
or fines.” Id. Here, Father’s contempt proceeding was civil in nature because the trial court 7
sentenced Father to one day in jail, but ordered that he could purge the contempt if he provided
Mother with one week of his parenting time. See id. at ¶ 12-13.
{¶21} “In civil contempt proceedings, a finding of contempt must be premised on clear
and convincing evidence.” Bohannon v. Bohannon, 2020-Ohio-1255, ¶ 15 (9th Dist.), quoting
Zemla v. Zemla, 2012-Ohio-2829, ¶ 11 (9th Dist.). “The party seeking to hold the other in
contempt bears the burden of proving the other’s failure to comply with an order of the court.”
Bohannon at ¶ 15. Notably, “[t]he Ohio Supreme Court has long recognized that ‘[p]roof of
purposeful, willing or intentional violation of a court order is not a prerequisite to a finding of
contempt.’” Badertscher v. Badertscher, 2015-Ohio-2189, ¶ 10 (9th Dist.), quoting Pugh v. Pugh,
15 Ohio St.3d 136 (1984), paragraph one of the syllabus. “Once the movant proves his [or her]
prima facie case, the contemnor must present evidence of [his or] her inability to comply with the
order or any other available defense.” (Alterations in original.) Bohannon at ¶ 15, quoting Zemla
at ¶ 11.
{¶22} Initially, this Court notes that Father has not challenged the existence of a court
order, nor his knowledge of the court order. Instead, Father challenges the trial court’s factual
findings and argues that he did not violate the court order. To that end, Father first argues that the
trial court erred by finding him in contempt because no clear and convincing evidence existed to
demonstrate that he willfully violated a court order. In support of his argument, Father asserts that
the order in effect at the time he did not exchange the Child with Grandmother was ambiguous.
That order provided for parenting time as follows: “Alternating weeks; the exchanges shall take
place on Saturdays at 11:00 a.m., with the parties continuing to meet halfway.” Father argues that
the order’s use of “parties” was ambiguous, and that an ambiguous order cannot serve as a basis
for a contempt finding. Relatedly, Father argues that he acted in good faith when he did not 8
exchange the Child with Grandmother, and that a party cannot be found in contempt if the party
acted in good faith to comply with an ambiguous order.
{¶23} Second, Father argues that the trial court erred by finding him in contempt because
the trial court misstated the record. Specifically, Father points to the magistrate’s finding (which
the trial court adopted) that it “question[ed]” Father’s testimony that he offered Mother
opportunities to visit the Child during the week he did not exchange the Child, including offering
Mother to drive six hours to Indiana to retrieve the Child. Father argues that record directly
contradicts this finding because Mother acknowledged during her testimony that Father offered
her opportunities to pick up the Child that week, which was corroborated by messages exchanged
between the parties on OurFamilyWizard.
{¶24} Third, Father argues the trial court erred by finding him in contempt because he did
not exchange the Child with Grandmother due to safety concerns, and he attempted to contact
Mother to resolve the issue. Father also argues that, even if a technical violation of the order
occurred, the trial court erred in finding him in contempt because Mother filed her motion for
contempt to punish him, which harmed his relationship with the Child and, therefore, was not in
the Child’s best interests.
{¶25} Father’s arguments lack merit. Courts have acknowledged that a “party cannot be
found in contempt if the contempt charge is premised on a party’s failure to obey an order of the
court and the order is not clear, definite, and unambiguous and is subject to dual interpretations.”
Deitz v. Deitz, 2017-Ohio-8354, ¶ 14 (3d Dist.), quoting Contos v. Monroe Cty, 2004-Ohio-6380,
¶ 15 (7th Dist.) (collecting cases). An order is ambiguous if it is susceptible to more than one
reasonable interpretation. See Adair v. City of Norton, 2017-Ohio-5619, ¶ 17 (9th Dist.). 9
{¶26} The record supports a finding that Father’s purported interpretation of the order was
neither genuine, nor reasonable under the circumstances. See Adair at ¶ 17. As the trial court
emphasized, the order contained no language restricting who could exchange the Child. The record
indicates that Grandmother was known to Father and the Child, and that Mother informed Father
prior to the exchange that Grandmother would be picking up the Child on her behalf. As the
magistrate found, a “reasonable response at the exchange point would have been to turn over” the
Child to Grandmother. Instead, Father left the police station with the Child, later claiming that he
did so because the order was ambiguous and/or he was concerned for Mother’s health. The trial
court rejected Father’s excuses for not exchanging the Child. See Bohannon, 2020-Ohio-1255, at
¶ 21 (9th Dist.) (“This Court is mindful that the trier of fact is in the best position to resolve
credibility issues during a contempt proceeding . . . .”). Having reviewed the record, this Court
cannot say that the trial court erred by doing so.
{¶27} Father’s remaining arguments primarily relate to his actions after he failed to
exchange the Child with Grandmother at the police station, as well as the magistrate’s factual
finding that it “question[ed]” Father’s testimony that he offered Mother opportunities to visit
and/or pick up the Child that week. These arguments also lack merit. The record reflects that
Father arrived at the police station, refused to exchange the child with Grandmother, and then left
the police station within a matter of seconds. While the magistrate “question[ed]” Father’s
testimony that he offered Mother opportunities to visit the Child that week, it ultimately found that
those offers did not “negate [Father’s] action of withholding [the Child] for [Mother’s] parenting
time[,]” and instead “escalate[d] the parental conflict and [did] not foster a peaceful parenting
relationship.” Having reviewed the record, this Court cannot say that the trial court abused its 10
discretion when it adopted the magistrate’s decision and found Father in contempt. Accordingly,
Father’s first assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR TWO
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AND ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY REFUSING TO MODIFY DEFENDANT-APPELLANT’S CHILD SUPPORT OBLIGATION DESPITE AN INVOLUNTARY LOSS OF EMPLOYMENT CAUSING A SUBSTANTIAL CHANGE IN FINANCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES, IN VIOLATION OF OHIO REVISED CODE §§ 3119.79, 3119.84, AND 3119.23, AND CONTRARY TO THE CHILD’S BEST INTERESTS.
{¶28} In his second assignment of error, Father argues that the trial court erred when it
dismissed his motion to modify his child support obligation filed on June 5, 2024. For the
following reasons, this Court disagrees.
{¶29} “It is well settled that a trial court’s ruling on a motion to modify child support is
reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.” Jurewicz v. Rice, 2001 WL 1421855, *2 (9th
Dist. Nov. 14, 2001). “Ordinarily, a trial court’s decision to modify a child support obligation is
retroactive to the date the request for modification was first filed.” Bender v. Bender, 2001 WL
808975, *5 (9th Dist. July 18, 2001); Cozzone v. Keglovic, 2001 WL 57173, *3 (9th Dist. Jan. 24,
2001) (same). The purpose of this “widely accepted” rule is to “protect the parties from the delays
that are inherent in our legal system.” Sandel v. Choma, 2012-Ohio-3781, ¶ 5 (9th Dist.), quoting
State ex rel. Mullaney v. Mullaney, 1997 WL 679904, *2 (9th Dist. Oct. 22, 1997).
{¶30} “Nevertheless, a trial court ‘may modify non-delinquent child support obligations
retroactively to a date prior to the filing of the motion to modify if special circumstances are
demonstrated.’” Bender at *5, quoting Zaccardelli v. Zaccardelli, 2000 WL 1026687, *4 (9th
Dist. July 26, 2000). Special circumstances include “extraordinary matters like fraud or
wrongdoing, such as when an obligor fails to report income changes or conceals his or her income.” 11
Behnken v. Behnken, 2020-Ohio-389, ¶ 27 (2d Dist.); accord In re I.L.J., 2023-Ohio-2960, ¶ 8 (8th
Dist.); In re J.S., 2012-Ohio-421, ¶ 21 (2d Dist.); In re S.C., 2020-Ohio-233, ¶ 29 (12th Dist.).
{¶31} In his motion to modify his child support obligation filed on June 5, 2024, Father
asserted that he was involuntarily terminated from his employment on February 1, 2024. As a
result, Father requested that his child support obligation “be modified and more specifically
deviated to $0 as of the date of his involuntary termination (February 1, 2024).”
{¶32} The magistrate held that it could not grant the relief Father requested because, under
R.C. 3119.83, courts cannot retroactively modify a child support obligation prior to the date of the
filing of a motion to modify. Father objected to the magistrate’s decision, in part, on the basis that
those statutes relate to delinquent child support, which was inapplicable to this case.
{¶33} In overruling Father’s objection, the trial court did not rely on R.C. 3119.83 or R.C.
3119.84. Instead, the trial court relied upon caselaw to conclude that Father’s termination from
his employment was not a “special circumstance” that warranted a retroactive modification of child
support prior to the date of the filing of the motion to modify. Because Father’s motion specifically
requested the trial court to modify his child support obligation retroactively as of the date he was
terminated from his employment (rather than the date of the filing of his motion), the trial court
concluded that the magistrate did not err when it dismissed Father’s motion.
{¶34} On appeal, Father argues that the trial court erred when it dismissed his motion to
modify his support obligation for four reasons. First, Father argues that his involuntary loss of
employment on February 1, 2024, constituted a substantial change of circumstances that mandated
modification of his child support obligation under R.C. 3119.79. Second, Father argues that the
trial court erred by not granting him interim relief because immediate relief was justified under
Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(e)(ii). Third, Father argues that the trial court misapplied the law regarding 12
retroactivity because special circumstances existed in this case that justified the trial court
retroactively modifying his child support obligation to the date he was involuntarily terminated
(February 1, 2024) instead of the date he filed his motion (June 5, 2024). Fourth, Father argues
that the trial court misapplied R.C. 3119.83 and R.C. 3119.84 because those statutes prohibit the
retroactive modification of delinquent support, and the record reflects that he was not delinquent
on his support payments. Father argues that the trial court’s failure to retroactively modify his
child support obligation to the date he was terminated from his employment was not in the Child’s
best interests, and was contrary to the mandates of R.C. 3119.22.
{¶35} Father’s arguments lack merit. In his June 5, 2024, motion to modify, Father
specifically requested that his child support obligation “be modified and more specifically deviated
to $0 as of the date of his involuntary termination (February 1, 2024).” In overruling Father’s
related objection to the magistrate’s decision, the trial court did not rely on R.C. 3119.83 or R.C.
3119.84. Instead, the trial court relied upon caselaw to conclude that Father’s termination from
his employment was not a “special circumstance” that warranted a retroactive modification of child
support prior to the date of the filing of the motion to modify. For the following reasons, this Court
concludes that the trial court did not err by doing so.
{¶36} As noted, “a trial court ‘may modify non-delinquent child support obligations
retroactively to a date prior to the filing of the motion to modify if special circumstances are
demonstrated.’” Bender, 2001 WL 808975, at *5, quoting Zaccardelli, 2000 WL 1026687, at *4.
Special circumstances include “extraordinary matters like fraud or wrongdoing, such as when an
obligor fails to report income changes or conceals his or her income.” Behnken, 2020-Ohio-389, 13
at ¶ 27 (2d Dist.).1 This Court cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion when it
determined that Father’s loss of employment did not constitute special circumstances that
warranted retroactively modifying his support obligation to a date prior to the filing of his motion
to modify. It follows that the trial court did not err when it dismissed Father’s motion.
{¶37} Father’s remaining arguments are premised on the merits of his motion. In light of
this Court’s conclusion that the trial court did not err when it dismissed Father’s motion, Father’s
remaining arguments are moot. Father’s second assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR THREE
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AND ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY IMPOSING PUNITIVE PURGE CONDITIONS—INCLUDING ARBITRARY LOSS OF PARENTING TIME AND AN UNCONSCIONABLE AWARD OF ATTORNEY’S FEES—WITHOUT PROPER LEGAL AUTHORITY, EVIDENTIARY SUPPORT, OR REGARD FOR THE CHILD’S BEST INTERESTS.
{¶38} In his third assignment of error, Father argues that the trial court abused its
discretion by imposing punitive purge conditions. This Court disagrees.
{¶39} “A civil contempt sanction is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.” State ex rel.
Yost v. Crossridge, Inc., 2022-Ohio-1455, ¶ 39 (7th Dist.). “A trial court abuses its discretion
1 This Court notes that Father relies upon caselaw defining a “special circumstance” as a “significant event” in the litigation. The trial court also relied upon this caselaw. But a review of the caselaw defining a “special circumstance” as a “significant event” in the litigation indicates that those cases involve situations wherein a trial court modified a support order to a date after a party filed a motion to modify. See, e.g., Sandel, 2012-Ohio-3781, at ¶ 6-7 (9th Dist.); State ex rel. Draiss v. Draiss, 70 Ohio App.3d 418 (9th Dist. 1990); In re P.J.H., 2011-Ohio-5970, ¶ 18- 19 (2d Dist.); Zamos v. Zamos, 2004-Ohio-2310, ¶ 13-14 (11th Dist.); Crandall v. Crandall, 2020- Ohio-625, ¶ 23-24 (11th Dist.). In those circumstances, “that date must have a ‘reasonable basis’ and bear some significance in the underlying litigation.” Sandel at ¶ 6, quoting In re P.J.H. at ¶ 19. Additionally, the trial court “must state the reason” for choosing a date after the party filed its motion to modify. Sandel at ¶ 6 (9th Dist.). That caselaw is inapplicable to the facts of this case because Father requested the trial court to modify his support obligation to a date prior to his filing of his motion to modify. 14
when it orders conditions for purging that are unreasonable or impossible for the contemnor to
meet.” Gray v. Gray, 2025-Ohio-2311, ¶ 24 (9th Dist.), quoting Ward v. Smith, 2024-Ohio-1682,
¶ 17 (5th Dist.). As this Court has stated, “[o]ne charged and found guilty of civil contempt must
be allowed to purge him/herself of the contempt by showing compliance with the court’s order
he/she is charged with violating.” Edminister, 2011-Ohio-1899, at ¶ 9 (9th Dist.).
{¶40} Here, the trial court found Father in contempt for violating an order regarding
parenting time, which deprived Mother of one week of her parenting time with the Child. The trial
court ordered that Father could purge the contempt by providing Mother with one week of Father’s
parenting time with the Child.
{¶41} On appeal, Father first argues that the trial court’s purge condition of requiring him
to provide Mother with one week of his parenting time was punitive in nature, and not in the best
interests of the Child. This Court disagrees. “Given the fact that there is no way to go back in
time and restore missed parenting time, the best a parent can hope for is that he or she will be
awarded future substitute time and incentives to deter the other parent from further interference.”
Bohannon, 2018-Ohio-2919, at ¶ 15 (9th Dist.). Despite Father’s argument to the contrary, the
trial court’s condition of requiring Father to provide Mother with one week of his parenting time
to purge his contempt was neither unreasonable, nor impossible for Father to meet. See Gray at ¶
24. Consequently, Father’s argument lacks merit.
{¶42} Father next argues that the trial court erred by ordering him to pay Mother’s
attorney’s fees related to her motion for contempt because Mother did not prove that attorney’s
fees were reasonable, necessary, or causally related to the contempt findings. For the following
reasons, this Court rejects Father’s argument. 15
{¶43} Generally, this Court reviews an award of attorney’s fees for an abuse of discretion.
Hibben v. McGuire, 2022-Ohio-3598, ¶ 28 (9th Dist.). As this Court has stated, a “trial court is
required to order the party found in contempt of court to pay the adverse party’s reasonable
attorney fees arising from the litigation of the contempt matter involving a visitation order.”
Hibben at ¶ 29, quoting Mann v. Mendez, 2005-Ohio-3114, ¶ 21 (9th Dist.). “What is reasonable,
for purposes of calculating attorney fees, is a question of fact, and the trial court must have
evidence before it probative of that issue in order to make the finding.” (Cleaned up.) Hibben at
¶ 30, quoting Mann at ¶ 22. “Unless the amount of fees determined is so high or so low as to shock
the conscience, an appellate court will not interfere.” Hibben at ¶ 28, quoting Bittner v. Tri–County
Toyota, Inc., 58 Ohio St.3d 143, 146 (1991).
{¶44} Here, Mother’s counsel presented the magistrate with an affidavit that included an
itemized statement of attorney’s fees Mother incurred related to her motion for contempt at the
September 9, 2024, hearing. The record reflects that Mother’s counsel requested attorney’s fees
in the amount of $2,982.50. In its decision, the magistrate determined that some of that amount
reflected fees that pre-dated the underlying contempt incident. Accordingly, the magistrate
reduced Mother’s counsel’s fees to $1,592.50, which reflected the attorney’s fees Mother incurred
from the date of the contempt incident through the hearing. The trial court adopted the magistrate’s
decision in this regard, finding the fees reasonable and appropriate. Despite his arguments to the
contrary, Father has not established that the trial court abused its discretion in doing so. See Hibben
at ¶ 29.
{¶45} In light of the foregoing, Father’s third assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR FOUR
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW BY MISAPPLYING SUMMIT COUNTY DOMESTIC RELATIONS LOCAL RULE 27, OHIO 16
CIVIL RULE 53(D), OHIO CIVIL RULE 75(N), AND OHIO REVISED CODE §§ 3119.79, 3119.83, 3119.84, 3119.22, AND 3119.23, THEREBY DENYING DEFENDANT-APPELLANT DUE PROCESS AND A FAIR ADJUDICATION, CAUSING SUBSTANTIAL PREJUDICE TO DEFENDANT-APPELLANT AND UNDERMINING THE CHILD’S BEST INTERESTS.
{¶46} In his fourth assignment of error, Father asserts that the trial court erred by failing
to comply with provisions of the Revised Code, the Rules of Civil Procedure, and the Local Rules
of the Summit County Domestic Relations Court.
{¶47} This Court rejects Father’s fourth assignment of error outright. Appellate Rule
16(A)(7) requires an appellant’s argument to include “the contentions of the appellant with respect
to each assignment of error presented for review and the reasons in support of the contentions,
with citations to the authorities, statutes, and parts of the record on which appellant relies.” “As
this Court has stated, ‘merely setting forth conclusory statements’ does not satisfy an appellant’s
burden on appeal.” State v. Marshall, 2025-Ohio-2283, ¶ 16 (9th Dist.), quoting Pietrangelo v.
Lorain Cty. Printing & Publishing Co., 2017-Ohio-8783, ¶ 23 (9th Dist.).
{¶48} Despite asserting that the trial court erred by misapplying eight different rules
and/or statutes, Father’s fourth assignment of error is 10 sentences long, contains conclusory
statements, and—with one exception—fails to cite the portions of the record upon which he relies.
When Father did cite to the record, he cited his “objections to factual findings in ¶¶ 31-32” of the
magistrate’s decision, and a 6-page portion of his objections to the magistrate’s decision. Father
neither explains the magistrate’s factual findings, nor the basis for his objections to those factual
findings. Instead, Father’s deficient argument puts this Court in the position of reviewing several
pages of his supplemental objections to the magistrate’s decision to discern if and/or to what extent
they support his assigned error. This Court “will not guess at undeveloped claims on appeal.”
Pietrangelo at ¶ 23, quoting State v. Stevenson, 2009-Ohio-2455, ¶ 21 (9th Dist.). Nor will this 17
Court review the record and construct an argument on Father’s behalf. Marshall at ¶ 17. Father’s
fourth assignment of error is overruled.
III.
{¶49} Father’s assignments of error are overruled. The judgment of the Summit County
Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy
of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the period
for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is instructed to
mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the mailing in the
docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
Costs taxed to Appellant.
JILL FLAGG LANZINGER FOR THE COURT
HENSAL, J. SUTTON, J. CONCUR. 18
APPEARANCES:
KYLE JENDRAL, pro se, Appellant.
CORINNE HOOVER, PAIGE KERN, and TAD ORVAL HOOVER, Attorneys at Law, for Appellee.