NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 21 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ROSA ESTER BRIZUELA, individually, No. 22-16357 and as the appointed special administrator of the estate of Rolando Antonio Brizuela; et D.C. No. al., 3:19-cv-00692-MMD-CSD
Plaintiffs-Appellees, MEMORANDUM* v.
CITY OF SPARKS; et al.,
Defendants-Appellants.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada Miranda M. Du, Chief District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted July 19, 2023 San Francisco, California
Before: SILER,** WARDLAW, and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges. Partial Concurrence by Judge SILER.
The City of Sparks and Officers Brian Sullivan and Eli Maile (collectively
“Defendants”) appeal the district court’s order granting summary judgment in part
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Eugene E. Siler, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation. to the Plaintiffs and denying summary judgment to the Defendants on qualified
immunity grounds. Rosa Brizuela and her two children (collectively “Plaintiffs”)
brought this wrongful death action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and state law
individually and as the administrator of the estate to her husband and their father
Rolando Brizuela (“Brizuela”), alleging claims of unreasonable search and seizure
under the Fourth Amendment, excessive force under the Fourth Amendment, loss
of familial relationships under the Fourteenth Amendment, and interference with
the right to bear arms under the Second Amendment, as well as municipal liability
claims and state law claims. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and dismiss in part.
1. We lack jurisdiction to review the district court’s determination that
the Officers were not entitled to qualified immunity on Plaintiffs’ excessive force
claim. Our “interlocutory review jurisdiction [over the denial of qualified
immunity] is limited to resolving a defendant’s purely legal contention that his or
her conduct did not violate the Constitution and, in any event, did not violate
clearly established law.” Est. of Anderson v. Marsh, 985 F.3d 726, 731 (9th Cir.
2021) (cleaned up). Thus, “[i]f the defendant argues only that the evidence is
insufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact, we lack jurisdiction.” Id. In
this case, the district court found that factual disputes precluded summary
judgment on Plaintiffs’ excessive force claim. On appeal, Defendants argue that
“[t]here is no evidence to dispute the Officers’ testimony and corroborative
2 evidence. Thus, there is no genuine dispute of fact.” They raise no legal
argument. Thus, we must dismiss this aspect of Defendants’ appeal for lack of
jurisdiction.
2. The district court did not err in granting Plaintiffs’ motion for summary
judgment and denying the Defendant Officers qualified immunity on Plaintiffs’
Fourth Amendment search and seizure claims. We agree with the district court that,
under clearly established law, Brizuela’s front porch, which, as the district court
found, “led only to . . . Brizuela’s front door and patio, not to any other residence,”
constituted protected curtilage. See, e.g., Florida v. Jardines, 569 U.S. 1, 7 (2013).
Detaining and questioning a suspect on the curtilage of their property without a
warrant constitutes a presumptively unreasonable search and seizure under the
Fourth Amendment unless an exception to the warrant requirement applies. See
United States v. Lundin, 817 F.3d 1151, 1158 (9th Cir. 2016).
We agree with the district court that no exception to the warrant requirements
applies here. Reasonable suspicion and probable cause, absent “exigency [or]
emergency,” are insufficient to justify a warrantless search and seizure on the
curtilage of a suspect’s property. United States v. Struckman, 603 F.3d 731, 738 (9th
Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. Martinez, 406 F.3d 1160, 1164 (9th Cir. 2005)).
Even assuming the Officers had probable cause to arrest Brizuela, the record does
not demonstrate that any exigent or emergency circumstances existed here: the
3 Officers had not chased Brizuela to his home, nor was this a case of “hot pursuit.”
Id. at 744. The “knock and talk” exception for a warrantless search, which “permits
law enforcement officers to encroach upon the curtilage of the home for the purpose
of asking questions of the occupants,” Lundin, 817 F.3d at 1158 (internal quotation
marks omitted), also did not apply here. The exception only “is coterminous with
[the] implicit license” to “approach the home and knock.” Id. at 1158–59. Here,
Brizuela did not consent to being questioned on his front porch and repeatedly asked
the Officers to leave.
Supreme Court precedent clearly establishes that, when law enforcement
encroaches on the curtilage of a suspect’s home without a warrant, it violates the
Fourth Amendment’s prohibition against unreasonable searches. See Jardines, 569
U.S. at 7. It is likewise clearly established that “[i]n terms that apply equally to
seizures of property and to seizures of persons, the Fourth Amendment has drawn a
firm line at the entrance to the house.” Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 590
(1980). The Officers detained Brizuela on the curtilage of his home without a
warrant or probable cause, and questioned him while he repeatedly asked them to
leave. Thus, the district court did not err by denying qualified immunity to the
Officers and granting summary judgment to the Plaintiffs on the Fourth Amendment
unreasonable search and seizure claims.
3. However, the district court erred by denying qualified immunity to the
4 Officers on the Plaintiffs’ Fourteenth Amendment claim for deprivation of familial
relationships. To prevail on their Fourteenth Amendment claim, the Plaintiffs must
demonstrate that the Defendants engaged in conduct that “shocks the conscience.”
Lam v. City of Los Banos, 976 F.3d 986, 1003 (9th Cir. 2020). “In determining
whether excessive force shocks the conscience,” we ask “whether the
circumstances are such that actual deliberation [by the officer] is practical.”
Wilkinson v. Torres, 610 F.3d 546, 554 (9th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks
omitted). If “actual deliberation is practical,” then “an officer’s deliberate
indifference may suffice to shock the conscience.” Nicholson v. City of Los
Angeles, 935 F.3d 685, 692–93 (9th Cir. 2019).
The district court determined that the “circumstances here suggest that the
Officers” had time to “actually deliberate.” However, assuming that the deliberate
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 21 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ROSA ESTER BRIZUELA, individually, No. 22-16357 and as the appointed special administrator of the estate of Rolando Antonio Brizuela; et D.C. No. al., 3:19-cv-00692-MMD-CSD
Plaintiffs-Appellees, MEMORANDUM* v.
CITY OF SPARKS; et al.,
Defendants-Appellants.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada Miranda M. Du, Chief District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted July 19, 2023 San Francisco, California
Before: SILER,** WARDLAW, and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges. Partial Concurrence by Judge SILER.
The City of Sparks and Officers Brian Sullivan and Eli Maile (collectively
“Defendants”) appeal the district court’s order granting summary judgment in part
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Eugene E. Siler, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation. to the Plaintiffs and denying summary judgment to the Defendants on qualified
immunity grounds. Rosa Brizuela and her two children (collectively “Plaintiffs”)
brought this wrongful death action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and state law
individually and as the administrator of the estate to her husband and their father
Rolando Brizuela (“Brizuela”), alleging claims of unreasonable search and seizure
under the Fourth Amendment, excessive force under the Fourth Amendment, loss
of familial relationships under the Fourteenth Amendment, and interference with
the right to bear arms under the Second Amendment, as well as municipal liability
claims and state law claims. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and dismiss in part.
1. We lack jurisdiction to review the district court’s determination that
the Officers were not entitled to qualified immunity on Plaintiffs’ excessive force
claim. Our “interlocutory review jurisdiction [over the denial of qualified
immunity] is limited to resolving a defendant’s purely legal contention that his or
her conduct did not violate the Constitution and, in any event, did not violate
clearly established law.” Est. of Anderson v. Marsh, 985 F.3d 726, 731 (9th Cir.
2021) (cleaned up). Thus, “[i]f the defendant argues only that the evidence is
insufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact, we lack jurisdiction.” Id. In
this case, the district court found that factual disputes precluded summary
judgment on Plaintiffs’ excessive force claim. On appeal, Defendants argue that
“[t]here is no evidence to dispute the Officers’ testimony and corroborative
2 evidence. Thus, there is no genuine dispute of fact.” They raise no legal
argument. Thus, we must dismiss this aspect of Defendants’ appeal for lack of
jurisdiction.
2. The district court did not err in granting Plaintiffs’ motion for summary
judgment and denying the Defendant Officers qualified immunity on Plaintiffs’
Fourth Amendment search and seizure claims. We agree with the district court that,
under clearly established law, Brizuela’s front porch, which, as the district court
found, “led only to . . . Brizuela’s front door and patio, not to any other residence,”
constituted protected curtilage. See, e.g., Florida v. Jardines, 569 U.S. 1, 7 (2013).
Detaining and questioning a suspect on the curtilage of their property without a
warrant constitutes a presumptively unreasonable search and seizure under the
Fourth Amendment unless an exception to the warrant requirement applies. See
United States v. Lundin, 817 F.3d 1151, 1158 (9th Cir. 2016).
We agree with the district court that no exception to the warrant requirements
applies here. Reasonable suspicion and probable cause, absent “exigency [or]
emergency,” are insufficient to justify a warrantless search and seizure on the
curtilage of a suspect’s property. United States v. Struckman, 603 F.3d 731, 738 (9th
Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. Martinez, 406 F.3d 1160, 1164 (9th Cir. 2005)).
Even assuming the Officers had probable cause to arrest Brizuela, the record does
not demonstrate that any exigent or emergency circumstances existed here: the
3 Officers had not chased Brizuela to his home, nor was this a case of “hot pursuit.”
Id. at 744. The “knock and talk” exception for a warrantless search, which “permits
law enforcement officers to encroach upon the curtilage of the home for the purpose
of asking questions of the occupants,” Lundin, 817 F.3d at 1158 (internal quotation
marks omitted), also did not apply here. The exception only “is coterminous with
[the] implicit license” to “approach the home and knock.” Id. at 1158–59. Here,
Brizuela did not consent to being questioned on his front porch and repeatedly asked
the Officers to leave.
Supreme Court precedent clearly establishes that, when law enforcement
encroaches on the curtilage of a suspect’s home without a warrant, it violates the
Fourth Amendment’s prohibition against unreasonable searches. See Jardines, 569
U.S. at 7. It is likewise clearly established that “[i]n terms that apply equally to
seizures of property and to seizures of persons, the Fourth Amendment has drawn a
firm line at the entrance to the house.” Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 590
(1980). The Officers detained Brizuela on the curtilage of his home without a
warrant or probable cause, and questioned him while he repeatedly asked them to
leave. Thus, the district court did not err by denying qualified immunity to the
Officers and granting summary judgment to the Plaintiffs on the Fourth Amendment
unreasonable search and seizure claims.
3. However, the district court erred by denying qualified immunity to the
4 Officers on the Plaintiffs’ Fourteenth Amendment claim for deprivation of familial
relationships. To prevail on their Fourteenth Amendment claim, the Plaintiffs must
demonstrate that the Defendants engaged in conduct that “shocks the conscience.”
Lam v. City of Los Banos, 976 F.3d 986, 1003 (9th Cir. 2020). “In determining
whether excessive force shocks the conscience,” we ask “whether the
circumstances are such that actual deliberation [by the officer] is practical.”
Wilkinson v. Torres, 610 F.3d 546, 554 (9th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks
omitted). If “actual deliberation is practical,” then “an officer’s deliberate
indifference may suffice to shock the conscience.” Nicholson v. City of Los
Angeles, 935 F.3d 685, 692–93 (9th Cir. 2019).
The district court determined that the “circumstances here suggest that the
Officers” had time to “actually deliberate.” However, assuming that the deliberate
indifference standard applies, the district court erred in denying the Officers
qualified immunity on the Plaintiffs’ Fourteenth Amendment claims because our
precedent did not “clearly establish” the violation in 2018, when the shooting in
this case occurred. While we concluded in Nicholson that an officer’s deliberate
indifference in a shooting could violate a family’s substantive due process rights
under the Fourteenth Amendment, we decided that case in 2019 and determined
that the contours of the Fourteenth Amendment right were not then “clearly
established.” Id. at 695. Because “reasonableness is judged against the backdrop
5 of the law at the time of the conduct,” Evans v. Skolnik, 997 F.3d 1060, 1066 (9th
Cir. 2021), we reverse the district court’s denial of qualified immunity on the
Fourteenth Amendment claim for deprivation of familial relationship.
4. The district court also erred by denying qualified immunity to the
Officers on Plaintiffs’ Second Amendment claim for interference with the right to
bear arms. Even assuming that Brizuela legally owned and possessed the firearm
in question at the time of the shooting, the right to possess a particular firearm at a
particular time is not “clearly established.” While the Supreme Court has held that
individuals have a Second Amendment right to possess a firearm within their
homes, see District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008); McDonald v. City
of Chicago, 561 U.S. 742 (2010), no case squarely governs a situation where
officers shot a suspect because they observed him holding a firearm. As we cannot
“define clearly established law at a high level of generality,” Kisela v. Hughes, 138
S. Ct. 1148, 1152 (2018), we reverse the district court’s denial of qualified
immunity on the Second Amendment claim.
5. Because our interlocutory jurisdiction over the Officers’ qualified
immunity defenses does not extend to liability claims against municipalities, see
Horton v. City of Santa Maria, 915 F.3d 592, 603 (9th Cir. 2019), we dismiss the
Defendants’ appeal of the district court’s determinations on Plaintiffs’ municipal
liability claims. We also decline to exercise pendent jurisdiction to review the
6 district court’s denial of summary judgment to Defendants on Plaintiffs’ Monell
and state-law claims because our resolution of the qualified immunity issues does
not “necessarily resolve” the municipal liability. See id. at 603–04.
DISMISSED IN PART, AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
7 FILED AUG 21 2023 SILER, Circuit Judge, concurring: MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I agree with all aspects of the majority opinion except insofar as it concludes
that in the light most favorable to the defendant officers there was evidence of a
seizure. Certainly, there was sufficient evidence to conclude that there was a
search, see United States v. Lundin, 817 F.3d 1151, 1158 (9th Cir. 2016), but
Lundin involves a search only. Moreover, this court has distinguished from the
general principle announced in Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573 (1980), when
there was no evidence of coercion. See, e.g., Hart v. Parks, 450 F.3d 1059, 1065
(9th Cir. 2006); see also Hill v. City of Fountain Valley, 70 F.4th 507, 514–15 (9th
Cir. 2023) (finding no seizure when the claimants “did not submit to the officers’
show of authority”). Nevertheless, there is a Fourth Amendment claim which
survives the motions for summary judgment.