Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be Nov 14 2014, 10:10 am regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
BRIAN R. CHASTAIN GREGORY F. ZOELLER Dillman, Chastain, Byrd, LLC Attorney General of Indiana Corydon, Indiana JODI KATHRYN STEIN Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
RONALD F. GRAHAM, ) ) Appellant-Defendant, ) ) vs. ) No. 22A01-1404-CR-181 ) STATE OF INDIANA, ) ) Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE FLOYD SUPERIOR COURT The Honorable Susan L. Orth, Judge Cause No. 22D01-1309-FD-1827
November 14, 2014
MEMORANDUM DECISION – NOT FOR PUBLICATION
BAKER, Judge Ronald Graham appeals his convictions for Resisting Law Enforcement,1 a class D
felony, and Criminal Recklessness,2 a class A misdemeanor. Graham argues that the trial
court erroneously admitted hearsay statements into evidence and that the trial court
should have granted his motion for a mistrial after a witness refused to testify. Finding
no error, we affirm.
FACTS3
On September 17, 2013, Floyd County Police Officer Jason Jones observed a
silver Dodge Charger parked in the Fellowship Cemetery. As Officer Jones drove closer
to the vehicle, a female “popped up” in the passenger’s seat and the vehicle began
backing out of the cemetery, away from the marked police vehicle. Tr. p. 30. Officer
Jones observed a male, later identified as Graham, driving the vehicle and a female, later
identified as Laura Faulkenburg, sitting in the passenger’s seat as the Charger continued
to pick up speed while driving backwards.
The Charger then “whipped around” so that it was driving forwards into a field
and toward the entrance of the cemetery at a high rate of speed. Id. at 31-32. As the
Charger reached Officer Jones’s vehicle, it “took off” at a high rate of speed. Id. at 32.
Officer Jones then activated his lights and siren and pursued the Charger. A fifteen-
minute high-speed chase ensued, during which Officer Jones learned that the Charger
1 Ind. Code § 35-44.1-3-1. 2 Ind. Code § 35-42-2-2. 3 We caution counsel for Graham that Indiana Appellate Rule 46(A)(6) requires that the statement of facts “shall be in narrative form and shall not be a witness by witness summary of the testimony.” We hope that in future appellate litigation, counsel is mindful of this requirement. 2 was registered to “Donald Graham.” Id. at 33-40, 47. During the chase, Graham drove at
excessive speeds around curves, passed a logging truck on a curve, and ran several stop
signs. At one point, Officer Jones clearly observed Graham’s face. The chase ended
when Graham lost control of his vehicle, which entered a field, went airborne, and landed
out of view.
When Officer Jones approached the Charger on foot, the driver’s door was open
and Graham was gone. Faulkenburg was pinned inside the vehicle and was hysterical.
She stated that she was unhurt and exited the vehicle. Faulkenburg was shaken and very
upset, and when Officer Jones asked her who was driving the vehicle, she responded that
it was her boyfriend, Graham. That conversation took place within one minute of
Faulkenburg exiting the vehicle. Officer Jones later looked at photographs of Graham
and Donald Graham, who is Graham’s brother. Observing that the two men look nothing
alike, Officer Jones was able to identify Graham as the driver of the Charger.
On September 20, 2013, the State charged Graham with class D felony resisting
law enforcement, class A misdemeanor resisting law enforcement, and class A
misdemeanor criminal recklessness. The State later added an allegation that Graham was
an habitual offender and dismissed the misdemeanor resisting law enforcement charge.
At Graham’s jury trial, which began on February 24, 2014, Officer Jones testified
regarding Faulkenburg’s identification of Graham as the driver of the vehicle. Graham
objected to the testimony, arguing that it was inadmissible hearsay. The State responded
3 that it was admissible under the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule, and the
trial court overruled the objection and permitted Officer Jones to testify.
Faulkenburg was called to testify at the trial. She took the witness stand and stated
her name, stated that Graham was the father of her child, and identified Graham in court.
She then refused to answer any further questions, even after the trial court ordered her to
do so. The trial court excused the jury, and Faulkenburg continued to refuse to answer
any further questions. The trial court then excused her as a witness. Graham moved for a
mistrial based upon Faulkenburg’s refusal to testify. The trial court denied the motion,
noting that Faulkenburg had refused to testify for both parties, and gave a limiting
instruction to the jury.
On February 26, 2014, the jury found Graham guilty as charged, and Graham then
admitted to being an habitual offender. On March 28, 2014, the trial court imposed a
three-year term for resisting law enforcement and a one-year term for criminal
recklessness, to be served concurrently. The trial court also enhanced the sentence by
four and one-half years for the habitual offender determination, for an aggregate term of
seven and one-half years. Graham now appeals.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Admission of Evidence
Graham first argues that the trial court erred by permitting Officer Jones to testify
regarding the statement Faulkenburg made to him immediately following the vehicle
4 chase and accident. Specifically, Graham contends that the testimony constituted
inadmissible hearsay.
We review a trial court’s decision to admit evidence of an abuse of discretion.
McQuay v. State, 10 N.E.3d 593, 596 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). The trial court abuses its
discretion only if the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and
circumstances before the court or if the court misapplies the law. Id. Our Supreme Court
has explained hearsay and the excited utterance exception as follows:
Hearsay is an out of court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Ind. Evidence Rule 801(c). It is inadmissible unless it falls under an exception. Evid. R. 802. Among the exceptions to the hearsay rule is: “A statement relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition.” Evid. R. 803(2). Determining whether a statement constitutes an excited utterance is within the trial court’s discretion and its ruling will be reversed only for an abuse of that discretion.
For a hearsay statement to be admitted as an excited utterance, three elements must be shown: (1) a startling event, (2) a statement made by a declarant while under the stress of excitement caused by the event, and (3) that the statement relates to the event. This is not a mechanical test. It turns on whether the statement was inherently reliable because the witness was under the stress of an event and unlikely to make deliberate falsifications.
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Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be Nov 14 2014, 10:10 am regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
BRIAN R. CHASTAIN GREGORY F. ZOELLER Dillman, Chastain, Byrd, LLC Attorney General of Indiana Corydon, Indiana JODI KATHRYN STEIN Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
RONALD F. GRAHAM, ) ) Appellant-Defendant, ) ) vs. ) No. 22A01-1404-CR-181 ) STATE OF INDIANA, ) ) Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE FLOYD SUPERIOR COURT The Honorable Susan L. Orth, Judge Cause No. 22D01-1309-FD-1827
November 14, 2014
MEMORANDUM DECISION – NOT FOR PUBLICATION
BAKER, Judge Ronald Graham appeals his convictions for Resisting Law Enforcement,1 a class D
felony, and Criminal Recklessness,2 a class A misdemeanor. Graham argues that the trial
court erroneously admitted hearsay statements into evidence and that the trial court
should have granted his motion for a mistrial after a witness refused to testify. Finding
no error, we affirm.
FACTS3
On September 17, 2013, Floyd County Police Officer Jason Jones observed a
silver Dodge Charger parked in the Fellowship Cemetery. As Officer Jones drove closer
to the vehicle, a female “popped up” in the passenger’s seat and the vehicle began
backing out of the cemetery, away from the marked police vehicle. Tr. p. 30. Officer
Jones observed a male, later identified as Graham, driving the vehicle and a female, later
identified as Laura Faulkenburg, sitting in the passenger’s seat as the Charger continued
to pick up speed while driving backwards.
The Charger then “whipped around” so that it was driving forwards into a field
and toward the entrance of the cemetery at a high rate of speed. Id. at 31-32. As the
Charger reached Officer Jones’s vehicle, it “took off” at a high rate of speed. Id. at 32.
Officer Jones then activated his lights and siren and pursued the Charger. A fifteen-
minute high-speed chase ensued, during which Officer Jones learned that the Charger
1 Ind. Code § 35-44.1-3-1. 2 Ind. Code § 35-42-2-2. 3 We caution counsel for Graham that Indiana Appellate Rule 46(A)(6) requires that the statement of facts “shall be in narrative form and shall not be a witness by witness summary of the testimony.” We hope that in future appellate litigation, counsel is mindful of this requirement. 2 was registered to “Donald Graham.” Id. at 33-40, 47. During the chase, Graham drove at
excessive speeds around curves, passed a logging truck on a curve, and ran several stop
signs. At one point, Officer Jones clearly observed Graham’s face. The chase ended
when Graham lost control of his vehicle, which entered a field, went airborne, and landed
out of view.
When Officer Jones approached the Charger on foot, the driver’s door was open
and Graham was gone. Faulkenburg was pinned inside the vehicle and was hysterical.
She stated that she was unhurt and exited the vehicle. Faulkenburg was shaken and very
upset, and when Officer Jones asked her who was driving the vehicle, she responded that
it was her boyfriend, Graham. That conversation took place within one minute of
Faulkenburg exiting the vehicle. Officer Jones later looked at photographs of Graham
and Donald Graham, who is Graham’s brother. Observing that the two men look nothing
alike, Officer Jones was able to identify Graham as the driver of the Charger.
On September 20, 2013, the State charged Graham with class D felony resisting
law enforcement, class A misdemeanor resisting law enforcement, and class A
misdemeanor criminal recklessness. The State later added an allegation that Graham was
an habitual offender and dismissed the misdemeanor resisting law enforcement charge.
At Graham’s jury trial, which began on February 24, 2014, Officer Jones testified
regarding Faulkenburg’s identification of Graham as the driver of the vehicle. Graham
objected to the testimony, arguing that it was inadmissible hearsay. The State responded
3 that it was admissible under the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule, and the
trial court overruled the objection and permitted Officer Jones to testify.
Faulkenburg was called to testify at the trial. She took the witness stand and stated
her name, stated that Graham was the father of her child, and identified Graham in court.
She then refused to answer any further questions, even after the trial court ordered her to
do so. The trial court excused the jury, and Faulkenburg continued to refuse to answer
any further questions. The trial court then excused her as a witness. Graham moved for a
mistrial based upon Faulkenburg’s refusal to testify. The trial court denied the motion,
noting that Faulkenburg had refused to testify for both parties, and gave a limiting
instruction to the jury.
On February 26, 2014, the jury found Graham guilty as charged, and Graham then
admitted to being an habitual offender. On March 28, 2014, the trial court imposed a
three-year term for resisting law enforcement and a one-year term for criminal
recklessness, to be served concurrently. The trial court also enhanced the sentence by
four and one-half years for the habitual offender determination, for an aggregate term of
seven and one-half years. Graham now appeals.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Admission of Evidence
Graham first argues that the trial court erred by permitting Officer Jones to testify
regarding the statement Faulkenburg made to him immediately following the vehicle
4 chase and accident. Specifically, Graham contends that the testimony constituted
inadmissible hearsay.
We review a trial court’s decision to admit evidence of an abuse of discretion.
McQuay v. State, 10 N.E.3d 593, 596 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). The trial court abuses its
discretion only if the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and
circumstances before the court or if the court misapplies the law. Id. Our Supreme Court
has explained hearsay and the excited utterance exception as follows:
Hearsay is an out of court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Ind. Evidence Rule 801(c). It is inadmissible unless it falls under an exception. Evid. R. 802. Among the exceptions to the hearsay rule is: “A statement relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition.” Evid. R. 803(2). Determining whether a statement constitutes an excited utterance is within the trial court’s discretion and its ruling will be reversed only for an abuse of that discretion.
For a hearsay statement to be admitted as an excited utterance, three elements must be shown: (1) a startling event, (2) a statement made by a declarant while under the stress of excitement caused by the event, and (3) that the statement relates to the event. This is not a mechanical test. It turns on whether the statement was inherently reliable because the witness was under the stress of an event and unlikely to make deliberate falsifications.
Jenkins v. State, 725 N.E.2d 66, 68 (Ind. 2000) (some internal citations omitted).
Here, the State’s evidence demonstrates that Faulkenburg’s statement to Officer
Jones at the scene in which she identified Graham as the driver of the vehicle was an
excited utterance and, therefore, admissible. The startling event was a fifteen-minute
high speed chase that ended when the vehicle in which Faulkenburg was a passenger
5 went airborne and crashed, with Graham then fleeing the scene. When Officer Jones first
found Faulkenburg, she was still pinned in the vehicle and was upset and hysterical.
After exiting the vehicle, Faulkenburg was shaken, very upset, and panicked. Within one
minute of exiting the vehicle, she identified Graham as her boyfriend and the driver,
which related to the startling event. Based on this evidence, we find that the excited
utterance exception to the hearsay rule applies and trial court did not abuse its discretion
by permitting Officer Jones to testify regarding Faulkenburg’s statement.4
We also note that even if the admission of this evidence had been erroneous, the
error would have been harmless. The admission of hearsay evidence is not grounds for
reversal where it is merely cumulative of other evidence. VanPatten v. State, 986 N.E.2d
255, 267 (Ind. 2013). In this case, Officer Jones was able to identify Graham as the
driver of the vehicle because the officer had a clear view of Graham at one point during
the chase. Therefore, the testimony relating to Faulkenburg’s identification of Graham as
the driver was merely cumulative of evidence already in the record, and any error would
have been harmless.
II. Mistrial
Next, Graham argues that the trial court erroneously denied his motion for a
mistrial after Faulkenburg refused to testify while on the witness stand. We review a
4 Graham includes one sentence in his brief that he “was never permitted to cross[-]examine Laura Faulkenburg on statements she made to Officer Jones.” Appellant’s Br. p. 14. But he neither cites to Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), nor further develops an argument related to his rights under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. We will not endeavor to develop the argument for him, and find that it is waived. 6 ruling on a motion for a mistrial for an abuse of discretion. Knapp v. State, 9 N.E.3d
1274, 1283 (Ind. 2014). This deferential standard of review reflects that “the trial court is
in the best position to gauge the surrounding circumstances of the event and its impact on
the jury.” Schlomer v. State, 580 N.E.2d 950, 955 (Ind. 1991). Our Supreme Court has
cautioned that “[m]istrial is an extreme remedy in a criminal case which should be
granted only when nothing else can rectify a situation.” Id.
In this case, both Graham and the State sought Faulkenburg’s testimony regarding
the identity of the driver and her relationship with Graham. Therefore, both Graham and
the State were equally hindered by Faulkenburg’s refusal to testify.
Moreover, the trial court admonished the jury as follows regarding Faulkenburg’s
refusal to testify:
A witness in this case refused to answer questions. You must not consider this in any way. Do not speculate about why the witness did [not] answer questions. Do not discuss her failure to answer in your deliberations.
Tr. p. 122. This admonishment was the appropriate course of action, and the jury is
presumed to have followed this admonishment. See Lucio v. State, 907 N.E.2d 1008,
1010 (Ind. 2009) (emphasizing the strong presumption that juries follow the courts’
instructions and that an admonishment cures any error); Pitman v. State, 436 N.E.2d 74,
78 (Ind. 1982) (noting that it was proper for the trial court to admonish the jury following
a witness’s refusal to testify).
7 Under these circumstances, the extreme remedy of a mistrial was not necessary.
We find that the trial court did not err by denying Graham’s motion for a mistrial. 5
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
KIRSCH, J., and ROBB, J., concur.
5 Graham argues that the State should have offered Faulkenburg immunity to encourage her to testify and that Faulkenburg should have been permitted to partially testify at will, answering some questions but not others. Graham offers no authority to support these arguments, and neither argument goes to whether the trial court erred by denying the motion for mistrial. Therefore, these arguments are unavailing. 8