COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Athey, Chaney and Raphael UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Winchester, Virginia
RONALD C. DEVINE MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0554-22-4 JUDGE STUART A. RAPHAEL DECEMBER 6, 2022 KEVIN KILEY AND LAUREN KILEY
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY Michael F. Devine, Judge
James F. Davis (James F. Davis, PC, on briefs), for appellant.
John Spurlock-Brown (T. Wayne Biggs; Dycio & Biggs, on brief), for appellees.
Kevin Kiley and his wife sued Ronald C. Devine for fraudulent inducement, breach of
contract, and conversion. The Kileys alleged that Devine defrauded them into investing
$499,000 in Devine’s NASCAR business, BK Racing, LLC, after promising to invest their
money in a real estate venture instead. After a three-day trial, the jury found in favor of Kevin
Kiley on the fraud-in-the-inducement claim, awarding him compensatory and punitive damages.
On appeal, Devine asserts that the trial court erred by denying his motions to strike and his
motion to set aside the verdict or order a new trial. Devine also contends that the trial court erred
by refusing his proffered jury instruction that a member of a limited liability company cannot be
held liable solely because of such membership. We find no error in the trial court’s decision not
to give Devine’s requested jury instruction. And because the evidence, taken in the light most
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. favorable to the plaintiffs, supports the jury’s conclusion that Devine fraudulently induced Kiley
to advance $499,000, we affirm the judgment.
BACKGROUND
“Pursuant to Code § 8.01-680, the standard of review for determining the sufficiency of
evidence on appeal is well established.” Sidya v. World Telecom Exch. Commc’ns, LLC, ___ Va.
___, ___ (Mar. 24, 2022) (quoting Nolte v. MT Tech. Enters., LLC, 284 Va. 80, 90 (2012)). “The
reviewing court must examine the evidence in the light most favorable to . . . the prevailing party
at trial, and the trial court’s judgment will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without
evidence to support it.” Id. at ___ (quoting Nolte, 284 Va. at 90).
By 2016, the Devine and Kiley families had been friends for about twenty years. Devine
was a successful entrepreneur who owned several businesses, including fast-food franchises and
companies that funded and serviced real-estate-development loans. In the early 2000s, Devine
included Kevin Kiley as an investor in certain real estate loans extended by Devine’s financing
company, Springfield Financial Services, LLC (“SFC”). Kiley invested $500,000, buying a
fraction of larger notes held by SFC and secured by deeds of trust. When the notes were paid
off, Kiley earned a sizable profit. Kiley testified that, although SFC held the notes, Devine
“controlled the deals.” When the real estate market “collapsed” in 2007, however, Kiley stopped
investing with Devine.
Devine began racing cars and, in 2015, invested millions of dollars in NASCAR-related
businesses. By 2016, Devine owned four racing teams and two racing franchises. He owned
fifty percent of Virginia Racing Group (“VRG”). Together with VRG, he was one of five
owners of BK Racing, LLC (“BKR”). Devine was also the president of BKR and controlled its
financial decisions. In 2016, Devine and certain family trusts also owned and controlled BRC
Loans, LLC (“BRC”), which, in turn, owned US Financial Companies, LLC (“US Financial”).
-2- But despite the fact that Devine invested $20 million in BKR and loaned it another $15 million,
the company was still not profitable. By 2020, Devine was the sole member of VRG.
In April 2016, Devine asked Kiley for a “bridge loan” using a $499,000 bank loan that
Kiley had originally planned to use to help his son purchase some rental property in Florida.
Devine had introduced Kiley to James Kourouklis, a loan officer for Union Bank and Trust.
While Union Bank was still considering the loan application, Kiley’s son decided to use a line of
credit on his parents’ home to close the Florida transaction because he feared that the Union
Bank loan might not close in time. Devine, who had been in frequent communication with
Kiley, knew that Kiley’s son might use alternative financing. Devine asked Kiley about using
the Union Bank loan to invest in BKR instead. Kiley declined, saying that the racing industry
was too risky. Once Devine learned that Kiley’s son did not need the proceeds from the Union
Bank loan, Devine’s conversations with Kiley “became more intense,” shifting from
“consultation” to “salesmanship.”
The night before Union Bank formally approved the loan, Devine emailed Kiley a copy
of an unsigned “future advance promissory note” for $10,000,000. The note listed US Financial
as the noteholder and BKR as the borrower. Devine also emailed Kiley an unsigned “future
advance security agreement” between BKR and US Financial. The “future advance” documents
were attached to a proposed “service agreement” between US Financial and Kiley, providing that
BKR was the borrower on a $10,000,000 note, that Kiley owned a $500,000 share of the
$10,000,000 note, and that the collateral for the note was a “Personal Guarantee by Ronald C.
Devine.” In the email, Devine told Kiley that they would “talk” after Kiley had reviewed “the
investment doc.” Kiley testified that he never bothered to review the documents once he saw
that the investment involved BKR, since he had no desire to invest in the racing industry. He
also knew by then that BKR was “having financial problems.”
-3- After rejecting the BKR proposal, Kiley spoke with Devine by phone. Devine explained
that he needed Kiley’s money and assured him that the funds “would be available to come back
almost immediately.” As alternatives to the BKR investment, Devine proposed West Virginia
and Maryland real estate investments like those Kiley had made in the early 2000s. Devine told
Kiley that the investments would generate the “same type of return” and involve the “same
paperwork.” He assured Kiley that the investments would be “guaranteed,” would be secured by
real estate, and would “be safe.” According to Devine, the West Virginia investment involved
real estate worth $5,000,000, the land was being developed for a supermarket, and other
investors like Dwight Schar were already on board. Devine said that he and Schar, a former
owner of SFC whom Kiley knew to be a successful businessperson, expected to receive
$30,000,000 from the Royal Bank of Scotland. Devine called the Maryland investment “a slam
dunk.”
When Kiley stressed that he and his wife planned to move soon and “would probably
need th[e] money back in a very short time,” Devine said he would structure the loan as a
“demand” note, payable on thirty days’ notice. Devine also assured Kiley that the value of the
real estate securing the loan would be higher than the loan amount. He said that the “real estate
agreement . . . was right on the edge, [and] he needed the money.” Devine said he would give
Kiley the supporting paperwork within three days. Based on Devine’s description of the
collateral, their former dealings, and Devine’s assistance to Kiley’s son with the Union Bank
introduction, Kiley agreed that Devine could use the Union Bank loan proceeds in the real estate
ventures.
Once Union Bank extended the loan to Kiley, Devine said that he needed the money
immediately and provided Kiley with details on a US Financial bank account. Kiley instructed
Union Bank to transfer the $499,000 loan proceeds to US Financial. Kiley believed that US
-4- Financial was the equivalent of SFC, the company that had serviced his earlier investments with
Devine. The next day, without telling Kiley, Devine redirected the Union Bank loan proceeds to
BKR and BRC. Devine testified that all the funds were eventually transferred to BKR, as
“money went back and forth between BK Racing and BRC Loans.”
By June 3, 2016, however, Kiley had heard little from Devine and had not received the
supporting documents Kiley had promised. Kiley texted Devine with a one-word question:
“Paperwork?” Devine responded that he had the “agreement.” But when Kiley had still not
received the documents by June 7, he suspected that Devine had used the funds to invest in BKR.
Kiley emailed Devine and reiterated that “[t]he deal was represented as a real estate investment
with property and personal guarantees as security as we had in the past.” He stressed that he had
no interest in investing in either US Financial or BKR and that he did not want to risk his home
in those ventures. He said that he and his wife “never intended to be in the NASCAR business
and were never expecting that BK would be involved.” Kiley stressed that more than a month
had passed since the funds were transferred, and he “need[ed] some clarity and guarantee that
our money and home are not at risk.” Devine replied a couple of hours later, attaching a BKR
loan agreement with a cover email stating, “2nd try.”
Kiley did not sign the agreement. Kiley emailed Devine and asked him to call,
emphasizing that “[t]he half million dollars is just sitting out there with no mutual agreement.”
Devine responded that he was racing in Sonoma and asked if they could “finish it” upon his
return “next week.” When Devine returned to Virginia, he met Kiley and presented him with the
same service agreement for the BKR loan. He also presented a check for $17,000. A provision
in the service agreement was checked that guaranteed the return of principal and interest to Kiley
as “noteholder.” Devine assured Kiley that he was “good for it” and that he had $30,000,000 to
$60,000,000. He told Kiley that he “had a deal in the works” and could return Kiley’s money
-5- “almost immediately.” Devine added that his money “was tied up in loans” and that, unless
Kiley signed the agreement, “there was no other way” to return his funds.
Based on Devine’s assurances, and fearing that Devine had placed his money where he
could not access it, Kiley signed the service agreement to protect his investment. Devine signed
the agreement as “President” of US Financial, the “Servicer.” Kiley emailed Devine and thanked
him for “address[ing] our concerns and the adjustment to guarantee the money against [his]
personal assets.”
Over the next seven months, Devine repeatedly assured Kiley that he would return his
money. But by January 14, 2017, Kiley no longer received interest payments on his investment
and BKR was in litigation. Kiley asked Devine to return the money. Instead, Devine offered to
change the maturity date of the BKR note from December 2020 to December 2017. Lauren
Kiley emailed Devine pleading to return the funds, saying that “the money was a personal loan to
[Devine] and [that] it was secured by [him] personally.” Lauren implored Devine to return their
money.
Although Devine promised to return the money within two weeks, that deadline came and
went. Lauren emailed Devine and stressed that “this needs to be over.” Devine replied that he
was “working on the many solutions we spoke about.”
Devine never returned the $499,000 and never provided Kiley with a signed version of
the paperwork he had promised. The Kileys sued Devine seeking the return of their investment,
punitive damages, interest, and attorney fees. The jury returned a verdict in Kiley’s favor on his
fraudulent-inducement claim, awarding him $590,000 in compensatory damages and $289,000 in
-6- punitive damages.1 The trial court entered judgment on the verdict but denied Kiley’s request for
attorney fees. Devine noted a timely appeal.
ANALYSIS
A. Sufficiency of the evidence (Assignment of Error 1)
Devine asserts that the trial court erred by denying his motions to strike the evidence and
to set aside the verdict. He argues that he had an “oral agreement” with Kiley for a “land deal”
and the evidence shows that there was such an agreement between Kevin Kiley and US
Financial. He emphasizes that, “consistent with that agreement,” Kiley directed Union Bank to
transfer the loan proceeds to a US Financial account, and Kiley received payments under the
written service agreement. He says that Kiley’s testimony was not credible because it was
contradicted by the signed service agreement and by Kiley’s own statement that “[t]he half
million dollars is just sitting out there with no mutual agreement.” Finally, Devine maintains
that the evidence failed to prove that he acted in his personal capacity, rather than as an agent for
US Financial. He argues that he was not a party to the service agreement and did not personally
receive any funds from Kiley.
To prevail on a claim of actual fraud, a litigant “must prove by clear and convincing
evidence: (1) a false representation, (2) of a material fact, (3) made intentionally and knowingly,
(4) with intent to mislead, (5) reliance by the party misled, and (6) resulting damage to the party
misled.” State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Remley, 270 Va. 209, 218 (2005) (quoting Prospect
Dev. Co. v. Bershader, 258 Va. 75, 85 (1999)); see also Doe ex rel. Doe v. Baker, 299 Va. 628,
655 (2021) (describing same elements). A claim of fraud “cannot ordinarily be predicated on
1 On Devine’s motion, the trial court struck all of Lauren Kiley’s claims and Kevin Kiley’s conversion claim, leaving only Kevin Kiley’s fraud-in-the-inducement and contract claims. The trial court instructed the jury not to consider the contract claim if it found in Kevin Kiley’s favor on the fraud claim. -7- unfulfilled promises or statements as to future events. Were the general rule otherwise, every
breach of contract could be made the basis of an action in tort for fraud.” Abi-Najm v. Concord
Condo., LLC, 280 Va. 350, 362 (2010) (quoting Lloyd v. Smith, 150 Va. 132, 145 (1928)). But
“if a defendant makes a promise that, when made, he has no intention of performing, that
promise is considered a misrepresentation of present fact and may form the basis for a claim of
actual fraud.” Supervalu, Inc. v. Johnson, 276 Va. 356, 368 (2008). “[T]he gist of fraud in such
case is not the breach of the agreement to perform . . . .” Abi-Najm, 280 Va. at 362 (first
alteration in original) (quoting Boykin v. Hermitage Realty, 234 Va. 26, 29 (1987)). Rather,
“[t]he state of the promisor’s mind at the time he makes the promise is a fact, and . . . if he
represents his state of mind . . . as being one thing when in fact his purpose is just the contrary,
he misrepresents a then existing fact.” Id. at 363 (second and third alterations in original)
(quoting Boykin, 234 Va. at 29); Colonial Ford Truck Sales, Inc. v. Schneider, 228 Va. 671, 677
(1985) (“[T]he promisor’s intention—his state of mind—is a matter of fact.”).
The record here shows that a reasonable jury could find clear and convincing evidence
that Devine fraudulently induced Kiley to advance the $499,000 by misrepresenting that he
planned to invest the funds in West Virginia and Maryland real estate ventures similar to the
parties’ past deals. Kiley testified that Devine represented that he needed Kiley’s loan proceeds
as a “bridge loan” that would be repaid promptly, that Devine would provide real estate
investment documents within three days of receiving the money, and that Devine would
personally guarantee the note. Based on those representations, Kiley orally agreed with Devine
that he would invest $499,000. At Devine’s direction, Kiley told Union Bank to transfer those
funds into a US Financial account controlled by Devine. The jury could find that Devine’s
representations were false when made because Devine had no intention to invest the funds in the
manner he promised. Instead, within twenty-four hours of the deposit, Devine transferred the
-8- funds to BKR and other NASCAR-related companies that he controlled without telling Kiley
about the transfer.
We disagree with Devine that Kiley’s testimony was incredible. The jury’s verdict is
entitled to “the utmost deference.” Bussey v. E.S.C. Rests., Inc., 270 Va. 531, 534 (2005). We
will not disturb the trial court’s decision entering judgment on that verdict “unless it appears
from the evidence that the judgment is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Upper
Occoquan Sewage Auth. v. Blake Constr. Co., 266 Va. 582, 590 (2003) (citing Code § 8.01-680).
If there is conflict in the testimony on a material point, or if reasonable people could differ in their conclusions of fact to be drawn from the evidence, or if the conclusion is dependent on the weight to be given to the testimony, the trial court may not substitute its conclusion for that of the jury merely because the judge disagrees with the result.
Bussey, 270 Va. at 534. “Because the jury’s function is to determine the credibility of witnesses
and the weight of the evidence, and to resolve all conflicts in the evidence, we will [affirm] the
verdict on appeal if credible evidence supports the verdict.” Id.
Kiley and Devine offered conflicting testimony about an oral contract to invest in real
estate. The jury credited Kiley’s account, and substantial evidence supports the jury’s
conclusion. Devine repeatedly pitched Kiley to invest in his racing business, and Kiley refused
each time. Devine induced Kiley to part with $499,000 based on oral representations that the
money would be invested in the West Virginia and Maryland real estate ventures. Yet the day
after Kiley wired the funds, Devine diverted the money to BKR and BRC, the very investments
that Devine knew Kiley had rejected. Those circumstances support the inference that when
Devine promised to invest Kiley’s money in the West Virginia and Maryland ventures, he had no
present intention to perform. In addition, Kiley’s written communications with Devine after he
transferred the money corroborated Kiley’s testimony by showing that he repeatedly asked
Devine for documents reflecting their oral agreement. See Lambert v. Commonwealth, 70 -9- Va. App. 740, 760 (2019) (holding that a witness’s testimony was not inherently incredible when
it was corroborated by other evidence, although corroboration was unnecessary). Although
Kiley ultimately signed the BKR service agreement, he said he did so only after realizing that no
real estate secured the loan, and because he relied on Devine’s repeated representations that he
would personally guarantee the loan and that the loan would be repaid quickly.
Given Kiley’s explanation, which the jury credited, the fact that Kiley signed the BKR
service agreement does not render his testimony inherently incredible. The evidence was
competent, credible, and clear-and-convincing enough to prove that Devine falsely represented
material facts about the investment, that the misrepresentations induced Kiley to transfer the
Union Bank loan proceeds to Devine, and that Devine had a present intention not to perform his
promise to invest the loan proceeds in the investments he had described.
We also reject Devine’s argument that he could not be personally liable for fraudulent
inducement because he was only an agent for US Financial. It is hornbook law that “[a]n agent
is subject to liability to a third party harmed by the agent’s tortious conduct.” Restatement
(Third) of Agency § 7.01 (2006). Thus, even when an agent, employee, or servant acts within
the scope of his employment, he has “individual liability . . . for an intentional tort.” Fox v.
Deese, 234 Va. 412, 425 (1987); see also VanBuren v. Grubb, 284 Va. 584, 591 (2012) (“It has
long been settled in Virginia that ‘employers and employees are deemed to be jointly liable and
jointly suable for the employee’s wrongful act.’” (quoting Thurston Metals & Supply Co. v.
Taylor, 230 Va. 475, 483-84 (1986))); Elder v. Holland, 208 Va. 15, 19 (1967) (“Having
concluded that a State employee may be held liable for negligent conduct, we must conclude that
a State employee may be held liable for intentional torts.”). “The justification for this basic rule
is that a person is responsible for the legal consequences of torts committed by that person.”
Restatement (Third) of Agency, supra, § 7.01 cmt. b. “The injury suffered by the victim of a tort
- 10 - is the same regardless of whether the tortfeasor acted independently or happened to be acting as
an agent or employee of another person.” Id.
In short, we find no error in the trial court’s decision denying Devine’s motions to strike
and refusing to set aside the jury’s verdict on Kiley’s fraud-in-the-inducement claim.
B. Devine’s proffered jury instruction (Assignments of Error 2-3)
Devine also assigns error to the trial court’s decision declining to give his proposed Jury
Instruction A. “A trial court’s decision whether to grant or refuse a proposed jury instruction is
generally subject to appellate review for abuse of discretion.” Commonwealth v. Richard, 300
Va. 382, 389 (2021) (quoting Howsare v. Commonwealth, 293 Va. 439, 443 (2017)). “[J]ury
instructions are proper only if supported by the evidence, and more than a scintilla of evidence is
required.” Id. (quoting Payne v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 855, 869 (2016)). The purpose of a
jury instruction is to “fully and fairly inform the jury as to the law of the case applicable to the
particular facts, and not to confuse them.” Gaalaas ex rel. Gaalaas v. Morrison, 233 Va. 148,
156 (1987) (quoting Southers v. Price, 211 Va. 469, 473 (1971)).
Devine’s proposed jury instruction, based on the text of Code § 13.1-1019, would have
instructed the jury that he could not be held personally liable for the liabilities of a limited
liability company “solely” because of his being a member or agent of the company:
No member, manager, organizer or other agent of a limited liability company, regardless of whether the limited liability company has a single member or multiple members, shall have any personal obligation for any liabilities of a limited liability company, whether such liabilities arise in contract, tort or otherwise, solely by reason of being a member, manager, organizer or agent of a limited liability company.
We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision not to grant that instruction.
The parties’ dialogue during the charging conference made clear that Kiley was not claiming that
Devine was vicariously liable because of his membership in or work for US Financial. Rather,
- 11 - Kiley claimed that Devine was directly liable for his own intentionally tortious conduct. The
court properly instructed the jury that it could find for Kiley only if he “proved by clear and
convincing evidence,” among other things, that “Devine misrepresented a material fact . . .
intentionally and knowingly.” (Emphasis added.) Devine does not question the correctness of
that instruction. Because there was no suggestion that Devine’s liability could be merely
derivative of US Financial’s, “[t]here was not more than a scintilla of evidence,” Richard, 300
Va. at 391, to support the no-vicarious-liability instruction. Indeed, it would have risked
confusing the jury about the law that applied to the case. Gaalaas, 233 Va. at 156. Accordingly,
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to give Devine’s instruction.
CONCLUSION
The evidence sufficed for the jury to find by clear and convincing evidence that Devine
defrauded Kiley out of $499,000. The jury was properly instructed that it had to base that
finding on Devine’s own misrepresentations. Thus, the trial court did not err when it denied
Devine’s motions to strike and his motion to set aside the verdict.
Affirmed.
- 12 -