Ronald Bernard Andrews v. State

• Court: Court of Appeals of Georgia
• Decided: June 2, 2014
• Docket: A12A1874
• Status: Published

Opinion

THIRD DIVISION MILLER, RAY and BRANCH, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/

June 2, 2014

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A12A1874. ANDREWS v. THE STATE.

MILLER, Judge.

In Andrews v. State, 320 Ga. App. 816 (739 SE2d 445) (2013), we affirmed the

denial of Ronald Bernard Andrews’s motion to withdraw his 2003 guilty plea to rape,

aggravated assault, two counts of burglary, theft by taking and three counts of

robbery, finding that, by pleading guilty to all eight counts, Andrews waived the issue

of whether the burglary and robbery counts merged. Id. at 819-820 (2). We also held

that Andrews failed to show that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance. Id.

at 817-819 (1).

The Supreme Court of Georgia granted certiorari and vacated our decision in

Andrews v. State, 2013 Ga. LEXIS 703 (Case No. S13C1143, decided September 9,

2013). The Supreme Court also remanded with direction for this Court to consider this case in light of Nazario v. State, 293 Ga. 480 (746 SE2d 109) (2013), which held

that a conviction which merges with another conviction is void, a sentence imposed

on such a conviction is illegal and entry of a guilty plea does not waive a defendant’s

claim that a conviction merged as a matter of law or fact. Accordingly, we now

consider whether the trial court erred in (1) finding that the duplicitous counts in

Andrews’s indictment did not merge for sentencing purposes, and (2) refusing to

allow Andrews to withdraw his plea because his plea counsel rendered ineffective

assistance.1

After sentencing, “a guilty plea may only be withdrawn if the defendant

establishes that such withdrawal is necessary to correct a manifest injustice —

ineffective assistance of counsel or an involuntary or unknowingly entered guilty

plea.” (Footnote omitted.) Wilson v. State, 302 Ga. App. 433, 434 (1) (691 SE2d 308)

(2010). The trial court is the final arbiter of all factual issues raised by the evidence,

1 Andrews also contends that the trial court erred in refusing to recognize as a pleading his letter requesting that he be allowed to withdraw his guilty plea, and the trial court erred in finding that he was represented by counsel when he filed his pro se motion to withdraw his guilty plea. We find that these enumerations of error are moot because the trial court did in fact consider the letter as a pro se motion to withdraw Andrews’s guilty plea and, furthermore, considered the merits of the pro se motion.

2 and its refusal to allow a withdrawal will not be disturbed absent a manifest abuse of

discretion. See Lawton v. State, 285 Ga. App. 45, 46 (645 SE2d 571) (2007).

The record shows that in July 2003, Andrews was charged by indictment with

rape (OCGA § 16-6-1 (a) (1) (2003)), aggravated assault (OCGA § 16-5-21 (a)

(2003)), two counts of burglary (OCGA § 16-7-1 (a) (2003)), theft by taking (OCGA

§ 16-8-2 (2003)), and three counts of robbery (OCGA § 16-8-40 (a) (2003)). On

November 18, 2003, Andrews entered a non-negotiated guilty plea to each count. The

trial court sentenced Andrews to twenty years to serve concurrently on the burglary,

aggravated assault, and robbery charges (Counts 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7); ten years to serve

concurrently on the theft by taking charge (Count 8); and life in prison on the rape

charge (Count 3).

On December 19, 2003, in the same term of court in which he was sentenced,2

Andrews filed a pro se letter to the Clerk and District Attorney stating that he wished

to withdraw his plea on the grounds of misrepresentation and ineffectiveness of

counsel. Following an evidentiary hearing, the trial court found that Andrews’s letter

2 Andrews was sentenced on November 18, 2003, in the November term of court for the Cobb County Superior Court. See OCGA § 15-6-3 (11) (2003) (defining terms for Cobb Circuit). He filed his pro se motion to withdraw his plea on December 19, 2003, within that same term.

3 should be construed as a motion to withdraw his guilty plea.3 The trial court entered

an order denying Andrews’s motion.

The trial court found that the two burglary counts (Count 1 and 2), and the

three robbery counts (Counts 5, 6 and 7) should have merged, but the merger issue

was waived due to Andrews entering a plea. The trial court also found that the

sentence imposed was not void because Andrews was sentenced to twenty years on

the burglary, robbery and aggravated assault counts (Counts 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7), and

the 20-year sentences on those counts did not exceed the maximum permitted under

Georgia law.

1. Andrews contends that the trial court erred in refusing to allow him to

withdraw his plea because his counsel rendered ineffective assistance during the plea

hearing. Specifically, Andrews argues that his counsel did not prepare him to enter

a plea.4 We do not agree.

3 The trial court had jurisdiction to entertain Andrews’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea, even though the hearing on the motion was not held until several years after the term of court in which Andrews entered his plea, because Andrews filed the motion within the mandated time frame, and the State had adequate notice of the motion. See McKiernan v. State, 286 Ga. 756, 759 (692 SE2d 340) (2010); Watson v. State, 307 Ga. App. 839, 840 (1) (706 SE2d 194) (2011). 4 Because we address the issue of merger in Division 2 below, we need not address Andrews’s additional argument that trial counsel was deficient in failing to

4 “When the validity of a guilty plea is challenged, the [S]tate bears the burden

of showing affirmatively from the record that the defendant offered his plea

knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily.” (Punctuation omitted.) Terrell v. State, 274

Ga. App. 539, 540 (2) (618 SE2d 175) (2005). Since Andrews based his motion to

withdraw his plea on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, he had the burden

of showing that “counsel was deficient, and in the absence of that deficiency, there

was a reasonable probability that he would have insisted on a trial, rather than

pleading guilty.” (Citation omitted.) James v. State, 309 Ga. App. 721, 722 (2) (710

SE2d 905) (2011); Sims v. State, 299 Ga. App. 698, 700 (1) (683 SE2d 668) (2009).

“A trial court’s determination that an accused has not been denied effective assistance

of counsel will be affirmed unless that determination is clearly erroneous.” (Citation

and punctuation omitted.) Sims, supra, 299 Ga. App. at 700 (1).

The plea hearing transcript shows that the State met its burden of proving that

Andrews’s non-negotiated plea was knowingly and voluntarily entered. Notably, the

State laid a factual basis for each crime to which Andrews entered a guilty plea.

Moreover, the record shows that Andrews’s counsel informed Andrews of his rights

and explained them to him, and Andrews testified under oath that he was not under

properly advise him about the potential merger of the charged offenses.

5 the influence of drugs or alcohol, he had never been under the care of a psychiatrist

or psychologist, he had gone to three years of college, he understood the charges in

the indictment, and he understood the rights he was waiving by entering a guilty plea.

Andrews further testified that he understood the maximum sentences for the charged

offenses, no promises or threats were made in exchange for his plea, he had conferred

with counsel about the case and was satisfied with his counsel’s services, and he was

in fact guilty of the charged crimes.

At the hearing on the motion to withdraw plea, Andrews’s counsel testified that

he discussed the possibility of a plea with Andrews; explained the ramifications of

entering a non-negotiated plea to Andrews; advised Andrews that he would have to

register as a sex offender if he pled guilty to rape; advised Andrews of his

constitutional rights and the minimum and maximum sentence he faced if he entered

a plea; and advised Andrews that he had three options — a negotiated plea, a non-

negotiated plea or going to trial.

Andrews admitted at the hearing on his motion to withdraw his plea that before

he entered his plea he executed a written plea questionnaire, which set out the

minimum and maximum sentence, and his counsel told him at that time that the

maximum possible sentence was life plus 140 years, and a fine of up to $800,000.

6 Moreover, the transcript of Andrews’s plea hearing shows that he was advised of and

understood the maximum sentence and fine he faced upon entering his plea. Although

Andrews provided some conflicting testimony at the hearing, the trial court was

authorized to credit trial counsel’s testimony over Andrews’s self-serving statements.

See Jones v. State, 287 Ga. 270, 272 (695 SE2d 271) (2010); Gower v. State, 313 Ga.

App. 635, 637 (722 SE2d 383) (2012). Thus, Andrews failed to carry his burden of

proving that trial counsel was deficient in preparing him to enter his plea.

2. Andrews contends that the trial court erred in finding that the duplicitous

counts in his indictment did not merge for sentencing purposes. For the reasons that

follow, we agree in part.

Where, as here, the merger issues arise in a guilty plea case, this Court is

limited to finding error, as in all cases, based on the record. . . . While a defendant does not waive consideration of merger issues by pleading guilty, his guilty plea does waive the expansion of the factual record that occurs with a trial. The practical effect of that waiver will usually mean that he cannot establish (and the court cannot discern) that any of his convictions merged, particularly as a matter of fact, based on the limited record.

Nazario, supra, 293 Ga. at 488 (2) (d). Accordingly, we look to the limited record in

this case, and in determining whether one crime merges with another,

7 we apply the required evidence test set forth in Drinkard v. Walker, 281 Ga. 211 (636 SE2d 530) (2006). Under that test, we examine whether each offense requires proof of a fact which the other does not.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Thomas v. State, 292 Ga. 429, 433 (4) (738 SE2d

571) (2013).

Here, the limited record from Andrews’s guilty plea hearing shows that on the

afternoon of May 24, 2003 the victim was working in the store she owned in a

shopping center in Cobb County. As the victim was closing up the store, Andrews

came through the back door of the store carrying an 18-inch-long black metal

“Maglite” flashlight. Andrews asked the victim to take him to the money. The victim

gave Andrews the money in the cash register, along with the money from her wallet

and her check card. Andrews then instructed the victim to take her pants off, and the

victim complied. The victim began to struggle with Andrews, however, when he also

asked her to take off her panties.

Andrews hit the victim in the head with the flashlight multiple times, causing

a laceration to her head that required stitches. Andrews then picked up the victim,

slammed her to floor, and began choking her. At that point, the victim stopped

fighting because she did not want to die. When Andrews was unable to get an

8 erection, he began masturbating himself while he told the victim that he had seen her

around the shopping center and had been wanting to get with her. When Andrews

finally got an erection, he forcibly raped her. When he finished, Andrews got up, took

the victim’s car keys, got into her car and left.

a. Burglary (Counts 1 & 2)

The trial court found, and the State concedes, that Andrews’s burglary

convictions should have merged because both counts charged Andrews with entering

the same building without authority on the same date with intent to commit a felony

— theft (Count 1) and rape (Count 2). Accordingly, only one burglary occurred and

the trial court erred in failing to merge Counts 1 and 2 for sentencing purposes. In so

holding, we note that the trial court found that these offenses effectively merged

because the trial court imposed only one 20-year sentence on Andrews’s convictions

for burglary (Counts 1 & 2), aggravated assault (Count 4) and Robbery (Counts 5, 6

and 7). See Zachary v. State, 241 Ga. App. 722, 723 (1) (527 SE2d 601) (2000)

(holding that trial court apparently merged two robbery offenses before sentencing,

as it imposed only one 20-year sentence). Nevertheless, because these convictions

merge as a matter of law, Andrews’s sentence was illegal and we must remand for

resentencing. See Nazario, supra, 293 Ga. at 492 (3) (d).

9 b. Aggravated Assault with Intent to Rape (Count 4).5

Count 4 of Andrews’s indictment charged him with aggravated assault with

intent to rape based on his act of striking the victim in the head with a flashlight.

Contrary to Andrews’s contention, the aggravated assault did not merge with his rape

conviction (Count 3) because the aggravated assault was complete before the rape and

it involved a separate and distinct act of force outside of the force necessary to

accomplish the rape.

Notably, the record shows that the crime of aggravated assault based on

Andrews’s actions in hitting the victim in the head with the flashlight was complete

well before he raped the victim. Moreover, Andrews cannot show based on the

limited record that the force used to prove the rape was the same force used to prove

the aggravated assault, because the record shows that, after he hit the victim in the

head, Andrews picked her up, slammed her to the floor and choked her. The record

also shows that Andrews was unable to get an erection and had to masturbate himself

5 A person commits the offense of rape when he has forcible carnal knowledge of a female against her will. OCGA § 16-6-1 (a) (1) (2003). A person commits the offense of aggravated assault when he assaults with intent to rape. OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (1) (2003). The underlying assault can occur where, as here, the defendant commits an act which places another in reasonable apprehension of immediately receiving a violent injury. OCGA § 16-5-20 (a) (2) (2003).

10 before he forcibly raped the victim. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in failing

to merge the aggravated assault conviction. See Williams v. State, 295 Ga. App. 9, 14-

15 (2) (b) (670 SE2d 828) (2008) (affirming trial court’s refusal to merge aggravated

assault with intent to rape into rape conviction where aggravated assault involved

separate and distinct acts of force).

c. Robbery (Counts 5, 6, and 7)

Andrews was charged with three counts of robbery by intimidation based on

his taking from the victim’s person her cash (Count 5), her check card (Count 6) and

her car keys (Count 7). Here, the record shows that Andrews’s actions in taking the

victim’s cash and check card occurred simultaneously. Accordingly, the trial court

erred in failing to merge Counts 5 and 6 for sentencing purposes. See Woods v. State,

209 Ga. App. 604, 606 (2) (434 SE2d 146) (1993) (trial court erred in sentencing

defendant for two counts of theft by taking where the offenses were committed at the

same time and place and were parts of one continuous criminal act).

Andrews cannot show that his conviction for robbery by intimidation based on

taking the victim’s car keys (Count 7) merged, however, because the record shows

that this offense was not part of his initial actions in taking the victim’s cash and

check card. Notably, Andrews did not take the victim’s car keys until after he

11 assaulted the victim with the flashed light, slammed her to the floor, choked her and

forcibly raped her. See Jones v. State, 279 Ga. 854, 857-858 (3) (622 SE2d 1) (2005)

(offenses were based on two distinct acts of taking occurring at different times).

Accordingly, the trial court did not err in failing to merge Count 7.

d. Theft by Taking (Count 8)

Count 8 charged Andrews with unlawfully taking the victim’s Honda CRV

with the intention of depriving her of said property. Here, Andrews cannot show as

a matter of fact that his theft by taking conviction merged with his conviction for

robbery based on his act of taking the victim’s car keys because the two offenses were

based on two distinct acts occurring at different times in different locations. Notably,

Andrews took the victim’s car keys from her immediate presence after he raped her.

Andrews then went outside of the store and took the victim’s car. Consequently, the

trial court did not err in failing to merge Andrews’s conviction for theft by taking. See

Jones, supra, 279 Ga. at 857-858 (3) (defendant’s theft of car outside apartment after

he took keys from victim was a separate unauthorized taking which occurred outside

victim’s immediate presence).

In sum, we hold that Andrews’s convictions for burglary (Counts 1 and 2) and

his convictions for Robbery by Intimidation (Counts 5 and 6) merged. Accordingly,

12 we vacate Andrews’s convictions for one burglary count (Count 2) and one count of

robbery by intimidation (Count 6) and remand for resentencing. We affirm Andrews’s

remaining convictions because the remaining counts did not merge and Andrews

failed to show that his trial counsel was deficient in preparing him to enter his plea.

Judgment affirmed in part, vacated in part and case remanded. Branch, J.,

concurs. Ray, J., concurs fully in Divisions 1, 2 (a) and 2 (d) and in the judgment only

in Divisions 2 (b) and 2 (c).