COURT OF APPEALS SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS FORT WORTH
NO. 02-12-00362-CV
RONALD B. "BUD" FORMAN, ARBORS APPELLANTS DEVELOPMENT, LLC, AND THE ROSEBUD DEVELOPMENT, LTD.
V.
CLASSIC CENTURY HOMES, LTD. APPELLEE
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FROM THE 67TH DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY TRIAL COURT NO. 67-233602-08
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MEMORANDUM OPINION1
I. Introduction
In three issues, Appellants Ronald B. “Bud” Forman; Arbors Development,
LLC; and The Rosebud Development, Ltd. (collectively, the Developers) appeal
1 See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4. the trial court’s Modified Final Judgment. We will affirm in part and reverse and
remand in part.
II. Procedural Background and Statement of Facts
The Developers entered into two contracts, Phase I and Phase II, with
Appellee Classic Century Homes, Inc. (Classic) regarding residential lots located
within the Rosebud Development. The Phase I contract was signed August 16,
2002, and required Classic to purchase sixty-four single-family lots according to a
set schedule, referred to as a “Takedown Schedule.” The Phase II contract was
signed August 31, 2005, and required Classic to purchase forty-three additional
lots as set forth in a second Takedown Schedule. The Phase II contract also
required Classic to pay interest as set forth in the contract and all ad valorem
taxes, prorated from the date of the initial “Closing” to each respective purchase
date.2 Instead of purchasing forty-three lots by the required date of May 27,
2007, under the Phase II Takedown Schedule, Classic purchased only twenty
lots and did not pay the interest or ad valorem taxes on the remaining
unpurchased twenty-three lots.
In addition, at closing, the Phase II contract required Classic to “reimburse”
the Developers $1,915.00 per lot for prepaid water taps or a “capital
improvement fee.” Therefore, for each of the Phase II lots purchased by Classic,
2 The contract stipulated that “the purchase and sale of the Lots shall be closed in separate transactions . . . .”
2 it paid the capital improvement fee to the Developers.3 However, in mid-2008
Classic learned that the Developers had not paid all the Phase II capital
improvement fees. In response, the Developers explained that (1) it was the
general course of business of the Developers to pay the fees when Classic was
ready to begin construction, (2) it was against the water district’s policy to allow a
developer to reserve a water meter for each specific lot, and (3) the district
limited the number of meters that could be reserved at one time based on
availability. The record does not contain an explanation of why then there was a
“prepaid” provision in the contract.
In connection with borrowing money from the bank to purchase each lot
under Phase I and Phase II, which included the capital improvement fee, a HUD-
1 Settlement Statement was furnished to the bank. In each Settlement
Statement, the Developers asserted that the capital improvement fee had been
paid. However, in what the Developers asserted was their general course of
business, it did not pay a fee for each lot but instead paid for a group of lots and
then applied the fee to individual lots as builders began construction. According
to Classic, the Developers did not disclose this methodology. Consequently,
twenty-five of the lots’ capital improvement fees had not been paid and as a
result, those fees would have to be paid “again” in order for Classic to begin
building.
3 Classic paid a total of $19,150 for the prepaid water meters under the Phase II contract.
3 As a result of its paying capital improvement fees that had in fact not been
paid, Classic sued the Developers on October 28, 2008,4 asserting breach of
contract and fraud, among other causes of action. The Developers
counterclaimed for Classic’s failure to purchase all of the lots agreed to pursuant
to the Takedown Schedules. After a trial to the bench, with findings of fact and
conclusions of law made, the trial court awarded compensatory and exemplary
damages to Classic and a take nothing judgment as to the Developers’
counterclaim. This appeal resulted.
III. Trial to the Bench and Evidentiary Sufficiency Challenges
A trial court’s findings of fact have the same force and dignity as a jury’s
answers to jury questions and are reviewable for legal and factual sufficiency of
the evidence to support them by the same standards. Catalina v. Blasdel, 881
S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex. 1994); Anderson v. City of Seven Points, 806 S.W.2d
791, 794 (Tex. 1991); see also MBM Fin. Corp. v. Woodlands Operating Co., 292
S.W.3d 660, 663 n.3 (Tex. 2009).
We may sustain a legal sufficiency challenge only when (1) the record
discloses a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (2) the court is barred
by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to
prove a vital fact, (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a
mere scintilla, or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of a vital
4 The Second Amended Petition was the live pleading at trial.
4 fact. Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. v. Martinez, 977 S.W.2d 328, 334 (Tex. 1998),
cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1040 (1999); Robert W. Calvert, “No Evidence” and
“Insufficient Evidence” Points of Error, 38 Tex. L. Rev. 361, 362–63 (1960). In
determining whether there is legally sufficient evidence to support the finding
under review, we must consider evidence favorable to the finding if a reasonable
fact-finder could and disregard evidence contrary to the finding unless a
reasonable fact-finder could not. Cent. Ready Mix Concrete Co. v. Islas, 228
S.W.3d 649, 651 (Tex. 2007); City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 807, 827
(Tex. 2005).
Any ultimate fact may be proved by circumstantial evidence. Russell v.
Russell, 865 S.W.2d 929, 933 (Tex. 1993). A fact is established by
circumstantial evidence when the fact may be fairly and reasonably inferred from
other facts proved in the case. Id. However, to withstand a legal sufficiency
challenge, circumstantial evidence still must consist of more than a scintilla.
Blount v. Bordens, Inc., 910 S.W.2d 931, 933 (Tex. 1995).
When reviewing an assertion that the evidence is factually insufficient to
support a finding, we set aside the finding only if, after considering and weighing
all of the evidence in the record pertinent to that finding, we determine that the
credible evidence supporting the finding is so weak, or so contrary to the
overwhelming weight of all the evidence, that the answer should be set aside and
a new trial ordered. Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex. 1986)
5 (op. on reh’g); Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986); Garza v. Alviar,
395 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex. 1965).
IV. Laches
In its first issue, the Developers assert that Classic’s claims are barred by
the doctrine of laches and by the contractual provision that all representations by
either party only survive the contract by one year.
To prevail on the affirmative defense of laches in this case, the Developers
had to show that (1) Classic had a legal or equitable right and unreasonably
delayed in asserting that right, and (2) the Developers suffered harm as a result
of the delay. Frequent Flyer Depot, Inc. v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 281 S.W.3d 215,
229 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. denied) (citing Rogers v. Ricane
Enterprises, Inc., 772 S.W.2d 76, 80 (Tex. 1989)); see also City of Fort Worth v.
Johnson, 388 S.W.2d 400, 403 (Tex. 1964).
As to the first prong, the Developers assert that there was an
“unreasonable delay” between Classic entering into the Phase I contract in 2002
and the filing of the suit in 2008. However, the evidence shows that Classic did
not discover the nonpayment of the water tap fees until mid-2008, not 2002, and
filed suit shortly thereafter. Condom Sense, Inc. v. Alshalabi, 390 S.W.3d 734,
758 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.) (holding in a trademark infringement case
that the period of laches began when the owner of the mark had knowledge of
the allegedly infringing use). Because there was no unreasonable delay by
Classic in asserting its rights, this argument is without merit.
6 The Developers next seem to argue that the complaints regarding the
Phase I contract were not raised until the Second Amended Original Petition and
that the “delay” was the time between the filing of the Original Petition and this
second pleading. However, both the Original Petition and Classic’s demand
letter identified the lots in which the fees had not been paid; rather, the error was
in failing to recognize that some of those lots were under the Phase I Contract.
This distinction, however, is immaterial; because once the lots are specified, then
they are easily identified and there would be no difficulty in ascertaining whether
the capital improvement fees had been paid.
The Developers also assert that is was
unable to adequately prepare a defense or ascertain the true facts being used against them . . . [in that they] prepared for and presented this case under the justified presumption that [Classic] had erroneously included properties governed by the Phase I Contract in its pleaded claims on the Phase II Contract.
This assertion is again without merit because Classic specifically identified the
lots in the original petition, just not whether they were designated in Phase I or
Phase II.
The Developers lastly argue that had Classic initially complained about the
Developers’ methodology regarding the capital improvement fees, it “would no
doubt stand before this Court in a much different position today for they would
not have been subjected to a breach of contract or fraud claim.” Again, the
record demonstrates that Classic was unaware of the Developers’ methodology
until after it entered into the Phase II contract. As such, Classic could not have
7 questioned the methodology before then and, in fact, filed suit shortly after the
discovery. The evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support a finding of
laches under these facts. This portion of the Developers’ first issue is overruled.
The Developers next assert that the language in the contract limited the
survival of any and all complaints about the contract, including the prepaid fee
methodology, to a period of one year after Closing,5 and therefore, Classic’s
claims are time barred. This assertion however was not pleaded nor brought
forth at trial and hence is not preserved for our review. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1.
The final portion of Developers’ first issue is overruled.
V. Exemplary Damages
In the Developers’ second issue, they assert that there was not clear and
convincing evidence of fraudulent inducement to warrant the award of exemplary
damages to Classic.
A. Clear and Convincing Evidence and Sufficiency of that Evidence
Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof that will
produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of
the allegations sought to be established. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.
§ 41.001(2) (West 2008); Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 101.007 (West 2014); U-Haul
Int’l, Inc. v. Waldrip, 380 S.W.3d 118, 137 (Tex. 2012); State v. K.E.W., 315
5 Each contract contained a limitation clause providing that “[a]ll representations, warranties[,] and covenants and agreements made by Seller and Purchaser herein shall survive the Closings for a period of one year only.”
8 S.W.3d 16, 20 (Tex. 2010). This intermediate standard of proof falls between the
preponderance standard of proof of most civil proceedings and the reasonable
doubt standard of proof of most criminal proceedings. In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d
846, 847 (Tex. 1980); State v. Addington, 588 S.W.2d 569, 570 (Tex. 1979).
While the proof must be of a heavier weight than merely the greater weight of the
credible evidence, there is no requirement that the evidence be unequivocal or
undisputed. Addington, 588 S.W.2d at 570.
We review all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding.
Waldrip, 380 S.W.3d at 138; Columbia Med. Ctr. Of Las Colinas, Inc. v. Hogue,
271 S.W.3d 238, 248 (Tex. 2008). We resolve any disputed facts in favor of the
finding if a reasonable fact-finder could have done so, and we disregard evidence
contrary to the finding unless a reasonable fact-finder could not. K.E.W., 315
S.W.3d at 20; Hogue, 271 S.W.3d at 248. That is, we consider undisputed
evidence even if it is contrary to the finding. Hogue, 271 S.W.3d at 248;
Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 817.
The fact-finder, not this court, is the sole judge of the credibility and
demeanor of the witnesses. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 346 (Tex. 2009). We
must not supplant the trial court’s judgment with our own. In re H.R.M., 209
S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2008); see also Barker v. Eckman, 213 S.W.3d 306, 314
(Tex. 2006).
Evidence that merely exceeds a scintilla is not legally sufficient. K.E.W.,
315 S.W.3d at 20. In evaluating the evidence for factual sufficiency, we
9 determine whether, on the entire record, a fact-finder could reasonably form a
firm conviction or belief that its finding was true. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at
108. If we determine that no reasonable fact-finder could form a firm belief or
conviction that its finding was true, then we must conclude that the evidence is
legally insufficient. Diamond Shamrock Ref. Co. v. Hall, 168 S.W.3d 164, 170
(Tex. 2005) (op. on reh’g); Sw. Bell Tel. Co. v. Garza, 164 S.W.3d 607, 627 (Tex.
2004).
B. Fraudulent Inducement
Texas law has long imposed a duty to abstain from inducing another to
enter into a contract using fraudulent misrepresentations. Formosa Plastics v.
Presidio Eng’rs, 960 S.W.2d 41, 46 (Tex. 1998). It is well established that the
legal duty not to fraudulently procure a contract is separate and independent
from the duties established by the contract itself. Id. Prior decisions also clearly
establish that tort damages are not precluded simply because a fraudulent
representation causes only an economic loss. Id. at 47. Accordingly, tort
damages are recoverable for a fraudulent inducement claim irrespective of
whether the fraudulent representations are later subsumed in a contract, or
whether the plaintiff only suffers an economic loss related to the subject matter of
the contract. Id.
To prevail on a claim for fraudulent inducement and avoid application of
the economic loss rule, a claimant must prove by clear and convincing evidence
that (1) the defendant made a material representation; (2) the representation was
10 false; (3) at the time the representation was made, the defendant either knew it
was false or made it recklessly without any knowledge of the truth and as a
positive assertion; (4) the defendant made the representation with the intent that
the claimant would act upon it; (5) the claimant relied on the representation; and
(6) the claimant suffered damages as a result. See Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd.
v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 341 S.W.3d 323, 338 (Tex. 2011); Aquaplex Inc. v.
Rancho La Valencia, Inc., 297 S.W.3d 768, 774 (Tex. 2009) (per curiam). The
fraudulent inducement elements are similar to the elements of statutory fraud
involving real estate, which are:
(a) Fraud in a transaction involving real estate or stock in a corporation or joint stock company consists of a
(1) false representation of a past or existing material fact, when the false representation is
(A) made to a person for the purpose of inducing that person to enter into a contract; and
(B) relied on by that person in entering into that contract.
Tex. Bus & Com. Code Ann. § 27.01(a) (West 2009).
The record does not contain any evidence that the Developers would
prepay the capital improvement fees for the lots purchased under the Phase 1
contract, and in fact, the disclaimer previously set forth is of the opposite intent
under the contract.6 The only evidence regarding the prepayment of fees is a
6 The Phase I contract contained an expressed disclaimer of any representations with respect to the availability or any existence of water, sewer, or utilities.
11 statement in the HUD-1 Settlement Statement that those fees had been paid.
This representation, however, was made to the lending bank after the execution
of the Phase I contract and was not made to Classic. See Valsangiacomo v. Am.
Juice Imp., Inc., 35 S.W.3d 201, 209 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2000, no pet.)
Further, no evidence was presented that this representation was made with the
intent that Classic would rely on it, and as a result, we hold that the evidence is
legally and factually insufficient to support a finding of fraudulent inducement as
to the Phase I contract. As such, the first portion of the Developers’ second
issue is sustained.
However, the same is not true of the lots purchased under the Phase II
contract, which required Classic to pay the Developers at closing for “prepaid
water taps.” Turning to the elements of fraudulent inducement previously set
forth, we hold that (1) the Developers made a material representation when they
asserted that the expense charged to Classic was to cover the fees for water
taps already paid by the Developers, which for all forty-three lots would be
potentially in excess of $82,000.00—an amount which certainly constitutes a
significant amount of money and a material term, (2) this representation was
false because the water taps were not previously paid, (3) since it was the
Developers who were supposed to have paid the fees, they were in a position to
know that these fees had not been paid at the time they made the assertion, (4)
the Developers received the money from Classic for the supposed prepaid
capital improvement fees, demonstrating their intent that Classic rely on the
12 representation, which it did by paying the fees, and (5) these actions by the
Developers caused damages to Classic when Classic later had to pay the fees a
second time because they had not been previously paid. We hold that the
evidence meets the clear and convincing standard as to all elements of the
fraudulent inducement claim and as to statutory fraud in real estate transactions.
We therefore sustain the Developers’ second issue with respect to the lots
referenced in the Phase I contract and overrule the Developers’ second issue
with respect to the lots referenced in the Phase II contract.
VI. Counterclaim
In their final issue, the Developers assert error on the part of the trial court
by denying their claim for breach of contract against Classic because they
conclusively established that breach with respect to the Phase II contract.
There is no question that Classic breached the Phase II contract as it was
originally entered into. Classic agreed to purchase forty-three residential lots
according to five transactions set forth in the Takedown Schedule, and Classic
did not meet the schedule. Classic purchased only twenty lots. The question,
however, is whether the contract was enforceable when breached. Paragraph 5
of the Phase II contract states that “[a]s a condition to keeping this contract in
effect, [Classic] shall deposit earnest money (“Earnest Money”) in the amount
of . . . ($43,000.00) with [the Developers] within five (5) days of the start of
construction.” Classic never deposited any money. The contract also has
language concerning “Substantial Completion” of the lots, which in part states
13 “that water and sewer taps are available to each of the Lots subject to the
payment of all tap-in fees . . . the payment of which is the obligation of the
Purchaser.” Forman acknowledged at trial that having water to the lots was a
condition of substantial completion because no builder wanted to buy lots that he
could not then begin building upon. Jimmy Morrow, owner of Classic, also
testified that the subdivision would not have been substantially complete and the
lots would be worthless to the builder without water. Closing was predicated on
substantial completion of the lots, which did not occur.
Therefore, the Developers failed to prove that they had performed their
obligations under the contract with respect to substantial completion, and Classic
had not performed its obligation with respect to payment of the earnest money.
In order to recover for breach of contract, the Developers were required to prove
that they had actually performed. See McLaughlin, Inc. v. Northstar Drilling
Techs., Inc., 138 S.W.3d 24, 27 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, no pet.). A
breach of reciprocal promises in a contract by one party excuses performance by
the other party. Shaw v. Kennedy, Ltd., 879 S.W.2d 240, 247 (Tex. App.—
Amarillo 1994). A party that has breached the contract itself cannot then insist
on performance by the other party. Mustang Pipeline Co., Inc. v. Driver Pipeline
Co., Inc., 134 S.W.3d 195, 196 (Tex. 2004); E. Friedman & Assocs., Inc., 412
S.W.3d 561, 565 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2013, no pet.). Nor can a party in breach
recover damages for a subsequent breach of the agreement by the other party.
Green v. A.R. Clark Inv. Co., 363 S.W.2d 802, 815 (Tex. Civ. App.—Fort Worth
14 1962), rev’d on other grounds, 375 S.W.2d 425 (Tex. 1964); Colorado Interstate
Gas Co. v. Hunt Energy Corp., 47 S.W.3d 1, 9–10 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2000,
pet. denied). Furthermore, a party in breach may not set up a subsequent
breach by the other party to provide relief from its own breach. Mead v. Johnson
Group, Inc., 615 S.W.2d 685, 689 (Tex. 1981). Therefore, the Developers had
already breached the contract by not substantially completing the lots when
Classic breached by failing to pay the earnest money.
Further, as a general rule, a contract procured by fraud is not void but
voidable by the defrauded party. Formosa Plastics Corp., 960 S.W.2d at 46. A
contract that is voidable because it was the product of fraud remains enforceable
and is voided only if the defrauded party proves a right to avoid the contract and
chooses to do so. Harris v. Archer, 134 S.W.3d 411, 428 (Tex. App.—Amarillo
2004, pet. denied); see Swain v. Wiley College, 74 S.W.3d 143, 146 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2002, no pet.). In this sense, fraudulent inducement is properly
characterized as a valid defense to enforcement of a contract. Williams v. Glash,
789 S.W.2d 261, 264 (Tex. 1990); see McLernon v. Dynegy, Inc., 347 S.W.3d
315, 328 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.).
Thus, once a defrauded party discovers the fraud, he is entitled to the
choice of his remedies: “He may stand to the bargain and recover damages for
the fraud, or he may rescind the contract, and return the thing bought, and
receive back what he paid.” Fortune Prod. Co. v. Conoco, Inc., 52 S.W.3d 671,
676–77 (Tex. 2000) (citing Dallas Farm Mach. Co. v. Reaves, 307 S.W.2d 233,
15 238–39 (Tex. 1957)). If a party induced by fraud to enter into a voidable
agreement engages in conduct that recognizes the agreement as subsisting and
binding after the party has become aware of the fraud, the party thereby ratifies
the agreement and waives any right to assert the fraud as basis to avoid the
agreement. Harris, 134 S.W.3d at 427 (emphasis added) (citing Rosenbaum v.
Texas Bldg. & Mortg. Co., 167 S.W.2d 506, 508 (Tex. 1943)). Here, Classic filed
suit shortly after discovering the water tap fee misrepresentation and did not
proceed under the contract; thus, Classic did not waive its rights to a legal
damage remedy.
Therefore, we hold that the contract was unenforceable as to the
Developers’ counterclaim and overrule their third issue.
VII. Conclusion
Although the exemplary damages could have been awarded based solely
on the fraudulent inducement as to the Phase II contract, they could also have
been based on Classic’s argument that it had to borrow an additional $50,000 to
prepay the fees for lots under both the Phase I and Phase II contracts.7 Thus,
although we have found that the fraud finding is supported by sufficient evidence
as to Phase II, we must nevertheless remand the exemplary damages award for
7 Classic argues in its brief that “Each of the settlement statements contains a false representation that the ‘water meters’ were prepaid. Based on that misrepresentation, [the Developers] caused Classic to borrow money and ‘reimburse’ for those sums which had never been paid in the amount of approximately $50,000.”
16 the trial court to determine whether that award should be reduced in light of our
holding as to Phase I. Alamo Nat. Bank v. Kraus, 616 S.W.2d 908, 910 (Tex.
1981); Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.003 (West 2008 & Supp. 2014).
We reverse the trial court’s judgment in part and remand this case to the trial
court for a recalculation of the exemplary damages only. We affirm the
remainder of the trial court’s judgment, including the take-nothing judgment as to
Developers’ counterclaim.
/s/ Bob McCoy
BOB MCCOY JUSTICE
PANEL: MCCOY and GABRIEL, JJ.; and DIXON W. HOLMAN (Senior Justice, Retired, Sitting by Assignment).
DELIVERED: December 4, 2014