FIRST DIVISION PHIPPS, C. J., ELLINGTON, P. J., and MCMILLIAN, J.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
September 29, 2014
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A14A0875; A14A0876. MAREE et al. v. ROMAR JOINT VENTURE; and vice versa.
MCMILLIAN, Judge.
ROMAR Joint Venture (“ROMAR”), by and through Bank of America, N.A.
(“BOA”) as the managing joint venturer of ROMAR, filed a petition in 2010 seeking
to dissolve ROMAR on the grounds that management was deadlocked. One of the
joint venturers, Margaret Brewster Maree, and her co-trustee J. Clifton Barlow, Jr.1
objected to dissolution and asserted various counterclaims against BOA. In Case No.
A14A0875, the Maree Parties appeal the trial court’s grant of dissolution, the
dismissal of their counterclaim for conversion, and denial of summary judgment on
their claim that BOA breached the contract by using ROMAR funds to pay its
1 We will hereinafter refer to Margaret Brewster Maree individually as “Maree” and Maree and J. Clifton Barlow, Jr. collectively as the “Maree Parties.” litigation expenses. In Case No. A14A0876, BOA cross-appeals the trial court’s
denial of its motion for summary judgment on the Maree Parties’ remaining
counterclaims and its request that ROMAR pay its litigation fees. For the reasons set
forth below, we affirm in part, reverse in part and remand for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact
and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. OCGA § 9-11-56 (c). To
prevail on a motion for summary judgment,
the moving party must show that there is no genuine dispute as to a specific material fact and that this specific fact is enough, regardless of any other facts in the case, to entitle the moving party to judgment as a matter of law. When a defendant moves for summary judgment as to an element of the case for which the plaintiff, and not the defendant, will bear the burden of proof at trial, the defendant may show that he is entitled to summary judgment either by affirmatively disproving that element of the case or by pointing to an absence of evidence in the record by which the plaintiff might carry the burden to prove that element. And if the defendant does so, the plaintiff cannot rest on his pleadings, but rather must point to specific evidence giving rise to a triable issue.
2 (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Beale v. O’Shea, 319 Ga. App. 1, 2 (735 SE2d
29) (2012). We review a grant or denial of summary judgment de novo and construe
the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant. Gwinnett Community Bank
v. Arlington Capital, LLC, 326 Ga. App. 710, 710 (757 SE2d 239) (2014). Because
this opinion addresses cross-motions for summary judgment, we will construe the
facts in favor of the non-moving party as appropriate.
With these principles in mind, the record shows that ROMAR was established
in 1971 through a joint venture agreement (the “Agreement”) by two friends who
purchased property where I-75 was to be built. Over the intervening years, their 50/50
ownership of ROMAR passed to their various relatives and their trusts. ROMAR
currently consists of seven joint venturers: the Owenby Trust (40.448% interest);
Margaret Brewster Maree, individually (10% interest); the Maree Trust2 (16.515%
interest); George LaVance Maree, Jr. (“Vance”),3 individually (10% interest); the
2 The trust created under Para. 8 (d) of the G. LaVance Maree Trust u/a 1/5/73 benefitting Margaret Brewster is referred to as the “Maree Trust.” J. Clifton Barlow and Margaret Maree are co-trustees of the Maree Trust. 3 Margaret and Vance Maree are brother and sister.
3 Vance Trust4 (“Vance Trust”) (16.515% interest); Mary Ansley Southerland
(3.261%); and Robert Frank Meaders, Jr. (3.261% interest).5
BOA itself is not a joint venturer. Rather, in its capacity as trustee of the
Owenby Trust – the joint venturer with the largest interest in ROMAR – BOA is the
managing joint venturer of ROMAR (the “Manager”). The Agreement, which requires
unanimous consent to amend, governs the responsibilities and duties of BOA as the
Manager. Specifically, the Agreement provides that
[BOA is appointed to] carry on the business of the Joint Venture and to manage and control the business and to maintain the books and records of the Joint Venture . . . [BOA] shall have full and complete authority to make any and all ordinary or routine decision regarding the business of the Joint Venture and to implement such decisions.6 [BOA] is hereby expressly authorized to take title to the Property or any interest of the
4 The trust created under Para. 8 (d) of the G. LaVance Maree Trust u/a 1/5/73 benefitting Vance Maree is referred to as the “Vance Trust.” BOA and G. LaVance Maree, Jr. are co-trustees of the Vance Trust. Vance did not respond to the Petition and is not a party to this appeal. 5 Although Southerland and Meaders responded to the Petition filed by BOA, they filed no counterclaims and did not respond to the summary judgment motions. Neither is a party to this appeal. 6 However, most other decisions relating to the joint venture, including the sale of property, are required to be made by a majority of the joint venturers in accordance with the percentage of their respective interests in ROMAR.
4 Joint Venture in the Property in [its] own name as nominee and to convey, sell, transfer, mortgage, lease, rent, assign or otherwise encumber and convey the interest of the Joint Venture in the Property upon the written consent of a majority in interest and not in numbers of the Joint Venturers. [BOA] is authorized, expressly but without limitation, to execute warranty and quitclaim deeds, contracts, leases, assignments, deeds to secure debt, notes, settlement statements, agreements, certificates and any other writing which shall be necessary to hold, manage or convey the Property.7
ROMAR currently holds two pieces of real property. The first is located in
DeKalb County, consisting of an 8,960 square-foot retail building currently leased to
a retail store with three consecutive, five-year renewal options (the “DeKalb
Property”). The second is located in Gwinnett County, consisting of a 9,468 square-
foot office building that is currently leased to a company with an annually renewable
lease for ten years (the “Gwinnett Property”).
Under the current structure of the Agreement, BOA cannot withdraw as the
Manager without unanimous, written consent to amend the Agreement. In December
2010, BOA filed its petition seeking dissolution of ROMAR on the ground that
ROMAR was in deadlock. According to BOA, the deadlock, which began over ten
7 The Agreement further provides that BOA is to be compensated for such managerial services out of the ROMAR funds.
5 years ago, was caused primarily by Vance Maree’s lack of engagement and Margaret
Maree’s intentional hostility and has resulted in lost business opportunities, increased
costs, decreased revenues, and lower enterprise value. In support of its arguments,
BOA sets forth a long history of the parties’ interactions, which we will summarize.
Maree admits that she has been “hostile” toward BOA since at least 2001,
arising out of her belief that BOA failed to adequately manage her mother’s estate8
and that it failed to properly manage ROMAR. In 2001, Maree demanded that BOA
resign from its role as the Manager of ROMAR. In response, BOA sought agreement
from the remaining joint venturers to hire Max Holstein to serve as the new manager.
All of the joint venturers agreed to this plan and gave their written consent to BOA
to retain counsel to prepare an amended Agreement accordingly. A copy of the draft
amended Agreement was circulated to the joint venturers in September 2001. Maree
did not respond for several months, at which point she stated that she would not sign
the amended Agreement because she believed that the amendment benefitted the
Owenby Trust. BOA further alleges that Vance Maree had not even opened the
package containing the amended Agreement when it contacted him in June 2002,
8 At that time, BOA was also a co-trustee of the Maree Trust, which owned a separate piece of real estate. After nearly two years of discord, BOA was eventually replaced as the co-trustee of her trust.
6 although he indicated at that time that he would sign and return it to BOA. By
February 2003, BOA had received approval from one joint venturer in 2001 and a
second in late 2002. In April 2004, at the request of Faryl Moss, Maree’s then co-
trustee, BOA faxed a copy of the amended Agreement to Moss. Ultimately, Maree
refused to sign it because she wanted to sell the properties and dissolve ROMAR.
Thereafter, in lieu of resigning, BOA sought approval from the other joint
venturers to dissolve ROMAR and liquidate its assets. By October 2005, BOA had
the consent of all the joint venturers except Maree, who did not provide her written
consent until January 2006. BOA then sought updated appraisals for the properties,
and ROMAR received a cash offer for the DeKalb County Property higher than the
joint venturers’ agreed-upon price. Although Maree had previously consented, she
objected to the sale, and it could not go forward. Only one of the three pieces of
property owned by ROMAR at that time (the “8000 Miller Court Property”) was sold
pursuant to the liquidation plan, which sale took place in June 2007. Then, in 2007,
Maree and her co-trustee changed their minds and no longer wished to pursue
dissolution and liquidation. Instead, they again demanded that BOA be replaced as
the Manager.
7 In September 2007, a meeting was held, and the joint venturers unanimously
agreed that the current Agreement and structure of ROMAR with BOA as the
Manager was no longer optimal and that a new, restated Agreement should be
prepared to allow for the installation of a new manager. The joint venturers again
agreed that Max Holstein should serve as the new manager and that he should present
a fee proposal. BOA alleges that the joint venturers also agreed at the meeting that
BOA could retain counsel and pay attorney fees out of ROMAR’s funds in order to
prepare a new amended Agreement.9
The following month, BOA circulated a proposed amended Agreement;
however, by December 2007, BOA did not receive a response from any joint venturer
other than the Owenby Trust and Moss (as the co-trustee of the Maree Trust). In
February 2008, Moss passed away, and a new co-trustee for the Maree Trust was not
in place until September 2008. In October, Maree’s counsel responded to BOA with
a completely new version of a proposed amended Agreement. In November, BOA
provided suggested changes to Maree’s proposed amended Agreement but received
9 Maree denied that the joint venturers approved the payment of attorney fees in her response to BOA’s Statement of Material Facts in Support of Summary Judgment. But in her affidavit, Maree admits that the joint venturers agreed that the Bank could retain counsel to amend the Agreement.
8 no substantive response from her counsel for several months, despite BOA’s repeated
attempts. In March 2009, BOA learned that Maree’s new co-trustee had resigned and
she was seeking a replacement.
BOA called for a meeting in April 2009, but neither Margaret nor Vance Maree
attended, nor did they respond indicating they would not attend, despite several
communications from BOA. Because action was needed with respect to the two
remaining properties’ leases, at least one of their votes was necessary to reach a
majority. Given Margaret and Vance Maree’s absence, the leases could not be voted
on. Finally, in July 2009, Maree’s counsel responded to BOA by circulating copies
of another version of the amended Agreement signed by Maree, her co-trustee, and
Holstein. None of the other joint venturers had agreed to this version. BOA and
Maree’s counsel exchanged several more revisions throughout July and August.
Following several prompts from BOA, Maree’s counsel finally responded in October
2009 that there were delays due to a change to the co-trustee of the Maree Trust and
Maree’s concerns regarding certain changes to the Agreement. By November, all but
one provision of the amended Agreement was agreed upon. BOA and Maree’s
counsel continued to discuss changes up to January 11, 2010. However, despite
9 several additional follow up inquiries from BOA, Maree’s counsel never responded
prior to BOA’s filing of the petition in December 2010.10
In addition to the foregoing, BOA also alleges that Maree was hostile in her
communications regarding BOA’s role as Manager. Maree admits that in March 2007
she responded to BOA’s request for a meeting with an e-mail stating,
Well, is the purpose of the meeting to apologize profusely for breaching its duty on ROMAR and doing nothing over the past seven years but hold a joint venture hostage to incompetent donkeys, ruining what was a perfectly good investment for the partners?
In the same e-mail, Maree asked whether the purpose of the meeting was to
“announce the wholesale removal of the list of corporate butterfingers who
repeated[ly] dropped the ball on ROMAR despite numerous warnings and calls for
such action to cease?” Maree also acknowledges that in July 2007 she sent a letter to
US Trust Management accusing BOA of mismanagement and stating that it had
10 Maree ultimately refused to sign the amended Agreement because BOA “might” be seeking a release and indemnification but was unable to point to any such language within the proposed Agreement. Maree deposed that she “assumed” there would be an indemnification but did not actually know if BOA ever circulated a version with such language.
10 “stolen hundreds of thousands of dollars over the past nine years from my family.”
Maree further admits to referring to a BOA employee as a “meathead clerk.”
After BOA petitioned for dissolution, and the Maree defendants
counterclaimed, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment, which were
heard by the trial court on October 12, 2012. On May 6, 2013, the trial court issued
an order granting BOA’s petition for dissolution and final accounting as well as
BOA’s motion for summary judgment as to Maree’s counterclaim for conversion. The
trial court denied BOA’s motion for summary judgment as to the Maree Parties’
counterclaims for breach of contract, breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing,
and breach of fiduciary duty. The trial court did not reach BOA’s request for an order
for the payment of its litigation fees out of ROMAR’s funds or BOA’s motion as to
the Maree Parties’ counterclaim for punitive damages.
In granting dissolution, the trial court relied on partnership law, first noting:
The Court may order dissolution under certain circumstances, such as where a party (1) “has been guilty of such conduct as tends to affect prejudicially the carrying on of the business”; (2) willfully or persistently breaches the agreement or otherwise acts in such a way “that it is not reasonably practicable to carry on the business”; or (3) under other such circumstances as would render dissolution equitable. OCGA § 14-8-32 (a) (3-5).
11 The court further noted that, although the parties disputed whether management
deadlock existed, they each alleged that the other had breached the joint venture
agreement and their duties to the joint venture. Therefore, the court concluded that
“dissolution of the joint venture is an appropriate equitable remedy under the
circumstances.” These appeals followed.
Case No. A14A0875
1. The Maree Parties first contend that the trial court erred by applying
partnership law to determine whether ROMAR should be dissolved. We find that they
have waived this argument by failing to assert it in the trial court. In its petition, BOA
specifically alleged that ROMAR is a partnership governed by Georgia partnership
law. Not only did the Maree Parties admit this allegation in their answer, we find no
indication in the record that they later argued otherwise.11 Therefore, this enumeration
of error is without merit. E.g., Silver Pigeon Properties, LLC v. Fickling & Co., 316
11 Although the Maree Parties assert that they argued that corporate law should apply to ROMAR during the summary judgment hearing, the record belies their assertion. First, they repeatedly refer to ROMAR as a “partnership” and the individual joint venturers as “partners.” And although the Maree Parties point out that they relied on a case applying corporate law to define deadlock, the context shows that it was only because they were unable to locate a case specific to partnerships: “Now, in order for there to be deadlock, Georgia law in the case of a corporation – we can’t find one specifically in Georgia on a partnership – talks about four concepts.”
12 Ga. App. 167, 170, n. 10 (728 SE2d 801) (2012) (argument not raised in the trial
court is waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal).
2. The Maree Parties also assert that the trial court erred in granting dissolution
because there was no deadlock in the management of ROMAR. Despite agreeing with
the vast majority of BOA’s recitation of the lengthy history of contention and
stalemate between the parties, they nonetheless argue that there was no deadlock
because ROMAR continued to lease the properties and distribute profits to the joint
venturers. However, a court may order dissolution of a partnership under various
circumstances addressed in OCGA § 14-8-32 (a). Here, after reviewing the parties’
extensive evidence and considering their arguments, the trial court found that
dissolution was an appropriate equitable remedy under the circumstances. See OCGA
§ 14-8-32 (a) (5). “Equitable relief is generally a matter within the sound discretion
of the trial court. The action of the trial court should be sustained on review where
such discretion has not been abused.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Trotman
v. Velociteach Project Mgmt., LLC, 311 Ga. App. 208, 210 (2) (715 SE2d 449)
(2011). Based on the record before us, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial
court’s grant of dissolution.
13 Moreover, we are also persuaded by BOA’s argument that dissolution is proper
under the terms of the Agreement.12 Paragraph 13 (a) of the Agreement provides that
[t]he occurrence of any one of the following events shall cause the dissolution of the Joint Venture:
(1) The expiration of the term of this agreement;
(2) The agreement of two-thirds in interest and not in numbers of the Joint Venturers to dissolve the Joint Venture;
(3) The management of the Joint Venture shall be deadlocked and no action can be approved nor taken for lack of the agreement of a number of the Joint Venturers entitled to vote upon the action sufficient to approve any of the proposed courses of action.
Even viewed in the light most favorable to the Maree Parties, the record clearly
supports a finding that ROMAR has been deadlocked. Although the joint venturers,
including Maree, have at times sought either dissolution and liquidation or the
appointment of a new manager, the parties have not been able to effectuate either
alternating course of action. Accordingly, this enumeration of error fails.
12 We will affirm a grant of summary judgment if it is “right for any reason, whether stated or unstated in the trial court’s order, so long as the movant raised the issue in the trial court and the nonmovant had a fair opportunity to respond.” Anderson v. Jones, 323 Ga. App. 311, 312, n. 2 (745 SE2d 787) (2013).
14 3. In their third and fourth enumerations of error, the Maree Parties argue that
the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to BOA as to their claim of
conversion arising from BOA’s payment of approximately $190,000 in attorney fees
for the litigation up through September 2011 out of ROMAR’s cash reserves.13 BOA
admits that it did so, but maintains that the payment of the attorney fees was for the
benefit of ROMAR and not for its own benefit. In granting summary judgment to
BOA on this counterclaim, the trial court found that a conversion claim does not exist
because the Maree Parties did not plead for the recovery of a specific fund of money.
We agree.
It is well settled that
[w]hile money constitutes personal property, money is intangible personalty that is fungible, because it belongs to a class of property which cannot be differentiated by specific identification unless there has been created a specific fund that has been set aside from other money. Thus, there can be no conversion action for money damages for money, because generally, money is not subject to a civil action for conversion.
13 No attorney fees were paid after September 2011 following the entry of a TRO to preserve the status quo during litigation.
15 (Citations omitted.) Taylor v. Powertel, Inc., 250 Ga. App. 356, 359 (2) (551 SE2d
765) (2001).
The Maree Parties correctly argue that there are exceptions to this general rule
where the money is a “specific, separate, identifiable fund” to which the plaintiff “had
an immediate right of possession.” Taylor, 250 Ga. App. at 359 (2). However, they
have failed to show that the money at issue falls within such an exception. The money
was withdrawn from a joint fund that belonged to all joint venturers according to their
respective ownership percentages and which was used for a variety of business
purposes. Cf. Adler v. Hertling, 215 Ga. App. 769, 773-774 (2) (451 SE2d 91) (1994)
(proceeds from a real estate refinancing held in escrow for sole use of one party were
specific and identifiable). The trial court did not err in granting summary judgment
to BOA as to the Maree Parties’ counterclaim for conversion.
4. In their fifth enumeration of error, the Maree Parties assert that the trial court
erred in denying summary judgment on their counterclaim that BOA’s use of the
ROMAR funds for its attorney fees was a breach of the Agreement. In its cross-
appeal, BOA likewise argues that the trial court should have decided this breach of
contract claim as a matter of law. The parties are correct that “[a]t least initially,
[contract] construction is a matter of law for the court. First, the trial court must
16 decide whether the language is clear and unambiguous. If it is, the court simply
enforces the contract according to its clear terms; the contract alone is looked to for
its meaning.” (Citation omitted.) Mapei Corp. v. Prosser, __ Ga. App. __ (4) (Case
No. A14A0368, decided July 9, 2014). Because the construction of contracts is a
matter of law, the trial court’s application is reviewed de novo. See McKinley v.
Coliseum Health Group, LLC, 308 Ga. App. 768, 770 (708 SE2d 682) (2011).
Turning first to the language of the Agreement, BOA asserts that Paragraph 14
(b) allowed it to use ROMAR funds to pursue dissolution of the joint venture.
Paragraph 14 (b) of the Agreement provides:
In the event the Joint Venturers cannot agree upon the shares and manner of distribution within sixty (60) days of the event bringing about dissolution, any Joint Venturer may apply to the senior judge of the Cobb Judicial Circuit, Marietta, Cobb County, Georgia, for the appointment of an appraiser to appraise the assets and to divide the assets between the Joint Venturers and Assignees.
The cost of this procedure, including the filing of and proceedings in regard to the application, shall be paid from the assets of the Joint Venture.
The appraisal and division shall be final and binding upon all Joint Venturers and Assignees.
17 The Maree Parties argue, however, that this Paragraph only applies to the
liquidation of assets following dissolution of ROMAR if the parties are unable to
agree upon the manner of distribution. We agree that the plain language of this
Paragraph, particularly when read and considered within the proper context of the
entire Agreement,14 is unambiguous and does not permit BOA to recover its attorney
fees associated with the filing of its petition for dissolution.15 Nor does Paragraph 14
(b) allow BOA to recover attorney fees incurred as a result of a claim made by a joint
venturer against it. BOA has pointed to no other portion of the Agreement that would
permit it to utilize ROMAR’s funds for the payment of its attorney fees, and we find
none. Therefore, we find that BOA breached the Agreement when it unilaterally
expended ROMAR’s funds to do so.
14 For example, Paragraph 14 (a) of the Agreement sets out the grounds for dissolution and makes no provision for the payment of litigation costs or attorney fees. 15 We likewise find BOA’s reliance on Buttrill v. Buttrill, 179 Ga. 759 (177 SE2d 576) (1934), unavailing. In Buttrill, although the attorney fees accrued from bringing the dissolution petition were ordered to be paid from the partnership estate, both partners had jointly sought dissolution, and our Supreme Court held that the trial court should have awarded fees expended to pursue their common claims. Id. Here, although dissolution was ultimately granted, one of the parties sharply disputed BOA’s petition.
18 BOA attempts to justify its actions by arguing that it had the authority to
“declare deadlock under the [] Agreement and to begin dissolution automatically,”
but, “due to the historical difficulties and out of an abundance of caution, [it] sought
court-approved dissolution.” Thus, in order to extricate itself as definitively as
possible, BOA made a strategic decision to utilize the court system to effect
dissolution. This may well have been a good business decision that will allow the
parties to finally part ways; however, BOA’s desire for finality does not change the
plain language of the Agreement with respect to the payment of attorney fees, and
that price must be borne by BOA.
Accordingly, the trial court erred by failing to find as a matter of law that BOA
breached the Agreement with respect to its payment of attorney fees with ROMAR
funds to the extent those fees were incurred either in conjunction with the filing of
the petition for dissolution or in defending against the Maree Parties’ counterclaims.16
See Fidelity Nat. Title Ins. Co. of N.Y. v. OHIC Ins. Co., 275 Ga. App. 55 (619 SE2d
704) (2005) (trial court erred in failing to decide the parties’ cross-motions for
16 In so holding, we do not reach the issue of whether BOA may be entitled to the recovery of attorney fees under any alternate theory of recovery that it may have asserted below and that was not addressed by the trial court in its order on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment.
19 summary judgment as a matter of law where the contract language was
unambiguous). However, to the extent BOA incurred legal fees that would be covered
under Paragraph 14 (b), i.e., those associated with the appointment of an appraiser to
assist in the appraisal and division of ROMAR’s assets, BOA will be permitted on
remand to present evidence as to any such attorney fees that were reasonable and
necessary.
5. In their final enumeration of error, the Maree Parties allege that the trial
court erred by not giving any direction or instruction to the manager now in charge
of the dissolution. In its order, the trial court found that BOA had requested that
Colliers International Management-Atlanta, LLC (“Colliers”) be appointed to manage
the dissolution and gave the Maree Parties 20 days to object to Colliers’ appointment
and to submit an alternate manager if necessary. After 20 days passed without
objection, BOA filed a motion for entry of order appointing Colliers along with a
proposal detailing the dissolution procedures. It was only at this point that the Maree
Parties filed an opposition, arguing for a number of restrictions that should be placed
on Colliers. Before the trial court could rule, the Maree Parties filed this appeal,
thereby depriving the trial court of jurisdiction to rule on the motion. Because the trial
court has not yet ruled on the pending motion for entry of an order appointing Collier,
20 there is no error for this Court to review, and this enumeration of error is without
merit. See Mercer v. Washington Mut. Home Loans, Inc., 287 Ga. App. 388, 388 (651
SE2d 499) (2007).
Case No. A14A0876
In its cross-appeal, BOA alleges that the trial court should have granted its
motion for summary judgment on each of the Maree Parties’ counterclaims.
6. In its first two enumerations of error, BOA argues that the trial court should
have granted its motion for summary judgment on the Maree Parties’ various breach
of contract counterclaims and, therefore, their breach of the duty of good faith and
fair dealing counterclaim as well. These claims stem from their allegations that BOA
(a) failed to properly market the 8000 Miller Court Property, (b) improperly used
ROMAR funds to pay its attorney fees in connection with this action, and (c)
improperly used ROMAR funds to pay its attorney fees in connection with the
preparation of an amended Agreement.
(a) The Maree Parties claim that BOA breached the Agreement and the duty of
good faith and fair dealing in its handling of the 8000 Miller Court Property.
Specifically, they claim that in 2002, the 8000 Miller Court Property was not leased
and BOA failed for months to take action to effectively market the property, allowing
21 it to remain vacant for approximately one year until a new lease was finally executed.
They also claim that a similar situation occurred in 2005. Although the tenant’s lease
did not expire until August 31, 2005, the tenant left the property in November 2004.
However, BOA did not list the 8000 Miller Court Property for lease until September
2005, and it remained unleased until it was eventually sold in 2007 as part of the joint
venturers’ liquidation attempts.
The Agreement defines ROMAR’s business as “acquiring, holding,
maintaining, leasing, exchanging, and disposing of” the properties owned by
ROMAR, but is silent as to the precise manner in which BOA is “to manage and
control” that business. However, “absent an express contractual provision to the
contrary, a duty of good faith and fair dealing is implied into all nonleasehold
contract provisions granting discretion to one of the parties.” Hunting Aircraft, Inc.
v. Peachtree City Airport Authority, 281 Ga. App. 450, 450 (636 SE2d 139) (2006).
Thus, where, as here, “the manner of performance is left more or less to the discretion
of one of the parties to the contract, he is bound to the exercise of good faith.”
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 453-454 (2). “Good faith and
reasonableness do not comprehend arbitrary or capricious reasons, or considerations
based on pecuniary gain, or merely personal preferences; rather, they refer to the
22 considerations of fairness and commercial reasonableness.” (Citations and
punctuation omitted.) Id. at 452 (1).
BOA does not dispute that the 8000 Miller Court Property remained vacant for
periods of time. Rather, it first argues that the Maree Parties’ claims related to it are
time barred by the six-year statute of limitations under OCGA § 9-3-24. However, as
the Maree Parties point out, the statute of limitations for a contract under seal, as is
the Agreement, is 20 years. OCGA § 9-3-23. See also Georgia Receivables, Inc. v.
Maddox, 216 Ga. App. 164, 164 (1) (454 SE2d 541) (1995).
BOA also argues that the Maree Parties are unable to prove damages.
“Damages recoverable for a breach of contract are such as arise naturally and
according to the usual course of things from such breach and such as the parties
contemplated, when the contract was made, as the probable result of its breach.”
OCGA § 13-6-2. And,
[t]o avoid summary judgment, a party is not required to present evidence of a specific dollar amount of damages. Rather, he must only present evidence sufficient to serve as the basis for a factfinder to calculate the amount of damages due should liability be established. And in cases such as this one, where the damages relate to the value of real or personal property, the question of value is normally regarded as peculiarly for the determination of the jury. Thus, a claim for damages
23 related to value will be submitted to the jury where there is any data in the evidence upon which the jury may legitimately exercise their own knowledge and ideas. After a witness has given his basis for opinion evidence as to value, it is up to the jury to determine its weight.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Beale v. O’Shea, 319 Ga. App. 1, 6 (1) (735
SE2d 29) (2012).
For the periods of time that the 8000 Miller Court Property remained vacant,
ROMAR would have naturally suffered damages in the form of lost rent. And as
evidence of the amount of lost rent, Maree submitted an affidavit that ROMAR lost
approximately $88,000 in rent each year that the property was not leased. With
respect to damages calculated on the value of property,
testimony as to market value is in the nature of opinion evidence. One need not be an expert or dealer in the article in question but may testify as to its value if he has had an opportunity for forming a correct opinion. The opportunity for forming an opinion as to value may be established by showing the witness’s experience and familiarity with the item being valued.
24 (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Beale, 319 Ga. App. at 6.17 Here, Maree based
her estimate on “rental rates in the area, information from appraisals, and [her]
knowledge of the commercial real estate market in the area.” This is sufficient to
create a foundation for the jury to consider her opinion as to the property’s rental
value. See id. at 7 (“For a witness to give his opinion as to value, the must give his
reasons for forming that opinion by showing that he has some knowledge, experience,
or familiarity as to the value of the item.”) (punctuation omitted). See also In re
Estate of Hubert, 325 Ga. App. 276, 286-287 (6) (750 SE2d 511) (2013) (finding
sufficient foundation where witness’s testimony established he was familiar with the
properties at issue, in which he had an ownership interest, and that he also was
familiar with comparable properties, which he had considered in reaching his
opinion).
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Maree Parties as the
nonmovants, we find that they have set forth sufficient evidence to create a genuine
17 Because the summary judgment hearing was conducted before January 1, 2013, former OCGA § 24-9-66 applies. See Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 101. Compare OCGA § 24-7-701 (b) under our new Evidence Code, which provides that “[d]irect testimony as to market value is in the nature of opinion evidence. A witness need not be an expert or dealer in an article or property to testify as to its value if he or she has had an opportunity to form a reasoned opinion.”
25 issue of material fact regarding whether BOA failed to meet its contractual
obligations to manage and control ROMAR’s business, including “acquiring, holding,
maintaining, leasing, exchanging, and disposing of” the properties owned by
ROMAR and the corresponding duty of good faith and fair dealing with respect to
these provisions. See Hunting Aircraft, Inc., 281 Ga. App. at 452 (1) (what constitutes
good faith is a question for the finder of fact). Accordingly, the trial court did not err
in denying BOA’s motion for summary judgment as to the Maree Parties’
counterclaims for breach of contract and breach of the duty of good faith and fair
dealing regarding its management of the 8000 Miller Court Property. See, e.g.,
Racette v. Bank of America, 318 Ga. App. 171, 181 (5) (733 SE2d 457) (2012).
(b) For the reasons discussed in Division 4, BOA’s argument that it did not
breach the Agreement when it paid its attorney fees with ROMAR’s funds fails as a
matter of law to the extent those fees were incurred for any reason outside those
specifically delineated in Paragraph 14 (b) of the Agreement. For the same reasons,
the trial court correctly denied summary judgment on the corresponding counterclaim
for breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing.
(c) The Maree Parties also asserted a breach of contract counterclaim based on
BOA’s use of ROMAR funds to pay its attorney fees arising from the preparation of
26 an amendment to the Agreement. They argue that the amendment was undertaken for
the purpose of replacing BOA as the Manager, which is outside the scope of the
authority vested in the Manager. However, the Maree Parties have admitted that in
2007, Maree again demanded that BOA be replaced as Manager. They have also
admitted that, at a September 2007 meeting, the joint venturers unanimously agreed
that the Agreement and structure of ROMAR with BOA as the Manager was no
longer optimal, that a new, restated Agreement should be prepared to allow for the
installation of a new manager, and that BOA could retain counsel to effectuate the
amendments. The authority to retain counsel necessarily carries with it the right to
pay counsel from ROMAR funds. Accordingly, the trial court erred in denying
summary judgment to BOA on the Maree Parties’ breach of contract and breach of
the duty of good faith and fair dealing counterclaims with respect to the payment of
attorney fees for preparing an amended Agreement.
(d) In their amended answer and counterclaim, the Maree Parties sought
attorney fees pursuant to OCGA § 13-6-11 in conjunction with their breach of
contract claims, and BOA moved for summary judgment on their request for those
attorney fees. In its order, the trial court did not specifically address this issue, but
27 rather denied BOA’s motion for summary judgment as to the Maree Parties’
counterclaim for breach of contract as a whole.
BOA contends that because there was no breach of contract, the Maree Parties
are, therefore, not entitled to attorney fees under OCGA § 13-6-11. BOA further
contends that even if it did breach the Agreement, the Maree Parties have presented
no evidence that it committed a breach due to a sinister motive or self interest. We
first note that certain of the Maree Parties’ breach of contract counterclaims have
survived summary judgment. And there is some evidence to support their contention
that BOA paid its attorney fees out of ROMAR funds to enrich itself. Therefore, the
trial court did not err in denying BOA’s motion for summary judgment on the Maree
Parties’ counterclaim for attorney fees pursuant to OCGA § 13-6-11 on this basis.18
18 We note, however, that because the Maree Parties’ breach of contract counterclaims appear to arise from the same Agreement that forms the basis for BOA’s petition for dissolution and accounting, they may be compulsory counterclaims and, thus, outside the scope of OCGA § 13-6-11. See, e.g., Singh v. Sterling United, Inc., 326 Ga. App. 504, 513 (4) (756 SE2d 728) (2014) (plaintiff-in- counterclaim cannot recovery attorney fees under OCGA § 13-6-11 for fees associated with compulsory counterclaim). However, because BOA did not raise this argument in the trial court or on appeal, we decline to consider it. Nebo Ventures, LLC v. Novapro Risk Solutions, L.P., 324 Ga. App. 836, 848 (4) (752 SE2d 18) (2013) (“we do not think an appellate court properly ought to consider whether the trial court was wrong for any reason”) (citation and punctuation omitted).
28 7. BOA next asserts that the trial court erred in denying it summary judgment
on the Maree Parties’ breach of fiduciary duty counterclaim. The Maree Parties allege
that BOA breached its fiduciary duty when it abused its position as Manager to divert
funds from ROMAR to finance its litigation, which in turn caused a suspension of the
distributions to the joint venturers.
It is well settled that a claim for breach of fiduciary duty requires proof of three elements: (1) the existence of a fiduciary duty; (2) breach of that duty; and (3) damage proximately caused by the breach. OCGA § 23-2- 58 provides that a fiduciary duty exists “where one party is so situated as to exercise a controlling influence over the will, conduct, and interest of another or where, from a similar relationship of mutual confidence, the law requires the utmost good faith, such as the relationship between partners, principal, and agent, etc.” The existence of a confidential or fiduciary relationship is a question for the jury. Such relationship may be created by law, contract, or the facts of a particular case. Moreover, because a confidential relationship may be found whenever one party is justified in reposing confidence in another, the existence of this relationship is generally a factual matter for the jury to resolve.
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Bedsole v. Action Outdoor Advertising JV, LLC,
325 Ga. App. 194, 201 (4) (750 SE2d 445) (2013).
29 BOA does not dispute that a fiduciary relationship arises from its role as trustee
of a partner to the ROMAR partnership. BOA instead argues that there was no breach
of fiduciary duty because the suspension of the joint venturers’ distributions was
authorized by the joint venturers’ agreement to replenish ROMAR’s reserves and
because its payment of attorney fees did not breach the Agreement.
While it is true that in this State, a tort action cannot be based on the breach of a contractual duty only, it can be based on conduct which, in addition to breaching a duty imposed by contract, also breaches a duty imposed by law. Where private duties arise from relations created by the contract, express or implied, one may pursue a tort action for damages flowing from the exercise or failure to exercise that duty.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Spears v. Mack & Bernstein, P.C., 227 Ga. App.
743, 745 (490 SE2d 463) (1997) (finding partners had some fiduciary duty to treat
other partners fairly and in good faith). Here, the Maree Parties have successfully
shown that BOA breached the Agreement through its payment of attorney fees
incurred in filing the petition for dissolution. Moreover, Maree presented evidence
that the joint venturers only agreed to suspend distributions in order to replenish the
reserves as a result of BOA’s warnings that bankruptcy might result if BOA prevailed
in this lawsuit and ROMAR did not have sufficient funds to pay BOA’s attorney fees.
30 Because questions of fact exist regarding whether BOA exercised good faith by
depleting ROMAR funds and suspending distributions, the trial court did not err in
denying BOA’s motion for summary judgment as to the Maree Parties’ counterclaim
for breach of fiduciary duty.
8. BOA also argues that the trial court should have granted its motion for
summary judgment as to the Maree Parties’ counterclaim for punitive damages.19
“Punitive damages may be awarded only in such tort actions in which it is proven by
clear and convincing evidence that the defendant’s actions showed willful
misconduct, malice, fraud, wantonness, oppression, or that entire want of care which
would raise the presumption of conscious indifference to consequences.” OCGA §
51-12-5.1 (b). BOA is correct, of course, that punitive damages are generally not
available in an action for breach of contract. See Trust Co. Bank v. C & S Trust Co.,
260 Ga. 124, 126 (1) (390 SE2d 589) (1990); Layer v. Clipper Petroleum, Inc., 319
Ga. App. 410, 420 (8) (735 SE2d 65) (2012). However, a breach of fiduciary duty
will support an award of punitive damages. See Bunch v. Byington, 292 Ga. App. 497,
19 We reject BOA’s initial argument that the Maree Parties waived their claim for punitive damages by not addressing it in their summary judgment briefing below. Through an independent review of the record, we find that they did in fact address punitive damages in their June 8, 2012 opposition brief and also at the hearing on the cross-motions.
31 504 (4) (664 SE2d 842) (2008). Because we found in Division 7 that the Maree
Parties’ counterclaim for breach of fiduciary duty survives, and because they have
presented evidence from which a jury could properly conclude that an award of
punitive damages is warranted, this enumeration of error fails. See Fernandez v.
WebSingularity, Inc., 299 Ga. App. 11, 20 (7) (681 SE2d 717) (2009).
9. Lastly, BOA maintains that the trial court should have granted its request for
an order permitting the payment of attorney fees out of ROMAR’s joint funds. As
discussed in Division 4, ROMAR is only permitted the payment of any reasonable
attorney fees it may have incurred that would be authorized under Paragraph 14 (b)
of the Agreement, i.e., those associated with the appointment of an appraiser to assist
in the appraisal and division of ROMAR’s assets.
In sum, we affirm the trial court’s order granting dissolution and summary
judgment to BOA as to the Maree Parties’ conversion claim. We affirm the trial
court’s order denying summary judgment to BOA as to the Maree Parties’
counterclaims for breach of contract and breach of the duty of good faith and fair
dealing as to BOA’s management of the 8000 Miller Court Property, breach of
fiduciary duty, and for attorney fees pursuant to OCGA § 13-6-11. We reverse the
trial court’s denial of summary judgment to BOA as to the Maree Parties’
32 counterclaims for breach of contract and breach of the duty of good faith and fair
dealing with respect to BOA’s payment of attorney fees associated with the
preparation of an amended Agreement. We further find that the Maree Parties’
counterclaim for punitive damages survives summary judgment. And finally, we
reverse the trial court’s denial of summary judgment on the Maree Parties’
counterclaim for breach of contract with respect to BOA’s payment of certain
attorney fees using ROMAR funds and therefore remand for further proceedings
Judgments affirmed in part, reversed in part and cases remanded. Phipps, C.
J., and Ellington, P. J., concur.