Rojas v. Bosch Solar Energy Corporation

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 SAN JOSE DIVISION 7 8 STEVE R. ROJAS and ANDREA N. Case No. 18-cv-05841-BLF ROJAS, on behalf of themselves and all 9 others similarly situated, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND 10 Plaintiffs, DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS THE SECOND 11 v. AMENDED COMPLAINT, WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND 12 BOSCH SOLAR ENERGY CORPORATION, [Re: ECF 62] 13 Defendant. 14 15 In this putative consumer class action, Plaintiffs Steve and Andrea Rojas (“Plaintiffs”) seek 16 to represent a class and subclasses of persons and entities who are “the final customers, end-users 17 or subsequent owners” of solar panels manufactured by Defendant Bosch Solar Energy 18 Corporation (“Defendant” or “Bosch”). Second Amended Complaint ¶ 216. Plaintiffs allege that 19 Bosch’s model number c-Si M 60 NA30119 solar panels (“NA30119 Panels”), suffer from two 20 defects – excessive heat generated at the panels’ solder joints and “delamination” of the panels’ 21 backsheets. 22 With respect to the solder joint defect, Bosch initiated a voluntary recall of roof-mounted 23 NA30119 Panels based on a determination that the solder joints generate excessive heat, posing a 24 safety risk that roofing materials could be ignited. SAC ¶¶ 10-11. Plaintiffs claim that the recall 25 was ineffective to cure the solder joint defect, because most consumers of roof-mounted NA30119 26 Panels never received notice of the recall, and consumers with ground-mounted NA30119 Panels 27 were not covered by the recall. With respect to the delamination defect, Plaintiffs allege that the 1 backsheet that protects the panels from moisture penetration. Plaintiffs assert putative class claims 2 for breach of warranty with respect to both the solder joint and delamination defects. In the 3 alternative to the warranty claims, Plaintiffs assert a putative class claim for unjust enrichment. 4 Plaintiffs also assert putative class claims for unfair competition and statutory consumer 5 remedies based on allegedly unconscionable warranty provisions governing the requirements for 6 making a warranty claim. 7 Defendant Bosch moves to dismiss the operative second amended complaint (“SAC”) 8 pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief 9 may be granted. For the reasons discussed below, the motion is GRANTED IN PART AND 10 DENIED IN PART, WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND. 11 I. BACKGROUND1 12 Plaintiffs reside in Moreno Valley, California. SAC ¶ 32. In 2012, Plaintiffs contacted 13 non-party Sullivan Electric (“Sullivan”), a solar contractor, about installing solar panels on their 14 property. SAC ¶¶ 149, 157-57, ECF 53. On October 23, 2012, a Sullivan salesman and solar 15 engineer named Hans Berg (“Berg”) met with Plaintiffs at their home. SAC ¶ 158. Berg 16 inspected the property, examined Plaintiffs’ electric bills, and told Plaintiffs he would work up a 17 quote. SAC ¶ 159. On October 28, 2012, Berg telephoned Plaintiff Steve Rojas (“Rojas”) and 18 recommended that Plaintiffs enter into a “prepaid lease” rather than purchasing solar panels. SAC 19 ¶¶ 160-61. Berg suggested having Bosch solar panels placed on Plaintiffs’ property in a ground- 20 mounted array. SAC ¶¶ 160-63. Berg stated that: the panels would be covered by a Bosch 21 warranty guaranteeing that they would be free of defects; the Bosch panels would produce 90% of 22 the promised power for the first ten years and then 80% for the duration of the warranty; and if 23 anything went wrong Bosch would repair or replace the panels. SAC ¶¶ 164-65. Berg “explained 24 the essential terms” of the Bosch warranty to Rojas, and “Berg’s assurances made to Plaintiffs 25 regarding the substance of the Bosch Limited Warranty were accurate and precisely mirrored the 26

27 1 Plaintiff’s well-pled factual allegations are accepted as true for purposes of the motion to 1 written language” of the warranty. SAC ¶¶ 164, 167. 2 On October 28, 2012 – the same date of the telephone conversation between Berg and 3 Rojas – Plaintiffs entered into a “Prepaid Solar Power Agreement” with non-party Kilowatt 4 Systems, LLC (“Kilowatt”). SAC ¶ 32. Under the Prepaid Solar Power Agreement, Plaintiffs 5 acquired the use of forty-two Bosch NA30119 Panels, to be mounted on their property, at a cost of 6 $25,339.22. SAC ¶ 32. Kilowatt used the monies paid to it by Plaintiffs to purchase the Panels. 7 SAC ¶¶ 32, 311. The initial term of the Prepaid Solar Power Agreement was twenty years. 8 Prepaid Solar Power Agreement, Exh. A to Reply, ECF 71-1.2 Under the terms of the Prepaid 9 Solar Power Agreement, Kilowatt agreed to “insure, monitor, maintain and repair the System at no 10 cost” to Plaintiffs. Id. at 1. Kilowatt also guaranteed that the solar panels would produce 11 specified minimum power production. Id. Plaintiffs could terminate the Prepaid Solar Power 12 Agreement only by selling their home or purchasing the solar panels. Id. The Bosch NA30119 13 Panels owned by Kilowatt were installed on Plaintiffs’ property by Sullivan in a ground array, and 14 for several years thereafter Plaintiffs had virtually no electric bills. SAC ¶¶ 132, 150, 209, 212. 15 In April 2017, Bosch voluntarily recalled 28,000 roof-mounted NA30119 Panels due to 16 fire hazard. SAC ¶¶ 9, 50. Bosch informed the United States Consumer Product Safety 17 Commission (“CPSC”) that defects in the solder joints of the NA30119 Panels generate excessive 18 heat, posing a safety risk that roofing materials could be ignited. SAC ¶¶ 10-11. Bosch 19 represented to the CPSC that ground-mounted NA30119 Panels should not be included in the 20 recall because even if grass or other ground material were to ignite, the damage would be solely to 21 property and not to persons, who could walk or run away from any fire. SAC ¶ 11. The CPSC 22 accepted Bosch’s proposed notice plan, under which consumers of the Recalled Panels were to be 23 notified directly. SAC ¶¶ 16-17. Bosch sent letters to its 42 distributors, requesting that the 24 distributors obtain consumers’ names and contact information for Bosch. SAC ¶ 56. Bosch’s 25

26 2 While Plaintiffs have not attached the Prepaid Solar Power Agreement to their SAC, Bosch has provided it as an exhibit to its reply. The Court considers the Prepaid Solar Power Agreement, 27 which is referenced in the SAC, under the incorporation by reference doctrine. See Knievel v. 1 notice plan failed to reach majority of the end users of the 28,000 roof-mounted Recalled Panels. 2 SAC ¶¶ 17, 63. 3 Plaintiff Rojas became aware of the recall and contacted Sullivan in September 2017. 4 SAC ¶ 178. Sullivan was unaware of the recall. Id. Sullivan contacted Kilowatt, which also was 5 unaware of the recall. SAC ¶ 179. Sullivan and Kilowatt both informed Rojas that they were 6 researching whether the solar panels on Plaintiffs’ property were covered by the recall. SAC ¶¶ 7 179-81. Neither Sullivan nor Kilowatt got back to Plaintiffs about the recall. SAC ¶ 181. 8 Rojas found a telephone number for Bosch online and called Bosch on November 1, 2017. 9 SAC ¶ 182. Rojas informed Bosch that the panels on his property were ground-mounted and 10 Bosch stated that the panels were not included in the recall. SAC ¶ 183. Rojas told Bosch that he 11 believed the ground-mounted panels posed the same fire hazard as the roof-mounted panels, that 12 he was making a claim, and that he wanted the panels replaced. Id. Bosch stated that it would 13 process Rojas’s claim. SAC ¶ 184. Bosch emailed Rojas a form letter requesting a copy of the 14 invoice or bill of sale from the panel installer and photographs of the panels. Id. Rojas contacted 15 Sullivan asking for the “Bill of Sale or the Interconnector Agreement.” SAC ¶ 185. Sullivan 16 stated that it would forward a copy to Rojas and Bosch. Id. Meanwhile, Rojas immediately sent 17 Bosch photographs of the ground-mounted panels on his property. SAC ¶ 186. 18 Bosch responded by letter dated November 3, 2017, stating that it would replace Rojas’s 19 “roof mounted” panels. SAC ¶¶ 187-88. The November 3, 2017 letter from Bosch stated that 20 Rojas would be contacted by a Bosch approved installer to replace the panels. SAC ¶ 191. Rojas 21 called Bosch and clarified that the panels on his property were ground-mounted. SAC ¶ 189. 22 Bosch confirmed that it knew the panels were ground-mounted and stated that Rojas’s claim was 23 approved and that the entire array of solar panels would be replaced. Id. On November 28, 2017, 24 a Bosch approved installer, Baker Electric Solar (“Baker”), informed Rojas that Sullivan – the 25 original installer – would inspect and replace the panels. SAC ¶ 192. 26 Sullivan did not replace the panels. SAC ¶¶ 193-94. On May 31, 2018, seven months after 27 Bosch agreed to replace the panels, Baker emailed Rojas to schedule a survey of the property. 1 the full replacement of the panels. Id. On June 6, 2018, Baker surveyed Plaintiffs’ property and 2 informed them that at least 10 panels were not functioning. SAC ¶¶ 195-96. Prior to that 3 inspection, Plaintiffs did not know why the panels seemed to be underperforming. SAC ¶ 196. 4 When the Bosch NA30119 Panels were installed on their property, Plaintiffs had virtually no 5 electric bills. SAC ¶ 132. Plaintiffs learned in March or April 2018 that their electric bill had 6 jumped to $3,000 for 2017. SAC ¶¶ 132, 202. Plaintiffs did not learn about the bill increase for 7 2017 until 2018, because Southern Edison bills on an annual basis for properties containing solar 8 arrays. SAC ¶ 202. Rojas signed the contract to replace all of the Bosch panels and emailed the 9 executed copy to Baker on June 6, 2018. SAC ¶ 196. Four more months passed with no progress. 10 SAC ¶ 197. When Rojas complained to Baker, Rojas was advised that because the panels were 11 owned by a third party, the third party’s installer would contact Plaintiffs about replacement. SAC 12 ¶ 198. Kilowatt, the owner of the panels, did not contact Plaintiffs about replacement. Id. 13 On September 24, 2018, Rojas sent Bosch a “CLRA Notice and Breach of Warranty 14 Notice.” SAC ¶ 199. Plaintiffs filed this putative class action against Bosch on the same date, 15 September 24, 2018. Compl., ECF 1. On October 18, 2018, several weeks after filing suit, 16 Plaintiffs bought the Bosch solar panels from Kilowatt. SAC ¶ 211. A subsequent inspection of 17 the solar panels on December 19, 2018 revealed that approximately 30 of the 42 panels had 18 experienced “delamination and cracking in the backsheet.” SAC ¶ 83. “Delamination occurs 19 when the bond between the plastics on the back side of the panel separate.” SAC ¶ 77. 20 “Delamination destroys the safe and effective functionality of the solar panel because it allows air 21 and moisture to creep inside of the panel in between the layers of the components of the solar 22 panels.” SAC ¶ 79. 23 The operative SAC asserts claims for: (1) breach of express warranty under the common 24 law of Arizona, California, Hawaii, Missouri, and North Carolina; (2) breach of express warranty 25 under the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, 15 U.S.C. § 2310; (3) breach of express warranty under 26 Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 47-2313; Cal. Com. Code § 2313; Haw. Rev. Stat. § 490:2-313; Mo. Rev. Stat. § 27 400.2-313; and N.C. Gen. Stat. § 25-2-313; (4) violation of California’s unfair competition law 1 of Arizona, California, Hawaii, Missouri, and North Carolina; and (6) violation of California’s 2 Consumer Legal Remedy Act (“CLRA”), Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1750 et seq. 3 II. LEGAL STANDARD 4 “A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a 5 claim upon which relief can be granted tests the legal sufficiency of a claim.” Conservation Force 6 v. Salazar, 646 F.3d 1240, 1241-42 (9th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 7 While a complaint need not contain detailed factual allegations, it “must contain sufficient factual 8 matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 9 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A 10 claim is facially plausible when it “allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 11 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. 12 When evaluating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the district court must consider the allegations of 13 the complaint, documents incorporated into the complaint by reference, and matters which are 14 subject to judicial notice. Louisiana Mun. Police Employees’ Ret. Sys. v. Wynn, 829 F.3d 1048, 15 1063 (9th Cir. 2016) (citing Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 16 (2007)). 17 III. DISCUSSION 18 Bosch moves to dismiss all claims in the SAC. The claims fall into two categories. The 19 first category includes Claims 1, 2, 3, and 5. Claims 1-3 assert that Defendant Bosch breached its 20 “Limited Warranty for photovoltaic modules” (“Limited Warranty”), discussed in detail below. 21 See Limited Warranty, SAC Exh. A, ECF 53. Plaintiffs never received a copy of the Limited 22 Warranty prior to the filing of this lawsuit. SAC ¶¶ 168-70. However, Plaintiffs allege that during 23 the October 28, 2012 telephone call between Rojas and Berg, Berg stated that the panels would be 24 backed by a Bosch warranty and accurately explained the essential terms of the warranty. SAC ¶¶ 25 164, 167. Plaintiffs assert warranty claims based on both the alleged solder joint defect and 26 alleged delamination defect. Claim 5 asserts an alternative claim for unjust enrichment, alleging: 27 “Pleading in the alternative to an express warranty, Bosch has been unjustly enriched in that 1 expense.” SAC ¶ 304.3 2 The second category includes Claims 4 and 6, brought under California’s UCL and CLRA 3 respectively, which are grounded in the Limited Warranty’s allegedly unconscionable 4 requirements for making a warranty claim. 5 Before addressing the parties’ specific arguments with respect to these two sets of claims, 6 the Court takes up the more general questions of Plaintiffs’ standing to assert claims on behalf of 7 putative class members residing in states other than California, and what state law(s) apply to 8 Plaintiffs’ claims. 9 A. Standing to Assert Claims on Behalf of Non-California Residents 10 As Bosch points out in its motion, Plaintiffs are residents and citizens of California and all 11 their alleged injuries occurred in California. Plaintiffs nonetheless assert common law and 12 statutory claims not just under the laws of California on behalf of California residents, but also 13 under the laws of Arizona, Hawaii, Missouri, and North Carolina on behalf of residents of those 14 states. Bosch asks the Court to dismiss for lack of standing all claims brought on behalf of 15 residents of states other than California. Plaintiffs assert that this issue should be deferred to the 16 class certification stage. 17 “[W]hile the Ninth Circuit has yet to weigh in, the majority of courts in this district have 18 held that in a putative class action, claims arising under the laws of states in which no named 19 plaintiff resides should be dismissed for lack of standing at the motion to dismiss stage.” Snarr v. 20 Cento Fine Foods Inc., No. 19-CV-02627-HSG, 2019 WL 7050149, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 23, 21 2019) (collecting cases); see also Cadena v. Am. Honda Motor Co., No. CV 18-4007-MWF 22 (PJWx), 2019 WL 6646700, at *2 (C.D. Cal. July 17, 2019) (“[T]he majority of courts . . . have 23

24 3 In its prior order granting Bosch’s motion to dismiss the FAC, the Court grouped Claim 5 for unjust enrichment with Claim 4 for violation of California’s UCL and Claim 6 for violation of 25 California’s CLRA. See Prior Dismissal Order at 4-5, ECF 49. The Court did so because it appeared that the warranty claim was based on the same allegedly unconscionable claim 26 procedures that underpin the UCL and CLRA claims. See id. In the SAC, however, Plaintiffs allege that the unjust enrichment claim is pled in the alternative to the warranty claims, and seeks 27 recovery of the monies Plaintiffs paid under the Prepaid Solar Power Agreement. See SAC ¶ 304. 1 concluded that when a representative plaintiff is lacking for a particular state, all claims based on 2 that state’s laws are subject to dismissal.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). This 3 Court follows the majority approach and on that basis the motion to dismiss is GRANTED as to 4 all claims asserted on behalf of residents of states other than California. 5 B. Applicable Law 6 Bosch contends that because Plaintiffs are residents of California and allege injury 7 occurring in California, their claims should be analyzed under California law except as to certain 8 claims that Bosch asserts are subject to a choice of law provision in the Limited Warranty 9 specifying application of Michigan law. The Limited Warranty provides in relevant part that “[a]ll 10 disputes arising from this warranty shall be governed by the laws of the State of Michigan and 11 conflict of law rules shall not apply.” Limited Warranty ¶ 3.5. Bosch argues that pursuant to this 12 provision, Michigan law applies to Plaintiffs’ warranty claims (Claims 1-3), and unjust enrichment 13 claim (Claim 5). Plaintiffs contend that Bosch has waived the right to enforce the Limited 14 Warranty’s choice of law provision; the choice of law provision cannot be enforced against 15 Plaintiffs because they never saw or agreed to it; and even if the choice of law provision applies to 16 the warranty claims, it does not apply to the unjust enrichment claim. 17 1. Waiver 18 The Court finds Plaintiffs’ waiver argument, which is asserted in a footnote of their 19 opposition brief, to be unpersuasive. Plaintiffs’ SAC supersedes their prior pleadings. See Hal 20 Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., 896 F.2d 1542, 1546 (9th Cir. 1989) (“[A]n 21 amended pleading supersedes the original.”). Plaintiffs have not cited any authority for the 22 proposition that a choice of law provision is a “defense or objection” that is subject to waiver if 23 not raised in the defendant’s first Rule 12 motion. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(g) (With certain 24 exceptions, “a party that makes a motion under this rule must not make another motion under this 25 rule raising a defense or objection that was available to the party but omitted from its earlier 26 motion.”). 27 Even if the Court were to conclude that the choice of law provision should have been 1 their discretion to consider the new arguments in the interests of judicial economy.” Cover v. 2 Windsor Surry Co., No. 14-CV-05262-WHO, 2016 WL 520991, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 10, 2016). 3 In Cover, the district court considered the defendant’s choice of law argument raised in a motion 4 to dismiss the second amended complaint even though the argument could have been raised in a 5 prior motion to dismiss. See id. The district court determined that “[d]isregarding the choice of 6 law analysis would neither resolve the underlying issues nor lead to a speedier trial; Windsor 7 would be entitled to renew its arguments in a Rule 12(c) motion for judgment on the pleadings 8 after filing an answer.” Id. Because the defendant Windsor would have been entitled to raise the 9 choice of law issue “sooner or later,” the district court found that no purpose would be served by 10 declining to consider the issue at the motion to dismiss stage. See id. 11 Applying the above authorities, this Court concludes that Bosch may raise the choice of 12 law provision in its current Rule 12(b)(6) motion filed in response to the SAC. The cases cited by 13 Plaintiffs do not compel a contrary result. In Ellison Framing, the parties cited California law in 14 the motion and opposition papers, ignoring a choice of law provision in the relevant agreement 15 that specified New York law. See Ellison Framing, Inc. v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 805 F. Supp. 2d 16 1006, 1011 n.1 (E.D. Cal. 2011). The defendant raised the choice of law provision in its reply 17 brief, but the district court declined to consider an argument raised for the first time on reply. 18 Under those circumstances, the district court found that “the parties have by their conduct waived 19 the New York law provision.” Id. In Nagrampa, although the operative franchise agreement 20 provided that Massachusetts law governed, both parties “proceeded throughout the district court 21 and on appeal on the assumption that the franchise agreement [was] governed by California law.” 22 Nagrampa v. MailCoups, Inc., 469 F.3d 1257, 1267 (9th Cir. 2006). The Ninth Circuit concluded 23 that “the parties through their course of conduct have waived the provision of the agreement that 24 specifies the application of Massachusetts law.” Ellison Framing and Nagrampa are factually 25 distinguishable from the present case, in which Bosch raised the Limited Warranty’s choice of law 26 provision in its Rule 12(b)(6) motion filed in response to the operative SAC. 27 Accordingly, the Court finds that Bosch has not waived enforcement of the choice of law 1 2. Enforceability of Choice of Law Provision 2 Turning to the enforceability of the choice of law provision, “[a] federal court sitting in 3 diversity applies the forum state’s choice of law rules.” Bridge Fund Capital Corp. v. Fastbucks 4 Franchise Corp., 622 F.3d 996, 1002 (9th Cir. 2010). The SAC alleges subject matter jurisdiction 5 pursuant to the Class Action Fairness Act (“CAFA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d). See SAC ¶ 35, ECF 6 53.4 “Subject to certain limitations, the CAFA confers federal diversity jurisdiction over class 7 actions where the aggregate amount in controversy exceeds $5 million.” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. 8 Allapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 571 (2005). Because jurisdiction is based on CAFA, which 9 is a diversity statute, this Court applies California’s choice of law rules to determine whether the 10 Michigan choice of law provision is enforceable. See Lefevre v. Five Star Quality Care, Inc., No. 11 EDCV 15-1305-VAP (SPx), 2015 WL 13688460, at *2 n.1 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 11, 2015), aff’d, 705 12 F. App’x 622 (9th Cir. 2017) (“Given that CAFA relies on the diversity of the parties for removal, 13 the Court applies the choice-of-law rules of the forum state.”). 14 “When an agreement contains a choice of law provision, California courts apply the 15 parties’ choice of law unless the analytical approach articulated in § 187(2) of the Restatement 16 (Second) of Conflict of Laws . . . dictates a different result.” Bridge Fund Capital Corp. v. 17 Fastbucks Franchise Corp., 622 F.3d 996, 1002 (9th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks and 18 citation omitted). “Under the Restatement approach, the court must first determine ‘whether the 19 chosen state has a substantial relationship to the parties or their transaction, . . . or whether there is 20 any other reasonable basis for the parties’ choice of law.’” Id. (quoting Nedlloyd Lines B.V. v. 21 Superior Court, 3 Cal. 4th 459, 466 (1992)). If either of those tests is met, “the court must next 22 determine whether the chosen state’s law is contrary to a fundamental policy of California.” Id. 23 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). If such a conflict exists, the court must determine 24 “whether California has a materially greater interest than the chosen state in the determination of 25 the particular issue.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “If California possesses 26

27 4 While the SAC also contains a claim asserted under federal law, the Magnuson-Moss Warranty 1 the materially greater interest, the court applies California law despite the choice of law clause.” 2 Id. at 1003. 3 The party seeking to enforce the choice of law provision has the burden of demonstrating 4 that the chosen state has a substantial relationship to the parties or their transaction, or that a 5 reasonable basis otherwise exists for the choice of law. See Wash. Mut. Bank, FA v. Superior 6 Court, 24 Cal. 4th 906, 917 (2001). If the proponent of the choice of law provision satisfies either 7 test, the provision “generally will be enforced unless the other side can establish both that the 8 chosen law is contrary to a fundamental policy of California and that California has a materially 9 greater interest in the determination of the particular issue.” Id. 10 “Of course, the Court must first determine whether Plaintiffs actually agreed to be bound 11 to the choice-of-law provision.” Han v. Samsung Telecommunications Am., LLC, No. CV 13- 12 3823-GW AJWX, 2013 WL 7158044, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 16, 2013) (internal quotation marks 13 and citation omitted). In Han, cited by both Plaintiffs and Bosch, the court determined that the 14 plaintiffs had agreed to be bound by the terms of a Standard Limited Warranty contained in a 15 Samsung User Manual that accompanied smart phones they purchased. See id. at *4. The court 16 rejected one plaintiff’s argument that he did not actually see and was not aware of the terms at 17 issue, noting that “competent adults may be bound by such documents, read or unread.” Id. 18 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The court found that “Plaintiffs here do not 19 credibly dispute that the Standard Limited Warranty is ‘contractual’ in nature – indeed, Plaintiffs 20 in the Han case actually seek to enforce the Standard Limited Warranty by bringing various 21 breach of warranty claims.” Id. 22 For similar reasons, Plaintiffs in the present case cannot credibly dispute that they are 23 bound by the choice of law provision in Bosch’s Limited Warranty. Plaintiffs argue that the 24 choice of law provision is not enforceable against them because they did not receive the Limited 25 Warranty prior to filing this lawsuit. However, Plaintiffs allege that “[t]he Bosch warranties 26 alleged herein were part of the ‘basis of the bargain’ of the purchase of the 42 Panels by Kilowatt, 27 and Kilowatt also relied upon the existence of the warranty in entering the transaction, as 1 Plaintiffs.” SAC ¶ 32. Plaintiffs seek to enforce Bosch’s Limited Warranty in this suit, claiming 2 that even though Kilowatt actually purchased the NA30119 Panels, “Plaintiffs have always been 3 intended beneficiaries of the warranty provided in conjunction with the purchase of the Panels by 4 Kilowatt, as Plaintiffs have been the ‘end-users’ of the panels” under the Limited Warranty. Id. 5 Plaintiffs allege that before they entered into the Prepaid Solar Power Agreement, Berg “explained 6 the essential terms” of the Bosch warranty to Rojas, and “Berg’s assurances made to Plaintiffs 7 regarding the substance of the Bosch Limited Warranty were accurate and precisely mirrored the 8 written language” of the warranty. SAC ¶¶ 32, 164, 167. Given Plaintiffs’ assertion that the 9 Limited Warranty may be invoked and enforced by them, the Court perceives no basis for 10 Plaintiffs’ assertion that they are not bound by the Limited Warranty’s choice of law provision. 11 Plaintiffs have cited no case supporting their position that they can take the parts of the Limited 12 Warranty they like, leave behind the parts they dislike, and thereby enforce a warranty that Bosch 13 never offered to anyone. The Court concludes that to the extent Plaintiffs are entitled to enforce 14 the Limited Warranty, they are bound by the choice of law provision contained therein. 15 The Court therefore must determine whether the Limited Warranty’s choice of Michigan 16 law may be enforced pursuant to California’s choice of law rules. Under California’s Restatement 17 approach, discussed above, the Court first must decide whether Bosch has established that 18 Michigan has a substantial relationship to the parties or the transaction, or that a reasonable basis 19 otherwise exists for the choice of law. See Bridge Fund, 622 F.3d at 1002. This requirement is 20 satisfied here, as Bosch is incorporated under Michigan law and maintains executive offices there. 21 SAC ¶ 29. “A substantial relationship exists between a party and the state in which that party is 22 domiciled, resides, or is incorporated.” Weber v. Amazon.com, Inc., No. CV 17-8868-GW(EX), 23 2018 WL 6016975, at *6 (C.D. Cal. June 4, 2018) 24 The Court next must determine whether Plaintiffs have met their burden to show that 25 Michigan law is contrary to a fundamental policy of California and that California possesses a 26 materially greater interest than Michigan in the outcome of the case. See Wash. Mut. Bank, 24 27 Cal. 4th at 917. Plaintiffs have not done so, instead asserting that it is premature to perform a 1 The Court must determine which state’s law applies in order to evaluate Bosch’s motion to 2 dismiss, as Michigan and California law differ with respect to warranty and unjust enrichment 3 claims. 4 The Court concludes that Bosch has demonstrated a reasonable basis for the choice of 5 Michigan law, and Plaintiffs have failed to meet their burden of showing that Michigan law is 6 contrary to a fundamental policy of California and that California has a materially greater interest 7 in the determination of the suit. The Court therefore applies Michigan law to Plaintiffs’ warranty 8 claims (Claims 1-3). The Court agrees with Plaintiffs, however, that the choice of law provision 9 does not support application of Michigan law to Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claim (Claim 5). As 10 Plaintiffs point out, the choice of law provision is limited by its own terms to “disputes arising 11 from this warranty.” Limited Warranty ¶ 3.5, SAC Exh. A, ECF 53. Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment 12 claim does not arise from the warranty, but rather is pled in the alternative to Plaintiffs’ warranty 13 claims. In other words, the unjust enrichment claim will come into play only if the claims based 14 on Bosch’s Limited Warranty fail. Under these circumstances, the Court finds that the unjust 15 enrichment claim falls outside the scope of the Limited Warranty’s choice of law provision. 16 In summary, the Court will apply Michigan law to Plaintiffs’ warranty claims (Claims 1-3) 17 and California law to Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claim (Claim 5). 18 C. Warranty Claims (Claims 1, 2, and 3) 19 Claims 1, 2, and 3 assert that Bosch breached its Limited Warranty, covering both material 20 and workmanship (“Product Warranty”) and loss of performance (“Performance Warranty”). See 21 SAC Exh. A, ECF 53. 22 1. State Law Warranty Claims (Claims 1 and 3) 23 Claims 1 and 3 are for breach of express warranty under state common law and state 24 statutory warranty law, respectively. Plaintiffs seek to proceed under California common law 25 (Claim 1) and California Commercial Code § 2313 (Claim 3). As discussed above, however, 26 Bosch has demonstrated that Michigan law applies to Plaintiffs’ warranty claims. The Court 27 therefore evaluates the adequacy of Claims 1 and 3 under Michigan Common law and Michigan’s 1 The Product Warranty guarantees that the solar panels are free of defects in material and 2 workmanship for a period of ten years from the date of delivery. Limited Warranty ¶ A. The 3 Performance Warranty guarantees that the solar panels, also referred to as the “Module,” will: “a) 4 within a period of ten years from the date of delivery provide at least 90%; and b) within a period 5 of 25 years from the date of delivery provide at least 80% of the minimum performance set forth 6 in the data sheet. . . .” Limited Warranty ¶ B. “These Warranties are granted to the Consumer or 7 shall transfer from the Consumer to subsequent buyers / end users for the remainder of the 8 warranty period, provided the subsequent buyers / end users can show that the Modules have not 9 been modified or relocated from their originally installed location.” Limited Warranty ¶ C.1.1. 10 The “Consumer” is defined as “the final customer or end-user that properly places the Modules 11 into operation for the first time.” Limited Warranty ¶ A. 12 Plaintiffs claim that the Product Warranty has been breached “because the panels have 13 solder joint and delamination defects.” SAC ¶ 239. Plaintiffs allege that “Bosch has admitted that 14 the solder joint defect causes a fire hazard and safety risk” and that “[t]he delamination defect also 15 causes a fire and safety risk.” Id. Plaintiffs claim that the Performance Warranty has been 16 breached because “Plaintiffs have experienced a degradation of power below the output promised 17 by Bosch.” SAC ¶ 240. They claim that “Bosch has further breached the Performance Warranty 18 because implicit in the power output promise is that such power output will be generated safely.” 19 Id. 20 Bosch argues that Plaintiffs have not alleged that the Limited Warranty, containing the 21 Product Warranty and the Performance warranty, was part of the basis of any bargain; Plaintiffs’ 22 warranty claims based on the delamination defect fail because Plaintiffs did not give pre-suit 23 notice of that defect as required under Michigan law; Plaintiffs’ warranty claims fail because 24 Plaintiffs did not comply with the Limited Warranty’s 90-day notice provision; and Plaintiffs have 25 not alleged recoverable damages for breach of warranty. Plaintiffs argue that they have shown 26 that the Limited Warranty was part of the basis of the bargain; they complied with all applicable 27 notice provisions; and the damages issue is not appropriate for adjudication a motion to dismiss. 1 a. Basis of the Bargain 2 Bosch moves to dismiss Plaintiffs’ warranty claims on the ground that they have not 3 alleged facts showing that the warranty was part of the basis of any relevant bargain. The Court 4 previously dismissed Claims 1 and 3 as alleged in the first amended complaint (“FAC”) on this 5 ground. See Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Motion to Dismiss First Amended 6 Complaint (“Prior Dismissal Order”) at 8, ECF 49. The Court observed that Plaintiffs alleged that 7 they never received the Limited Warranty, and it found “fairly sparse” Plaintiffs’ allegations that 8 the Limited Warranty’s essential terms were communicated to them by Berg. Id. The Court 9 granted leave to amend so that Plaintiffs could allege the circumstances and content of Berg’s 10 statements with more specificity. Id. Bosch contends that Plaintiffs have not added sufficient 11 facts to cure this pleading defect. 12 Plaintiffs have expanded on their allegations regarding Berg’s role. See SAC ¶¶ 156-67. 13 In particular, Plaintiffs have described the circumstances of their interactions with Berg, stated that 14 Berg informed them of the Bosch Limited Warranty, alleged that Berg explained the essential 15 terms of the Bosch Limited Warranty, and alleged that Berg’s representations regarding the terms 16 of the Limited Warranty were accurate. See id. Plaintiffs allege that the Bosch Limited Warranty 17 was critical to Kilowatt in deciding to purchase the NA30119 Panels for placement on Plaintiffs’ 18 property, and to both Kilowatt and Plaintiffs in deciding to enter into the Prepaid Solar Power 19 Agreement. See SAC ¶¶ 32, 166. Finally, Plaintiffs allege that they “have always been 20 intended beneficiaries of the warranty provided in conjunction with the purchase of the Panels by 21 Kilowatt, as Plaintiffs have been the ‘end-users’ of the panels as defined by the Bosch Express 22 Warranty.” SAC ¶ 32. The Court concludes that for pleading purposes, these allegations are 23 adequate to show that the Bosch Limited Warranty was part of the basis of the bargain for both 24 Kilowatt’s purchase of the 42 NA30119 Panels and the Prepaid Solar Power Agreement between 25 Kilowatt and Plaintiffs. 26 Bosch contends that Plaintiffs appear to be proceeding on both a direct beneficiary theory 27 and a third-party beneficiary theory with respect to their warranty claims. Bosch argues that 1 Commercial Code and Witkin. See Motion at 11, ECF 62. Because Bosch successfully has 2 established that Plaintiffs’ warranty claims are governed by Michigan law, not California law, 3 Bosch’s arguments based on California law are not on point. Bosch does not challenge Plaintiffs’ 4 third-party beneficiary theory under applicable Michigan law. 5 The motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ state law warranty claims (Claims 1 and 3) for failure to 6 allege that the warranty was part of the basis of the bargain is DENIED. 7 b. Statutory Pre-suit Notice 8 Bosch contends that Plaintiffs’ warranty claims based on the alleged delamination defect 9 are subject to dismissal for failure to allege compliance with Michigan’s statutory pre-suit notice 10 requirements. Under Michigan’s Uniform Commercial Code, “‘the buyer must within a 11 reasonable time after he discovers or should have discovered any breach notify the seller of breach 12 or be barred from any remedy’” for breach of warranty. Johnston v. PhD Fitness, LLC, No. 16- 13 CV-14152, 2018 WL 646683, at *3 (E.D. Mich. Jan. 31, 2018) (quoting Mich. Comp. Laws § 14 440.2607(3)(a)). Michigan courts have held “that a buyer’s failure to provide a remote 15 manufacturer with pre-suit notice bars the buyer’s breach of warranty claims.” Id. “Michigan’s 16 notice requirement is not just a formality.” Id. It serves “(1) to prevent surprise and allow the 17 seller the opportunity to make recommendations how to cure the nonconformance, (2) to allow the 18 seller the fair opportunity to investigate and prepare for litigation, (3) to open the way for 19 settlement of claims through negotiation, and (4) to protect the seller from stale claims and provide 20 certainty in contractual arrangements.” Id. (citation omitted). 21 Plaintiffs allege that “[o]n November 1, 2017 Plaintiffs provided direct notice to Bosch of 22 its warranty claims for both the product and performance warranties.” SAC ¶ 238. As set forth 23 above, November 1, 2017 is the date upon which Rojas telephoned Bosch to request replacement 24 of the panels on his property. SAC ¶¶ 182-83. When Bosch stated that ground-mounted panels 25 were not included in the recall, Rojas informed Bosch that: “the panels were defective and a fire 26 hazard”; “the power output of the panels was variable and seemed to be underperforming”; he was 27 “making a claim”; and he “wanted all of his panels replaced.” SAC ¶ 183. Bosch stated that it 1 on this property the same date, November 1, 2017. SAC ¶ 186. Plaintiffs assert that these 2 allegations are sufficient to establish that they gave Bosch notice of their warranty claims on 3 November 1, 2017. 4 Bosch argues that the November 1, 2017 notice was not sufficient as to the delamination 5 defect, because Rojas did not specifically mention the delamination defect. However, Bosch has 6 cited no authority for the proposition that a warranty claim must include a technical term such as 7 “delamination defect.” Rojas reported that the panels were a fire hazard and were 8 underperforming. SAC ¶ 183. Plaintiffs allege that the delamination defect causes a fire hazard 9 and underperformance. SAC ¶¶ 81-82, 239. Finally, Plaintiffs allege that “[d]elamination is 10 obvious to solar panel experts but Plaintiffs and average consumers are not aware how to identify 11 delamination or of its significance.” SAC ¶ 81. The Court concludes that Plaintiffs’ allegations 12 that they gave notice of symptoms that are caused by delamination – fire hazard and 13 underperformance – are sufficient to allege the requisite pre-suit notice. Plaintiffs specifically 14 allege that they did not have the knowledge to report “delamination” by its technical name, and 15 Bosch has not cited cases requiring that level of specificity to satisfy Michigan statutory notice 16 requirements. 17 The motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ state law warranty claims (Claims 1 and 3) for failure to 18 allege pre-suit notice of the delamination defect is DENIED. 19 c. 90-Day Notice Provision in Limited Warranty 20 Bosch moves to dismiss Plaintiffs’ state law warranty claims on the ground that Plaintiffs 21 have not alleged compliance with the 90-day warranty provision in the Limited Warranty. The 22 Court previously dismissed Claims 1 and 3 as alleged in the FAC on this ground. See Prior 23 Dismissal Order at 10, ECF 49. The Limited Warranty requires that a claim for breach of the 24 express warranty must be submitted “within three (3) months of the occurrence of an event placing 25 the Consumer on notice that a claim under one of the warranties has or may have arisen.” Limited 26 Warranty ¶ C.3.4. In its prior dismissal order, the Court found that Plaintiffs’ conclusory 27 allegations of compliance with the 90-day requirement were insufficient, as Plaintiffs had not 1 Prior Dismissal Order at 10, ECF 49. 2 Bosch contends that Plaintiffs have not cured this defect. Specifically, Bosch argues that 3 “it appears on the face of the SAC that Plaintiffs’ obligation to notify Bosch Solar was triggered in 4 ‘mid-September 2017’ or (at the latest) in April 2018 when Plaintiffs received their electricity 5 bill.” Motion at 14, ECF 62. Bosch contends that Plaintiffs did not give notice of their claims 6 under the Limited Warranty until September 2018 when they filed this action, which was more 7 than 90 days after the contractual notice obligation was triggered. See id. 8 In their opposition, Plaintiffs argue that they gave Bosch the requisite 90-day notice of 9 their warranty claims on November 1, 2017. See Opposition at 10-12. In particular, Plaintiffs 10 point to allegations that during the November 1, 2017 telephone call between Rojas and Bosch, 11 Bosch stated that the ground-mounted array was not covered by the recall and that Bosch would 12 process Plaintiffs’ “claim.” SAC ¶¶ 182-84. These allegations are sufficient to support Plaintiffs’ 13 position that the November 1, 2017 notification to Bosch was notice of Plaintiffs’ warranty claims. 14 The November 1, 2017 notice is within 90 days of the earliest trigger date argued by Bosch, 15 September 2017. Bosch does not respond to this argument in its reply. Bosch’s reply argument 16 regarding notice is limited to its contention that any pre-suit notice given by Plaintiffs did not 17 encompass the delamination defect. As discussed above, that contention does not entitle Bosch to 18 dismissal of Plaintiffs’ warranty claims at the pleading stage. 19 The Court notes that Bosch’s Limited Warranty requires that the 90-day notice be 20 submitted “in writing.” Limited Warranty ¶ 3.1. Bosch has not argued that Plaintiffs’ alleged 21 November 1, 2017 notice to Bosch was verbal rather than written. In any event, Plaintiffs allege 22 that in addition to telephoning Bosch on November 1, 2017, Rojas also engaged in written 23 correspondence with Bosch on that date via email. See SAC ¶¶ 184-86. 24 The motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ state law warranty claims (Claims 1 and 3) for failure to 25 allege compliance with the Limited Warranty’s 90-day notice requirement is DENIED.5 26

27 5 Having concluded that Plaintiffs have pled compliance with the Limited Warranty’s 90-day 1 d. Recoverable Damages 2 Bosch argues that Plaintiffs’ warranty claims are subject to dismissal because they have 3 not alleged damages that are recoverable on a breach of warranty theory. The warranty provides 4 that “THE LIABILITY OF BOSCH SOLAR ENERGY CORP. UNDER THESE WARRANTIES 5 SHALL NOT EXCEED THE PURCHASE PRICE PAID BY THE CONSUMER FOR THE 6 MODULE(S), AND UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHALL BOSCH SOLAR ENERGY 7 CORP. OR ANY OF ITS AFFIIATES, BE LIABLE TO THE CONSUMER OR ANY OTHER 8 THIRD PARTY FOR ANY CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT, COMMERCIAL 9 (LOSS OF USE, REVENUE, PROFITS, OR DOWNWTIME) OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES 10 WHATSOEVER.” Limited Warranty ¶ C.2.3. Bosch contends that Plaintiffs seek only 11 consequential damages, which are prohibited under the warranty terms. 12 Citing Ducharme v. A & S RV Ctr., Inc., 321 F. Supp. 2d 843 (E.D. Mich. 2004), aff’d, 127 13 F. App’x 204 (6th Cir. 2005), Bosch argues that Plaintiffs’ warranty claims must be dismissed. 14 The Ducharme decision was issued at the summary judgment stage. The court relied on evidence 15 that the defendant had repaired the cracked engine block that gave rise to the warranty claim, and 16 agreed to repair the engine leak under warranty. See id. at 851. The court concluded based on that 17 evidence that the defendant was entitled to summary judgment on the warranty claim, and that 18 judgment was not precluded by the plaintiffs’ claims of consequential damages that were 19 expressly excluded by the warranty. See id. at 851-52. The case does not speak to the pleading 20 requirements for a warranty claim. 21 This Court previously denied Bosch’s motion to dismiss the warranty claims for failure to 22 allege recoverable damages. See Prior Dismissal Order at 11, ECF 49. In its prior dismissal order, 23 the Court noted: “That certain elements or forms of relief might be unavailable under a stated 24 cause of action does not render that cause of action susceptible to a motion to dismiss.” Glob. Res. 25 Mgmt. Consultancy, Inc. v. Geodigital Int’l Corp., No. 2:15-cv-08477-ODW(AFMx), 2016 WL 26 1065796, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 17, 2016) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The 27 Court determined that Bosch’s damages argument did not show that Plaintiffs had failed to state a 1 earlier determination on that point was in error. 2 The motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ state law warranty claims (Claims 1 and 3) for failure to 3 allege recoverable damages is DENIED. 4 2. Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act (Claim 2) 5 Claim 2 is asserted under the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act (“MMWA”), 15 U.S.C. § 6 2310. It is based on Claim 1 for breach of express warranty under common law. See SAC ¶ 256. 7 Bosch asserts that Plaintiffs’ MMWA claim is subject to dismissal because the underlying state 8 law claim is subject to dismissal, and Plaintiffs did not give Bosch pre-suit notice of the class 9 claims for breach of warranty. The Court previously dismissed Plaintiffs’ MMWA claim on those 10 grounds. Bosch argues that Plaintiffs have not cured the pleading defects that led to the prior 11 dismissal of their MMWA claim. 12 With respect to the prior dismissal based on the failure of the underlying state law claim, 13 the Court noted that where a MMWA claim is based on a claim for breach of warranty under state 14 law, the MMWA claim generally rises or falls with the state law claim. See Clemens v. 15 DaimlerChrysler Corp., 534 F.3d 1017, 1022 (9th Cir. 2008) (“[T]his court’s disposition of the 16 state law warranty claims determines the disposition of the Magnuson-Moss Act claims.”). 17 Because Claim 1 as alleged in the FAC was subject to dismissal, so too was the MMWA claim. 18 See Prior Dismissal Order at 13, ECF 49. In the present case, however, the Court denies Bosch’s 19 motion to dismiss Claim 1. Accordingly, Bosch’s argument based on the inadequacy of Claim 1 is 20 without merit. 21 With respect to the prior dismissal based on Plaintiffs’ failure to give pre-suit notice of the 22 class warranty claims, the Court determined that the MMWA requires such notice. “[A] class of 23 consumers may not proceed in a class action” under the MMWA for failure to comply with the 24 terms of a warranty “unless the person obligated under the warranty . . . is afforded a reasonable 25 opportunity to cure such failure to comply.” 15 U.S.C. § 2310(e). “[S]uch reasonable opportunity 26 will be afforded by the named plaintiffs and they shall at that time notify the defendant that they 27 are acting on behalf of the class.” Id. The Court rejected Plaintiffs’ argument that pre-suit notice 1 2310(e) to require pre-suit notice and opportunity to cure before a class action may be brought 2 under the MMWA. See Prior Dismissal Order at 13, ECF 49. 3 Plaintiffs still have not alleged pre-suit notice of warranty claims asserted on a class basis. 4 The November 1, 2017 notice discussed herein did not inform Bosch that Plaintiffs were acting on 5 behalf of a class. However, Plaintiffs now contend that they have alleged facts showing that pre- 6 suit notice would have been futile. Some district courts within the Ninth Circuit have declined to 7 dismiss MMWA claims for failure to comply with the pre-suit notice requirement where the 8 plaintiff has alleged that compliance would have been futile. See, e.g., In re Toyota Motor Corp. 9 Unintended Acceleration Mktg., Sales Practices, & Prod. Liab. Litig., 754 F. Supp. 2d 1145, 1189 10 (C.D. Cal. 2010). In the present case, Plaintiffs have provided detailed allegations regarding their 11 year-long attempt to get Bosch to replace the solar panels on their property after Bosch agreed to 12 do so. See SAC ¶¶ 182-200. The Court finds that these allegations give rise to a reasonable 13 inference that Plaintiffs would have had no better luck had they informed Bosch that they were 14 acting on behalf of a class of individuals with warranty claims. The Court therefore concludes 15 that, for pleading purposes, Plaintiffs have alleged facts excusing them from compliance with the 16 MMWA’s pre-suit notice requirement. 17 The motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ MMWA claim (Claim 2) is DENIED. 18 D. Unjust Enrichment (Claim 5) 19 Claim 5, pled in the alternative to Plaintiffs’ express warranty claims, alleges that Bosch 20 was unjustly enriched by receiving the purchase price of the solar panels and retaining that benefit 21 at Plaintiffs’ expense. Plaintiffs allege that they paid Kilowatt $25,089.22 pursuant to the Prepaid 22 Solar Power Agreement described herein. SAC ¶ 310. “Kilowatt then paid Sullivan, using 23 Plaintiffs’ money, for the cost of the Bosch solar panels and materials to be purchased by Sullivan 24 to build Plaintiffs’ solar array.” SAC ¶ 311. “Sullivan bought the NA30119 panels used on 25 Plaintiffs’ property after Plaintiffs paid Kilowatt the $25,089.22 which Kilowatt paid to Sullivan.” 26 Id. Plaintiffs allege that in this manner “[t]he benefit of the purchase price was conferred on 27 Bosch and retained at Plaintiffs’ expense.” SAC ¶ 316. Plaintiffs claim that “[a]s between 1 that Plaintiff paid $25,089.22 for the installation of the Bosch panels based upon the promises 2 from Bosch that the panels would be free from defects and would safely supply certain minimum 3 power output performance, none of which were delivered or fulfilled as promised by Bosch.” 4 SAC ¶ 317.6 5 Bosch contends that the unjust enrichment claim must be dismissed under Michigan law, 6 citing Bowlers’ Alley, Inc. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 32 F. Supp. 3d 824 (E.D. Mich. 2014). In 7 Bowlers’ Alley, the court observed that to plead a claim of unjust enrichment under Michigan law, 8 “a plaintiff must establish that the defendant has received and retained a benefit from the plaintiff 9 and inequity has resulted.” Id. at 833. “Michigan courts will then imply a contract to prevent 10 unjust enrichment.” Id. “However, courts will not imply a contract where there is an express 11 contract governing the same subject matter.” Id. “[T]he law operates to imply a contract in order 12 to prevent unjust enrichment, and . . . this will not occur if there is already an express contract on 13 the same subject matter.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Bosch argues that 14 “because there is no dispute that an express agreement exists between the parties,” Plaintiffs’ 15 unjust enrichment claim must be dismissed. 16 As discussed above, Bosch has failed to demonstrate that Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment 17 claim falls within the scope of the Limited Warranty’s choice of law provision. Accordingly, 18 Bosch’s argument based on Michigan law fails. Moreover, Plaintiffs’ assertion of an unjust 19 enrichment claim in the alternative to their warranty claims – that is, in the event that the warranty 20 is found not to apply – does not appear to run afoul of the Michigan law principles articulated 21 above. If it is determined that the parties’ relationship is governed by the Limited Warranty, the 22 unjust enrichment claim will fall by the wayside. Finally, this Court has held that a claim for 23 unjust enrichment may be asserted under California law, and that such a claim is not subject to 24 dismissal at the pleading stage even if duplicative of other claims. See Romero v. Flowers 25 6 Plaintiffs also allege that “Bosch has been further unjustly enriched in that the price paid by 26 Plaintiffs and Class members for the panels did not contemplate that consumers would bear the cost of testing their panels in order to assert a performance warranty claim.” SAC ¶ 318. This 27 aspect of the unjust enrichment claim is grounded in Plaintiffs’ allegations that the warranty claim 1 Bakeries, LLC, No. 14-CV-05189-BLF, 2015 WL 2125004, at *9 (N.D. Cal. May 6, 2015). 2 Bosch makes a passing reference to the Court’s prior dismissal of Plaintiffs’ unjust 3 enrichment claim under California law. The Court found that the FAC had not identified a benefit 4 that Bosch retained at Plaintiffs’ expense, and that all of Plaintiffs’ allegations supporting their 5 unjust enrichment claim were conclusory. See Prior Dismissal Order at 16-17, ECF 49. As 6 recited above, Plaintiffs have cured that defect in the SAC, and now have alleged the basis for 7 their unjust enrichment claim with specificity. 8 The motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claim (Claim 5) is DENIED. 9 E. UCL and CLRA (Claims 4 and 6) 10 Claims 4 and 6, for violation of California’s UCL and CLRA respectively, are based on 11 Plaintiffs’ assertion that the Warranty Claim Verification and Procedure provisions of the Limited 12 Warranty are unconscionable. Specifically, Plaintiffs object to requirements that warranty claims 13 must be verified by testing the solar panels under “standard test conditions” which must be 14 maintained by the consumer. See Limited Warranty ¶¶ 3.2, 3.3. “The Consumer is responsible for 15 maintaining the standard test conditions while producing evidence that the performance has 16 fallen below the guaranteed minimum performance.” Limited Warranty ¶ 3.3. The “standard test 17 conditions” are defined in technical terms: “(25°C cell temperature, irradiation 1,000 W/m2 and 18 spectrum AM 1.5).” Limited Warranty ¶ 3.3. If testing under standard test conditions determines 19 that the solar panels meet minimum performance requirements, or if certain other circumstances 20 occur, the consumer who made the warranty claim must reimburse Bosch for its testing costs. 21 Limited Warranty ¶ 3.3. Plaintiffs allege that “[u]nbeknownst to end users of Bosch panels, the 22 ‘standard test conditions,’ to which Bosch requires adherence to assert a warranty claim, are 23 enormously costly and technically complex and must be performed in the controlled environment 24 of a solar laboratory utilizing sophisticated equipment and machinery.” Id. Plaintiffs claim that 25 “[t]he cost of such testing likely exceeds the entire cost of the solar array itself, thus creating and 26 unconscionable barrier to legitimate warranty claims.” Id. Plaintiffs allege that these 27 requirements violate California’s UCL and CLRA. See SAC ¶¶ 281-302, 320-337. 1 test conditions for failure to allege concrete injury. See Prior Dismissal Order at 15, ECF 49. In 2 order to state a claim under the UCL, Plaintiffs must allege facts showing that the challenged 3 conduct caused them to suffer an “injury in fact” and that they “lost money or property as a result 4 of the unfair competition.” Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17204; see also Hall v. Time Inc., 158 Cal. 5 App. 4th 847, 852 (2008). In order to state a claim under the CLRA, Plaintiffs must allege facts 6 showing that the challenged conduct caused them to suffer “some kind of damage.” Meyer v. 7 Sprint Spectrum L.P., 45 Cal. 4th 634, 641 (2009). The Court found that the FAC did not allege 8 any injury to Plaintiffs resulting from the standard test conditions and related requirements in the 9 Limited Warranty. See Prior Dismissal Order at 15, ECF 49. The Court was not persuaded by 10 Plaintiffs’ argument that Bosch may enforce the standard test conditions requirements in the 11 future. The Court found that Plaintiffs’ alleged injury was hypothetical, citing Lee v. Chase 12 Manhattan Bank, No. C07-04732 MJJ, 2008 WL 698482, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 14, 2008), in 13 which allegations about “what might happen” were insufficient to state a claim under California’s 14 UCL and CLRA. As stated in Lee, “to establish injury in fact in this case, Plaintiffs must do more 15 than allege that the provisions are unconscionable – they must show that insertion of these 16 provisions has caused or will cause them concrete harm.” Id. 17 Bosch argues that Plaintiffs have failed to remedy this pleading defect. The Court agrees. 18 Plaintiffs repeat their prior allegation that the standard test conditions terms “remain in the Bosch 19 Limited Warranty and could be invoked by Bosch at any time.” SAC ¶ 292. As discussed above, 20 this Court has determined that the possibility Bosch might invoke the standard test conditions 21 provisions does not meet the statutory requirements for injury under the UCL and CLRA. 22 Plaintiffs attempt to plead around the Court’s prior order by alleging that the mere presence of the 23 standard test conditions provisions “has an immediate, detrimental and concrete impact on the 24 value of Plaintiff’s property.” SAC ¶ 292. Plaintiffs allege that “[h]omebuyers would refuse to 25 purchase, or would require a steep discount to purchase, Plaintiffs’ property which is saddled with 26 defective panels that constitute an admitted fire risk while Bosch retains the right to invoke a 27 clause requiring such homebuyers to expend as much as the panels are worth.” SAC ¶ 292. These 1 facts supporting an inference that the standard test conditions in the Limited Warranty have caused 2 any potential buyer to refuse to purchase Plaintiffs’ home or lowered the market value of the 3 home. Accordingly, Plaintiffs have failed to allege injury and loss of money or property with 4 respect to their UCL claim, or some kind of damage with respect to their CLRA claim. 5 In another effort to meet the injury requirement, Plaintiffs allege that on December 19, 6 2018, a consultant hired by Plaintiffs’ counsel conducted an investigation of Plaintiffs’ solar 7 panels. SAC ¶ 289. Plaintiffs’ counsel paid the consultant approximately $6,000. SAC ¶ 291. 8 Plaintiffs themselves have not paid the consultant anything, but they allege that they “have a 9 contingent liability to reimburse” the consultant’s fees if they and the class prevail in this action. 10 Id. Plaintiffs allege that “[t]his obligation constitutes injury-in-fact caused by the unconscionable 11 warranty terms requiring claimants to submit testing data.” Id. In addition to the “contingent 12 liability” for the consultant’s fees, Plaintiffs allege that Rojas missed approximately five hours of 13 work to meet with the consultant and accommodate the consultant’s inspection and testing. SAC ¶ 14 298. Plaintiffs allege that Rojas earns $105 per hour and therefore lost $525 as a result of 15 complying with the testing requirements in the Limited Warranty. See id. 16 These allegations do not satisfy the pleading requirements for the UCL and CLRA. As an 17 initial matter, the contingent liability for the $6,000 does not establish that Plaintiffs have lost 18 money or property, or been damaged. Cf. Marino v. Countrywide Fin. Corp., 26 F. Supp. 3d 955, 19 961 (C.D. Cal. 2014), aff’d, 602 F. App’x 403 (9th Cir. 2015) (“[A] claim is not ripe for 20 adjudication if it rests upon contingent future events that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed 21 may not occur at all.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Moreover, Plaintiffs have 22 not alleged facts suggesting that the consultant’s fees and loss of income were incurred as a result 23 of the standard test conditions provisions. Plaintiffs do not allege that Bosch demanded the testing 24 done by Plaintiffs’ consultant, and in fact Bosch has made clear throughout this lawsuit that it has 25 never enforced the standard test conditions provisions and has no intention of doing so against 26 Plaintiffs. 27 Even if Plaintiffs legitimately could have believed that retention of the consultant in 1 have not alleged facts showing that was their motive for hiring the consultant. There is no 2 allegation that Plaintiffs conveyed the consultant’s findings to Bosch as support for their warranty 3 claims. At the hearing, Bosch’s counsel represented that Plaintiffs in fact have never sent Bosch 4 the consultant’s report event though the inspection was performed almost a year prior to the 5 hearing. Plaintiffs’ allegations therefore suggest that the fees and loss of income were incurred 6 voluntarily to investigate their claims. Costs incurred to investigate a claim for litigation “do not 7 establish standing to bring a UCL claim because they are not an economic injury caused by the 8 business practices” complained of. Two Jinn, Inc. v. Gov’t Payment Serv., Inc., 233 Cal. App. 4th 9 1321, 1334 (2015); see also Meyer, 45 Cal. 4th at 643 (“[I]t would contort the statutory language 10 to conclude that the preemptive expenditure of fees for this litigation means that Sprint’s alleged 11 unlawful practices had caused ‘damage’ at the time the lawsuit was filed.”). 12 At the hearing, Plaintiffs’ counsel asked the Court to consider two cases with respect to the 13 type of injury/damage that must be alleged to state a claim under the UCL and CLRA, Hale v. 14 Sharp Healthcare, 183 Cal. App. 4th 1373, 1383 (2010), and Sarun v. Dignity Health, 232 Cal. 15 App. 4th 1159 (2014), as modified (Jan. 13, 2015). The Court has reviewed both cases – neither 16 of which was cited in Plaintiffs’ opposition brief – but neither advances Plaintiffs’ position here. 17 In Hale, an uninsured patient who received treatment at a hospital filed a putative class 18 action against the hospital and its owner, asserting among other claims violations of California’s 19 UCL and CLRA. The plaintiff’s theory was that the hospital “deceptively and unfairly charged 20 her and other uninsured patients fees for medical services that substantially exceeded the fees it 21 accepted from patients covered by Medicare or private insurance.” Hale, 183 Cal. App. 4th at 22 1377. In reversing the trial court’s dismissal of the UCL and CLRA claims, the appellate court 23 held that the plaintiff had alleged standing under the UCL and CLRA based on allegations that she 24 had received a medical bill in the amount of $14,447.65, of which she had paid $500. Id. at 1383- 25 84. The appellate court determined that because the plaintiff had signed an admission agreement 26 obligating her to pay the full amount of the bill, she faced “at least an imminent invasion or injury 27 to a legally protected interest.” Id. at 383-84. The appellate court also determined that the 1 1385-87. 2 Hale is distinguishable from the present case, in which Plaintiffs are not subject to a charge 3 like a medical bill, and do not face an “imminent” injury resulting from the allegedly unlawful 4 practice. To the extent Plaintiffs are asserting a similarity between the debt actually owed by the 5 plaintiff in Hale and the potential imposition of expenses under the standard testing condition 6 provisions, the assertion is not well-taken. In Hale, the plaintiff alleged that the defendants 7 overcharged her and she actually received a bill, of which she paid a portion, resulting from that 8 alleged overcharge. In the present case, Plaintiffs allege that Bosch might require them to incur 9 testing costs at some future date, and they might be required to pay voluntarily incurred 10 consultant’s fees at some future date; neither allegation shows that Plaintiffs face the type of 11 imminent injury at issue in Hale. To the extent Rojas did incur costs, in the form of missing work, 12 Hale does nothing to persuade the Court that those missed hours resulted from the standard test 13 conditions provisions. 14 Sarun also involved a class action brought by an uninsured patient who received treatment 15 at a hospital. The appellate court determined that a hospital bill which the plaintiff partially paid 16 was sufficient to establish loss of “money or property” under the UCL, and to establish “any 17 damage” under the CLRA. See Sarun, 232 Cal. App. 4th at 1167-69. For the reasons discussed 18 above with respect to Hale, that scenario is factually distinguishable from the present case. 19 The Court therefore concludes that Plaintiffs have failed to allege facts establishing the 20 loss of money or property, or any damage, as required to state a claim under the UCL and CLRA. 21 The motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ UCL and CLRA claim (Claims 4 and 6) is GRANTED.7 22 F. Leave to Amend 23 Having determined that Plaintiffs’ UCL and CLRA claims are subject to dismissal, the 24 Court must decide whether leave to amend those claims is warranted. Leave ordinarily must be 25 granted unless one or more of the following factors is present: (1) undue delay, (2) bad faith or 26

27 7 Having concluded that Plaintiffs’ UCL and CLRA claims are subject to dismissal on the above 1 dilatory motive, (3) repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendment, (4) undue prejudice to the 2 || opposing party, and (5) futility of amendment. Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962); see 3 also Eminence Capital, LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2003) (discussing 4 Foman factors). 5 The Court finds no undue delay (factor 1) or bad faith (factor 2). However, despite the 6 || Court’s prior order dismissing Plaintiffs’ UCL and CLRA claims for failure to allege concrete 7 harm, Plaintiffs still have not alleged a viable claim (factor 3). Granting further opportunity to 8 amend would impose undue prejudice on Bosch, which already has had to bring multiple Rule 9 12(b)(6) motions (factor 4). Moreover, given Plaintiffs’ failure to allege viable UCL and CLRA 10 || claims to date, and the Court’s determination that their latest effort based on investigation costs is 11 unavailing, it appears that granting further leave to amend the UCL and CLRA claims would be 12 || futile (factor 5). After weighing these factors, the Court concludes that further leave to amend is

13 not warranted. Accordingly, the UCL and CLRA claims (Claims 4 and 6) are dismissed

v 14 || WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND.

15 || IV. ORDER 16 Defendant Bosch’s motion to dismiss the second amended complaint is GRANTED IN

= 17 || PART AND DENIED IN PART, WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND, as follows:

4 18 (1) — The motion is GRANTED WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND as to all claims asserted on behalf of residents of states other than California. This ruling is 19 without prejudice to a future noticed motion for leave to amend to add new class representatives. 20 (2) The motion is GRANTED WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND as to Claim 4 under 21 California’s UCL and Claim 6 under California’s CLRA; 22 (3) The motion is DENIED as to Claims 1-3 for breach of warranty and Claim 5 for unjust enrichment; 23 (4) Defendant shall file an answer to the second amended complaint on or before 24 March 27, 2020; and 25 (5) This order terminates ECF 62. tp) 27 || Dated: March 6, 2020 kom Me BETH LABSON FREEMAN 28 United States District Judge