UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
) DARRELL ROGERS, individually, and ) on behalf of all others similarly situated, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) No. 18-cv-2128 (KBJ) ) LUMINA SOLAR, INC., ) ) Defendant. ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Darrell Rogers has sued defendant Lumina Solar, Inc. on behalf of
himself and similarly situated individuals, alleging that Lumina Solar violated the
Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), 47 U.S.C. § 227, by using an automated
dialing system to send to him certain text-message advertising without obtaining his
prior express consent. (See Compl., ECF No. 1, ¶¶ 6, 15, 18.) After engaging in a
period of discovery, the parties reached a settlement of this putative class action; before
this Court at present is the parties’ joint motion seeking final approval of that
settlement under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23. (See Joint Motion for Final
Approval of Class Action Settlement (“Final Appr. Mot.”), ECF No. 18.) In their filing,
the parties represent that the proposed settlement is “fair, reasonable, and adequate . . .
and in the best interests of the Settlement Class in light of the factual, legal, practical,
and procedural considerations presented in this case[.]” (Id. at 2.) Accordingly, the parties request that this Court certify the settlement class, finally approve their
settlement, and dismiss this legal action. (See id. at 1.) 1
For the reasons explained below, and upon consideration of the parties’
submissions, the arguments and representations made at the final fairness hearing, and
the relevant statutes, case law, and the entire record, this Court agrees with the parties
that the requirements of Rule 23 are satisfied, and it will therefore GRANT the joint
motion for final approval and dismiss this case. A separate Order consistent with this
Memorandum Opinion will follow.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Alleged Facts And Procedural History 2
Rogers filed a complaint on September 13, 2018, asserting that Lumina Solar
sent him a text message advertisement on September 4, 2018, by means of an automatic
telephone dialing system. According to Rogers’s complaint, the text message stated:
“DARRELL HOMEOWNERS Reply YES If You Want MORE INFO On HOME
SOLAR In Your Area Plus Get The Details On The Tax Savings In Your State Stop to
Quit.” (Compl. ¶ 7.) Rogers alleges that, because he had not provided his prior written
consent to Lumina Solar to receive text message advertisements, the transmission of
this message violated the TCPA. (See id. ¶ 27.) Lumina Solar answered Rogers’s
complaint on November 9, 2018, and the Court (Collyer, J.) held an initial scheduling
conference on January 16, 2019, after which the parties engaged in a period of
1 Page number citations to the documents the parties have filed refer to the numbers that the Court’s electronic case-filing automatically assigns. 2 The facts are not disputed and are drawn from the class action complaint, as well as the parties’ joint filings seeking preliminary and final approval of the settlement, and the attachments thereto.
2 discovery. (See Def.’s Answer and Affirm. Defenses, ECF No. 5; Min. Entry of Jan.
16, 2019.) 3 On July 3, 2019, the parties notified the Court that they had reached a class
settlement (see Notice of Settlement, ECF No. 14), and submitted a joint motion
seeking preliminary approval of that settlement on August 23, 2019 (see Joint Motion
for Prelim. Approval of Class Action Settlement (“Prelim. Appr. Mot.”), ECF No. 16).
On September 11, 2019, the Court issued an order preliminarily certifying a
settlement class consisting of all individuals to whom Lumina Solar sent text message
advertisements between July 2, 2018, and September 20, 2018, which, based on
information disclosed during discovery, pertained to 2,488 individuals. (See Order
Preliminarily Approving Settlement, Certifying Settlement Class, & Authorizing Notice
to the Settlement Class (“Prelim. Appr. Order”), ECF No. 17, at 2.) The Court’s order
also approved the notice that would be sent to the class members advising them of the
settlement. (See id. at 2–4; Settlement Agreement, Ex. 1 to Prelim. Appr. Mot., ECF
No. 16-1, at 2.)
B. Notice To The Class And Terms Of The Settlement Agreement
Following the preliminary approval of the settlement, the Settlement
Administrator—Class-Settlement.com—sent an email to the 2,488 identified class
members containing the Class Notice and Claim Form that the Court had approved.
(See Decl. of Dorothy Sue Merryman (“Merryman Decl.”), Ex. 2 to Final Appr. Mot.,
ECF No. 18-2, ¶¶ 10–12.) Of these email messages, 1,868 did not bounce back;
therefore, the Settlement Administrator presumes that this many were received by the
3 This matter was originally assigned to Judge Rosemary M. Collyer, who retired from the bench on March 13, 2020. The Court’s Calendar Committee transferred the case to the undersigned on January 10, 2020.
3 intended recipient. (See id. ¶ 12.) For the 619 emails that bounced back, the Settlement
Administrator located a U.S. Mail address for each class member, using both the class
list Lumina Solar provided and internet searches. (See id. ¶ 14.) The Settlement
Administrator then mailed those individuals a copy of the Class Notice and Claim
Form. (See id. ¶¶ 15–16.) The Settlement Administrator also set up a website, which
contained the Class Notice, Claim Form, and Settlement Agreement, as well as details
regarding deadlines for submitting claims and opting out of, or objecting to, the
settlement; the date of the Final Approval Hearing; and contact information for Class
Counsel. (See id. ¶ 16.) Class members were also invited to submit claims through the
website, or by using U.S. Mail or facsimile. (See id. ¶¶ 16–17.)
Under the Settlement Agreement, Lumina Solar is required to establish a
$248,800 settlement fund. (See Settlement Agreement ¶ 6.) This fund amount will be
used to make several types of payments: settlement payments to the class members,
attorney’s fees in the amount of $39,808 (which represents 16% of the fund), a $5,000
incentive payment to Rogers, and the fees and costs of the Settlement Administrator.
(See id. ¶¶ 4, 6, 13.) Class members who submit valid claims for payment are entitled
to a pro rata share of the settlement fund that remains after the deduction of attorney’s
fees, the incentive payment to Rogers, and administration costs—up to $100—and any
part of the settlement fund that is not paid out reverts to Lumina Solar. (See id. ¶¶ 6,
9.) The Settlement Agreement further provides that class members who do not opt out
of the settlement have released all claims of any kind “that arise out of or relate to the
sending of the 2,488 text messages.” (Id. ¶ 15.)
4 C. Joint Motion For Final Approval And Fairness Hearing
On January 16, 2020, the parties filed a joint motion seeking final approval of
the settlement. (See Final Appr. Mot.) This Court held a fairness hearing on April 30,
2020, as Rule 23(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires. 4 At that hearing,
class counsel represented that the notices to the potential class members had been
issued and delivered successfully (as described above); that no class members had opted
out of the settlement; and that no objections to the settlement had been lodged. (See
Hr’g Tr., Apr. 30, 2020, at 10:4–12; 17:14–15.) Counsel for Lumina Solar further
represented that all members of the class were residents of the District of Columbia,
and that Lumina Solar had provided notice to the U.S. Attorney General and the
Attorney General of District of Columbia, pursuant to the Class Action Fairness Act, 28
U.S.C. § 1715. (See id. at 22:1–23:2.) No objectors appeared at the fairness hearing.
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
In the Preliminary Approval Order issued on September 11, 2019, the Court
preliminarily certified the settlement class and approved the form and content of the
notice to be provided to class members. (See Prelim. Appr. Order at 2–4.) The Court
also determined that, upon preliminary examination, the terms of the settlement were
fair, reasonable, and adequate. (See id. at 1.) This opinion addresses both final
certification of the class for settlement purposes and approval of the settlement itself.
4 This Court held the fairness hearing telephonically and provided audio access to the public and the media via a teleconference number in light of COVID-19 pandemic and Chief Judge Beryl Howell’s standing orders limiting in-person hearings due to pandemic-related exigencies. See Standing Order 20-19 (D.D.C. Apr. 20, 2020); Standing Order No. 20-9 (D.D.C. Mar. 17, 2020).
5 A. Class Certification
Generally speaking, a class that is certified for settlement purposes must satisfy
the requirements of Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Alvarez v.
Keystone Plus Constr. Corp., 303 F.R.D. 152, 159 (D.D.C. 2014). 5 There are two
different aspects of the Rule 23 certification standard. First, Rule 23(a) establishes the
four familiar prerequisite characteristics of numerosity, commonality, typicality, and
adequacy of representation. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a) (requiring the court to evaluate
whether “(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; (2)
there are questions of law or fact common to the class; (3) the claims or defenses of the
representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class; and (4) the
representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class”). In
addition, a proposed class must also satisfy at least one set of circumstances described
in Rule 23(b). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(1–3) (allowing a class action to be maintained
where separate lawsuits create the risk of inconsistent decisions, where class-wide
declaratory or injunctive relief is appropriate, or where common questions predominate
and class treatment is superior to individual actions).
In the instant case, the parties seek certification under Rule 23(b)(3), which
applies when the plaintiff is seeking monetary damages, and requires that “the court
find[] that the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any
questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other
available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” Fed. R. Civ.
5 The only exception is that “the court does not need to consider whether ‘the case, if tried, would present intractable management problems,’” since the point of the settlement proposal is that there will be no trial. Alvarez, 303 F.R.D. at 159 (quoting Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 620 (1997)).
6 P. 23(b)(3). These requirements are known as predominance and superiority. See
Ceccone v. Equifax Info. Servs. LLC, No. 13-cv-1314, 2016 WL 5107202, at *3 (D.D.C.
Aug. 29, 2016).
Given that the putative class action at issue here is proceeding under Rule
23(b)(3), there are additional requirements for provision of notice to the class, which
are found in Rule 23(c)(2). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(2). Under that rule, the notice
must be “the best . . . practicable under the circumstances, including individual notice
to all members who can be identified through reasonable effort.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
23(c)(2)(B). Furthermore, “[t]he Due Process Clause also gives unnamed class
members the right to notice of a class action settlement but does not require actual
notice to all class members who may be bound by the litigation.” In re Domestic
Airline Travel Antitrust Litig., 322 F. Supp. 3d 64, 68 (D.D.C. 2018) (citing Fidel v.
Farley, 534 F.3d 508, 513-14 (6th Cir. 2008)). Rather, “[n]otice need only be
reasonably calculated to reach” the members of the class in order to satisfy
constitutional due process requirements. Id. (citing Peters v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger
Corp., 966 F.2d 1483, 1486 (D.C. Cir. 1992)).
Rule 23(c)(2)(B) specifically requires that the class action settlement notice state
“in plain, easily understood language” the following information: (1) “the nature of the
action;” (2) “the definition of the class certified;” (3) “the class claims, issues, or
defenses;” (4) “that a class member may enter an appearance through an attorney if the
member so desires;” (5) “that the court will exclude from the class any member who
requests exclusion;” (6) “the time and manner for requesting exclusion;” (7) and “the
7 binding effect of a class judgment on members under Rule 23(c)(3).” Fed. R. Civ. P.
23(c)(2)(B).
B. Final Approval Of Class Settlement
Class claims must have court approval in order to settle. See Fed. R. Civ. P.
23(e). Furthermore, if the settlement will bind class members, the court can only grant
approval after holding a hearing, during which it may hear from class members who
object to the settlement. See William B. Rubenstein, 4 Newberg on Class Actions
§ 13:42 (5th ed. 2020). And, ultimately, in order to approve a binding settlement, the
court must make a finding that the settlement is “fair, reasonable, and adequate[.]” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2).
The D.C. Circuit has not established a particular test for settlement approval.
Instead, courts in this jurisdiction consider “a variety of factors, including: (a) whether
the settlement is the result of arm’s-length negotiations; (b) the terms of the settlement
in relation to the strengths of plaintiffs’ case; (c) the status of the litigation proceedings
at the time of settlement; (d) the reaction of the class; and (e) the opinion of
experienced counsel.” Alvarez, 303 F.R.D. at 159 (quoting In re LivingSocial Mktg. &
Sales Practice Litig., 298 F.R.D. 1, 11 (D.D.C. 2013)) (internal quotation marks
omitted). It is well established that the court must endeavor to evaluate these factors
and cannot simply “rubber stamp” a proposed class action settlement. Ceccone, 2016
WL 5107202, at *4 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). However, the Court
must also “stop short of the detailed and thorough investigation that it would undertake
if it were actually trying the case.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Indeed, “there is a long-standing judicial attitude favoring class action settlements, and
[this] Court’s discretion is constrained by the ‘principle of preference’ favoring and
8 encouraging settlement in appropriate cases.” Alvarez, 303 F.R.D. at 160 (quoting
Cohen v. Chilcott, 522 F. Supp. 2d 105, 114 (D.D.C. 2007)) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
III. ANALYSIS
This Court has analyzed, first, whether the class that the parties have proposed
satisfies the requirements of numerosity, commonality, typicality, adequacy,
predominance, and superiority found in subsections (a) and (b) of Rule 23 of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and, second, whether the notice that was used
satisfies the dictates of Rule 23(c)(2) and the Due Process Clause. The Court has also
evaluated whether the proposed settlement is fair, reasonable, and adequate as Rule
23(e) requires. For the reasons explained below, this Court finds that certification of
the class is proper under Rules 23(a) and (b)(3), and that the notice provided to the
class satisfies both the requirements of Rule 23(c)(2) and the Due Process Clause.
Furthermore, the Court concludes that the proposed settlement comports with Rule
23(e) because its terms are fair, reasonable, and adequate.
A. The Proposed Class Is Proper Under Rule 23(a) Because It Satisfies The Numerosity, Commonality, Typicality, And Adequacy Requirements
1. Numerosity
Under Rule 23(a)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a class must be “so
numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(1).
Courts in this circuit “have generally found that the numerosity requirement is satisfied
. . . where a proposed class has at least forty members.” Ceccone, 2016 WL 5107202,
at *4 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Alvarez, 303 F.R.D. at
9 160 (gathering cases). Here, the class that the parties have defined includes 2,488
members, which is well above this minimum threshold. (See Final Appr. Mot. at 3.)
Courts have also recognized that “judicial economy may be considered by courts
in evaluating numerosity.” Meijer, Inc. v. Warner Chilcott Holdings Co. III, 246 F.R.D.
293, 307 (D.D.C. 2007). Joinder of the nearly 2,500 class members here would be
impracticable; therefore, the interests of judicial economy would best be served by
allowing these thousands of consumers to receive relief via a single action. See, e.g.,
Ceccone, 2016 WL 5107202, at *4. Consequently, the Court easily concludes that the
class is sufficiently numerous to Rule 23(a)(1)’s numerosity requirement.
2. Commonality
Under Rule 23(a)(2), the claims that a class action plaintiff raises must rest on
“questions of law or fact common to the class[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(2); see
Ceccone, 2016 WL 5107202, at *5. Put another way, there must be “at least one issue,
the resolution of which will affect all or a significant number of the putative class
members[.]” Alvarez, 303 F.R.D. at 160 (quoting Chilcott, 522 F. Supp. 2d at 114)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Even if there are “factual variations among the
class members[,]” commonality can still exist “so long as a single aspect or feature of
the claim is common to all proposed class members.” Id. at 160–61 (quoting Chilcott,
522 F. Supp. 2d at 114) (internal quotation marks omitted).
In this case, the members of the putative settlement class are all alleged to have
been subjected to a singular course of conduct on the part of Lumina Solar—that is,
they each allegedly received text messages advertisements from Lumina Solar during a
brief period in 2018 (see Prelim. Appr. Mot. at 15)—and the legal question raised (i.e.,
whether Lumina Solar violated the TCPA by sending these messages) is likewise
10 common across all class members (see id.). Accordingly, the Court finds that the class
satisfies the commonality requirement of Rule 23(a)(2). See, e.g., Charvat v. Valente,
No. 12-cv-05746, 2019 WL 5576932, at *4 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 28, 2019) (finding in the
context of a TCPA class settlement that the commonality requirement was “satisfied by
the shared nature of the injury common to all class members: receipt of at least one
unwanted automated call or voicemail promoting the products of the . . . Defendants”).
3. Typicality
To satisfy the typicality requirement of Rule 23(a)(3), “the claims or defenses of
the representative parties [must be] typical of the claims or defenses of the class[.]”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(3). The purpose of this requirement is “to assess whether the
action can be efficiently maintained as a class [action] and whether the named plaintiffs
have incentives that align with those of the absent class members so as to assure that
the absentees’ interests will be fairly represented.” Kifafi v. Hilton Hotels Ret. Plan,
189 F.R.D. 174, 177 (D.D.C. 1999) (quoting Baby Neal ex rel. Kanter v. Casey, 43 F.3d
48, 57 (3d Cir. 1994)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Rule 23(a)(3)’s typicality
requirement “is satisfied if each class member’s claim arises from the same course of
events that led to the claims of the representative parties and each class member makes
similar legal arguments to prove the defendant’s liability.” Alvarez, 303 F.R.D. at 161
(quoting Pigford v. Glickman, 182 F.R.D. 341, 349 (D.D.C. 1998)) (internal quotation
marks omitted); accord In re Lorazepam & Clorazepate Antitrust Litig., 202 F.R.D. 12,
27 (D.D.C. 2001).
The typicality and commonality inquiries often overlap, as each seeks to
determine the practicality of proceeding with a class action and the extent to which the
plaintiffs will protect the interests of absent class members.” Encinas v. J.J. Drywall
11 Corp., 265 F.R.D. 3, 9 (D.D.C. 2010) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
However, despite this overlap, “[e]ach proceeds from a different perspective: the
commonality inquiry focuses on what characteristics are shared among the whole class
while the typicality inquiry focuses on the desired attributes of the class
representative.” Alvarez, 303 F.R.D. at 161 (quoting William B. Rubenstein, 1
Newberg on Class Actions § 3:31 (5th ed. 2013)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The claim of the named plaintiff in this case is patently typical of the claims of
the members of the putative class; in fact, it is identical to the class members’ claims in
all material respects. Lumina Solar is alleged to have used an automated system to send
the same unsolicited text advertisement to the named plaintiff and to each member of
the putative class, in violation of the TCPA. (See Prelim. Appr. Mot. at 15.) Because
the claims of the named plaintiff and those of the class members thus raise the same
factual and legal issues, this Court readily finds that the class meets the typicality
requirement of Rule 23(a)(3).
4. Adequacy Of Representation
Finally, under Rule 23(a)(4), this Court must assess whether “the representative
parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
23(a)(4). This requirement is satisfied where “(1) there is no conflict of interest
between the proposed class representative and other members of the class, and (2) the
proposed class representative will vigorously prosecute the interests of the class
through qualified counsel.” Alvarez, 303 F.R.D. at 161 (quoting Encinas, 265 F.R.D. at
9) (internal quotation marks omitted).
There is no indicia in the record in this matter that there are any conflicts of
interest between the named plaintiff and the other members of the class, and this Court
12 cannot actually fathom how such a conflict might exist. The named plaintiff is a
member of the class, and his claim is, in all material ways, identical to the claims of the
other members of the putative class. Moreover, all members of the class share the
common goal of collecting damages for Lumina Solar’s alleged violations of the TCPA.
As for Class Counsel, the lawyers who have filed this case make representations
concerning their qualifications, including that they “are all qualified, well-respected
members of the legal community who have significant experience litigating class action
matters of similar, size, scope, and complexity to the instant action.” (Prelim. Appr.
Mot. at 16.) They further state that they “have previously litigated complex, statutory
issues in federal court, have performed extensive research and are familiar with the
legal and factual issues raised in this litigation, and have the personnel and resources to
conduct litigation of this nature[,]” and also that they “have diligently investigated,
prosecuted, and devoted substantial time and resources to Plaintiff’s and the Settlement
Class’s claims.” (Id. at 16-17.) Given these qualifications, and in light of Class
Counsel’s conduct throughout these proceedings, this Court finds that Class Counsel is
qualified to prosecute the interests of the proposed class. Accordingly, the Court finds
that Rule 23(a)(4) is satisfied.
B. The Proposed Class Is Proper Under Rule 23(b)(3) Because Common Questions Predominate And Class Treatment Is Superior To Individual Actions
As noted above, the parties seek certification of this class under Rule 23(b)(3),
which requires the Court to find that “questions of law or fact common to class
members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a
class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating
the controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3).
13 1. Predominance
The predominance requirement of Rule 23(b)(3) “tests whether proposed classes
are sufficiently cohesive to warrant adjudication by representation.” Amchem, 521 U.S.
at 623. The predominance inquiry is related to the commonality inquiry in that
“[p]laintiffs must show that the common issues identified by the Court . . . as sufficient
under Rule 23(a)(2) predominate over any non-common issues.” Chilcott, 522 F. Supp.
2d at 116. While “[t]here is no definitive test for determining whether common issues
predominate[,]” Alvarez, 303 F.R.D. at 162, it is clear that “the common issues need
only be predominant, not dispositive of the litigation[,]” Chilcott, 522 F. Supp. 2d at
116. Indeed, “predominance is met when there exists generalized evidence which
proves or disproves an element on a simultaneous, class-wide basis, since such proof
obviates the need to examine each class member[’s] individual position.” Alvarez, 303
F.R.D. at 162 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Further, “the mere fact
that damage awards will ultimately require individualized fact determinations is
insufficient by itself to preclude class certification.” McCarthy v. Kleindienst, 741 F.2d
1406, 1415 (D.C. Cir. 1984).
The instant case arises from allegations that Lumina Solar used an automated
system to send all class members uniform text message advertisements in a short
window of time, in violation of a single federal statute. (See Compl. ¶¶ 7–10.)
Therefore, it is clear beyond cavil that the core factual and legal issues in this case—
whether Lumina Solar sent the text message advertisements at issue, and whether the
transmission of those messages violated the TCPA, such that the class members are
entitled to damages—are common to all of the class members. (See Prelim. Appr. Mot.
at 17–18.) Given this unified course of conduct and singular legal theory, there is no
14 need to examine the claims of each and every class members in order to determine
whether or not Lumina is liable for the alleged TCPA violation. See Smith v. Wm.
Wrigley Jr. Co., No. 09-cv-60646, 2010 WL 2401149, at *5 (S.D. Fla. June 15, 2010)
(finding the predominance requirement was met where “all of the claims of the named
Plaintiff and the Proposed Class are based on the same legal theories and the same
uniform advertising”); see also Alvarez, 303 F.R.D. at 162 (finding that a class satisfied
the predominance requirement where “[the] theory of liability in this case is common to
every class member”); Talbott v. GC Servs. Ltd. P’ship, 191 F.R.D. 99, 105 (W.D. Va.
2000) (finding that “common questions predominate because of the standardized nature
of [the defendant’s] conduct”). Thus, the Court concludes that the class satisfies Rule
23(b)(3)’s predominance requirement.
2. Superiority
Finally, under Rule 23(b)(3), this Court must assess whether “a class action is
superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the
controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). In general, “there are two situations in which a
class action is the superior mechanism”: first, where “many individuals have small
claims, and otherwise would not be incentivized to pursue them[,]” Alvarez, 303 F.R.D.
at 162 (citing Amchem, 521 U.S. at 617); second, where “the legal system . . . ‘is
flooded by particular types of claims’ brought individually, such that coordination via
class action may be efficient[,]” id. at 163 (quoting 2 Newberg on Class Actions
§ 4:64).
This case falls into the former of these two circumstances. The statutory
damages that any individual plaintiff is permitted to recover in the context of a private
suit under the TCPA are relatively small (the greater of $500 or actual damages
15 suffered, with the possibility of treble damages for willful violations, see 47 U.S.C.
§ 227(b)(3)), and thus it is unlikely that any member would pursue an individual action
against Lumina Solar for the violation alleged here (although any class member who
would have preferred to litigate individually against Lumina Solar had the opportunity
to op-out and do so). Given that individual legal actions are likely to be disincentivized
under the TCPA scheme, this Court finds, under Rule 23(b)(3), that a class action is the
superior method to adjudicate this TCPA dispute fairly and efficiently.
C. The Class Notice Satisfied The Requirements Of Rule 23(c)(2) And The Due Process Clause
This Court further finds that the notice that has been provided to the members of
the putative class satisfied both the requirements of Rule 23(c)(2) and the Due Process
clause. To begin with, the notice that was issued clearly and concisely explains each of
the seven topics that Rule 23(c)(2) requires. (See Notice of Class Action, Proposed
Settlement, Hearing & Claim Form, Ex. 1-B to Prelim. Appr. Mot., ECF No. 16-1, at
20–24.) In addition, the notice campaign was conducted in a manner that was
reasonably calculated to reach all class members.
Specifically, using Lumina Solar’s records, the parties were able to compile a list
of email addresses associated with the cell phone numbers to which the text messages at
issue were sent. The Settlement Administrator then sent an email containing a copy of
the Class Notice, the Claim Form, and an individualized claim identifier to each of
these email address. (See Merryman Decl. ¶¶10–12.) The Settlement Administrator
received bounce-back notices for only 619 of these emails (see id. ¶ 12), and with
respect to those, the Settlement Administrator used information from Lumina Solar,
internet searches, and the U.S. Postal Service’s National Change of Address database to
16 locate a postal address for the owner of the phone number, and mailed these individuals
a copy of the Class Notice and Claim Form (see id. ¶¶ 14–15). In addition,
approximately two weeks before the claims submission deadline, the Settlement
Administrator sent a reminder email to class members who had yet to file claims,
reiterating the deadline for filing claims. (See id. ¶ 19.) And the Settlement
Administrator also established a website (www.class-settlement.com) through which
class members could view “the Class Notice, Claim Form, and the Settlement
Agreement, excluding exhibits,” and which also “contained the dates and deadlines to
submit Claim Forms and to opt out or object to the settlement, the date of the Final
Approval Hearing, and contact information of the Class Administrator and Class
Counsel.” (Id. ¶ 16.)
The Court finds that this notice campaign was thorough, was the best practicable
under the circumstances, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(2), and was reasonably calculated to
reach class members, see Peters, 966 F.2d at 1485.
D. The Proposed Settlement Is Proper Under Rule 23(e) Because It Is Fair, Reasonable, And Adequate
Having determined that the final certification of the settlement class is
appropriate under the standards of Rule 23(a) and (b), and also that the approved and
issued notice was substantively sufficient and was calculated to reach class members,
this Court turns, finally, to its determination of whether the settlement is “fair,
reasonable, and adequate” such that it can be approved under Rule 23(e). See Fed R.
Civ. P. 23(e)(2). As previously explained, to make this determination “courts in this
circuit generally consider five factors: (1) whether the settlement is the result of arm’s-
length negotiations; (2) the terms of the settlement in relation to the strengths of
17 plaintiffs’ case; (3) the status of the litigation proceedings at the time of settlement; (4)
the reaction of the class; and (5) the opinion of experienced counsel.” Alvarez, 303
F.R.D. at 163. As explained below, each of these factors weighs in favor of approving
the instant class action settlement.
1. Arm’s-Length Negotiations
Courts generally find that “[a] presumption of fairness, adequacy, and
reasonableness may attach to a class settlement reached in arm’s-length negotiations
between experienced, capable counsel after meaningful discovery.” Id. (quoting
Chilcott, 522 F. Supp. 2d at 120–21) (internal quotation marks omitted); accord
Stephens v. US Airways Grp., Inc., 102 F. Supp. 3d 222, 227 (D.D.C. 2015); Meijer,
565 F. Supp. 2d at 55. In the instant case, the settlement was reached after a period of
discovery, and, according to the parties, “only after several months of extensive
negotiations among experienced counsel, all of whom have devoted considerable time
and effort to this litigation and settlement.” (Final Appr. Mot. at 5.)
The Court has no reason to question the accuracy of these representations, and
there is nothing in the record to suggest any collusion or coercion on the part of the
parties. There is also no reason for the Court to doubt that the settlement “was the
product of legitimate negotiation on behalf of both sides.” Alvarez, 303 F.R.D. at 163.
2. Terms Of The Settlement In Relation To The Strength Of The Case
When evaluating the second factor, “the Court compares the terms of the
settlement with the likely recovery plaintiffs would attain if the case proceeded to trial,
an exercise which necessarily involves evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of
plaintiffs’ case.” In re Fed. Nat’l Mortg. Ass’n Sec., Derivative, & “ERISA” Litig., 4 F.
Supp. 3d 94, 103 (D.D.C. 2013). The D.C. Circuit has suggested that this may be the
18 most important factor in evaluating a proposed class settlement. See Thomas v.
Albright, 139 F.3d 227, 231 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (“The court’s primary task [when
considering a settlement under Rule 23(e)] is to evaluate the terms of the settlement in
relation to the strength of the plaintiffs’ case.”).
The settlement here provides all class members with a pro-rata share of the
$248,800 settlement fund, of no more than $100, upon submission of a valid claim.
While this amount is lower than the statutory damages available under the TCPA, it is
well-accepted that “[a] proposed settlement may be acceptable even though it amounts
to only a percentage of the potential recovery that might be available to Class Members
at trial.” Knutson v. Schwan’s Home Serv., Inc., No. 3:12-cv-00964-GPC, 2014 WL
3519064, at *4 (S.D. Cal. July 14, 2014) (granting preliminary approval to TCPA
settlement where class members would receive a $20 check and an $80 voucher for
products). And courts in various jurisdictions have approved TCPA settlements that
provide compensation at or below a $100 threshold. See, e.g., id. (citing Arthur v.
Sallie Mae, Inc., 2012 WL 4075238 (W.D. Wash. Sept.17, 2012) (payment range of
$20-$40); Gutierrez v. Barclays Grp., 3:10cv1012, ECF No. 58 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 12,
2012) ($100 credit or payment); Adams v. AllianceOne, 3:08cv0248, ECF No. 137 (S.D.
Cal. Sept. 28, 2012) ($40 payment); Bellows v. NCO Fin. Sys., Inc., 3:07cv1413, ECF
Nos. 53 & 54 (S.D. Cal. July 13, 2009) ($70 payment)).
Meanwhile, the class members would have faced various challenges in
establishing liability absent a settlement. Lumina Solar has denied liability for any
TCPA violations, and it has represented that it “will vigorously oppose the claims
asserted in the litigation if the settlement is not approved.” (Prelim. Appr. Mot. at 9.)
19 Thus, continued litigation would result in both sides incurring considerable costs and
expenses, and would likely lead to Lumina Solar declaring bankruptcy, which would
pose significant obstacles to class members recovering any damages. (See Hr’g Tr.,
Apr. 30, 2020, at 5:15–6:4 (counsel for Lumina Solar asserting that Lumina Solar is a
new company with limited resources that may not survive protracted litigation
concerning these allegations).) See also Pigford v. Glickman, 185 F.R.D. 82, 104
(D.D.C. 1999) (considering the fact that “bringing this case to trial likely would have
been a very complex, long and costly proposition” in evaluating the class’s likely
recovery if the case had proceeded to trial), aff’d, 206 F.3d 1212 (D.C. Cir. 2000).
In light of these potential difficulties and risks, this Court agrees with the parties
that a sum certain is a fair, reasonable, and adequate settlement of the claims raised in
this case, even though the $100 settlement payment per class member is below the
statutory damages amount.
3. Status Of The Litigation
In assessing the third factor, courts often consider “whether counsel had
sufficient information, through adequate discovery, to reasonably assess the risks of
litigation vis-a-vis the probability of success and range of recovery.” Alvarez, 303
F.R.D. at 164 (quoting Chilcott, 522 F. Supp. 2d at 117) (internal quotation marks
In the instant case, as noted above, the parties engaged in discovery prior to
agreeing upon the terms of the settlement, and the parties represent that each “possessed
the necessary information to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of their respective
cases in order to discuss settlement effectively” and “to make a meaningful decision as
to settlement.” (Prelim. Appr. Mot. at 11; see also Decl. of Peter Bennett (“Bennett
20 Decl.”), Ex. 2 to Prelim. Appr. Mot., ECF No. 16-2, ¶ 4 (describing discovery that took
place).) Moreover, under the circumstances presented here, the settlement “does not
come too early to be suspicious nor too late to be a waste of resources[.]” In re
Vitamins Antitrust Litig., MDL No. 1285, 2001 WL 856290, at *3 (D.D.C. July 19,
2001). Therefore, it appears that the relative risks and benefits were fully and fairly
assessed. See, e.g., Alvarez, 303 F.R.D. at 164 (crediting counsel’s representations that
the parties “have engaged in significant informal discovery . . . and that this discovery
has been sufficient to give them a reasonably accurate assessment of the case” in
assessing whether a proposed class settlement was fair, reasonable, and adequate).
4. Reaction Of The Class
“The attitude of the members of the class, as expressed directly or by failure to
object, after notice, to the settlement, is a proper consideration for the trial court[.]”
Flinn v. FMC Corp., 528 F.2d 1169, 1173 (4th Cir. 1975). Here, the class’s “reaction to
the settlement in this case appears to have been overwhelmingly positive[,]” Chilcott,
522 F. Supp. 2d at 118, as no member has objected or opted out (see Merryman Decl.
¶ 21). And while only 31 class members have submitted claims—which translates to a
participation rate of 1.25%—the Settlement Administrator has represented that this rate
of participation “is reasonable, and in line is in with other TCPA settlements that Class-
Settlement has administered, and for which a similar Notice distribution method was
employed.” (Id. ¶ 20.) In addition, the Court credits defense counsel’s contention,
made during the fairness hearing, that the low participation rate may be driven in large
part by the fact that Lumina Solar did not flood recipients with multiple messages, and
that some of the recipients purchased solar products from Lumina Solar and were happy
with their services. (See Hr’g Tr., Apr. 30, 2020, at 20:11–21:9.)
21 5. Opinion Of Counsel
Finally, courts generally agree that “the opinion of experienced counsel should
be afforded substantial consideration by a court in evaluating the reasonableness of a
proposed settlement.” Alvarez, 303 F.R.D. at 164 (quoting Chilcott, 522 F. Supp. 2d at
121) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Ceccone, 2016 WL 5107202, at *10;
In re Lorazepam & Clorazepate Antitrust Litig., No. 99-mc-276, 2003 WL 22037741, at
*6 (D.D.C. June 16, 2003). As noted above, class Counsel represent that they have
extensive experience in class action litigation and TCPA litigation. (See Bennett Decl.
¶ 8 (representing that he has “experience handling litigation in State and Federal
Courts, specializing in complex, Federal class action litigation focused on the TCPA
and consumer protection); id. ¶ 9 (Bennett representing that his co-counsel “has
extensive experience handling all aspects of direct and appellate litigation in federal
court, specializing in complex, federal class action litigation”).) Moreover, counsel for
both parties have jointly moved for final approval of the settlement, thereby
representing, as officers of the Court, that they all believe that the settlement is fair,
adequate, and reasonable. (See Final Appr. Mot. at 3, 5–7.)
E. The Proposed Attorney’s Fee And Service Awards Are Reasonable
The last issue that remains for the Court’s consideration in approving the class
action settlement that the parties have reached is the payment to Class Counsel of fees
and costs in the amount of $39,808, and the proposed incentive payment to Rogers of
$5,000 for his service as the class representative. As explained below, when the
standards that have been established in this Circuit for evaluating such awards are
applied, it is clear that these proposed payments are reasonable.
22 1. An Attorney’s Fee Award Of 16% Of The Common Settlement Fund Is Reasonable Under The Circumstances Of This Case
Courts have a duty not only to evaluate the overall fairness of a settlement as it
relates to the class members, but also “to ensure that claims for attorneys’ fees are
reasonable.” Chilcott, 522 F. Supp. 2d at 122; see Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h). In a “common
fund case such as this one, the D.C. Circuit has held that “a percentage-of-the-fund
method is the appropriate mechanism for determining the attorney fees award,” Swedish
Hosp. Corp. v. Shalala, 1 F.3d 1261, 1271 (D.C. Cir. 1993). Indeed, the Circuit has
found that this method is preferable because it is less demanding on the reviewing court
than the lodestar method, id. at 1269, and it “discourage[s] inflation of attorney hours
and promot[es] ‘efficient prosecution and early resolution of litigation, which clearly
benefits both litigants and the judicial system[,]’” In re Black Farmers Discrimination
Litig., 953 F. Supp. 2d 82, 87 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting Trombley, 826 F. Supp. 2d at
205). 6 “Fee awards in common-fund cases may range from fifteen to forty-five
percent.” Wells v. Allstate Ins. Co., 557 F.Supp.2d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 2008); accord Chilcott,
522 F. Supp. 2d at 122; Lorazepam, 2003 WL 22037741, at *7.
When reviewing a fee award in a common-fund case, a court must “ensure that
claims for attorneys’ fees are reasonable, in light of the results obtained.” In re Black
Farmers, 953 F. Supp. 2d at 87 (citing Trombley, 826 F. Supp. 2d at 204). And while
the D.C. Circuit “has not yet developed a formal list of factors to be considered in
evaluating fee requests under the percentage-of-recovery method,” courts in this circuit
6 Unlike the relatively simple task of awarding attorneys a percentage of the settlement fund as their fee, the “lodestar” method of determining reasonable fees requires a court to consider the actual “time and expertise the attorneys invested in the case.” In re Dep’t of Veterans Affairs (VA) Data Theft Litig., 653 F. Supp. 2d 58, 61 (D.D.C. 2009).
23 have often considered seven factors: “(1) the size of the fund created and the number of
persons benefitted; (2) the presence or absence of substantial objections by members of
the class to the settlement terms and/or fees requested by counsel; (3) the skill and
efficiency of the attorneys involved; (4) the complexity and duration of the litigation;
(5) the risk of nonpayment; (6) the amount of time devoted to the case by plaintiffs’
counsel; and (7) the awards in similar cases.” Id. at 88; accord Chilcott, 522 F. Supp.
2d at 122.
This Court has examined the proposed attorney’s fee amount of $39,808 as a
percentage of the total value of the instant settlement, considered the seven percentage-
of-the-fund factors, and double-checked the result against the lodestar method, and it
concludes that the attorney’s fees in this case should be approved as reasonable, for at
least two reasons.
First, Class Counsel’s requested attorney’s fees fall well within the range that
courts normally approve and are otherwise reasonable. The settlement agreement
provides for attorney’s fees and costs in an amount that constitute 16% of the
Settlement Fund, which is at the bottom end of the typical range. See Wells, 557 F.
Supp. 2d at 6. With respect to the size of the fund and the number of persons
benefitted, the potential class consists of 2,488 individuals, each of whom had the
opportunity to seek a payment of up to $100 from the $248,800 Settlement Fund, which
represents a significant recovery in TCPA litigation. See Knutson, 2014 WL 3519064,
at *4 (collecting TCPA cases where settlements were at or below $100 for each class
member). Moreover, as explained above, no class members have objected to or opted
24 out of the proposed settlement, and Class Counsel are experienced consumer class
action litigators who have handled a number of TCPA matters.
Regarding the complexity and duration of the litigation, and the related factor of
the time counsel has devoted to this matter, the Court notes that this litigation was
settled at an early stage, and that the relatively low total fee award reflects this fact.
Nevertheless, Class Counsel represent that they spent a significant period of time
researching the defendant, engaging in preliminary legal research, and conducting
discovery (including third-party discovery), which supports awarding the fees provided
for in the Settlement Agreement. (See Hr’g Tr., Apr. 30, 2020, at 8:6–16.) Finally,
Class Counsel represent that the award for fees and costs is “in line with those awarded
by courts in analogous class action and TCPA cases.” (Prelim. Appr. Mot. at 12 n.2.) 7
Second, a cross-check using a “lodestar” calculation also supports approving the
fee award. In some circuits, courts that use the percentage-of-the-fund method to
calculate attorney’s fees in common fund class actions will cross-check those results by
calculating the attorney’s fees using the traditional lodestar method, see In re Black
Farmers, 953 F. Supp. 2d at 101, and while this type of cross-check is not required in
this circuit, “district courts are free to employ such a cross-check at their direction to
confirm the reasonableness of an award[,]” id. Typically, when conducting this lodestar
cross-check, the court is faced with the question of what multiplier of fees and expenses
accrued is appropriate to reflect the risk of loss that counsel assumes, and courts
7 While the parties’ papers do not address one of the seven traditional factors—the risk of non- payment—and the record does not indicate whether Class Counsel took this matter on a contingent fee basis, the Court finds that this omission does not prevent it from approving the fee award under the circumstances of this case, in the absence of D.C. Circuit precedent requiring a district court to assess each and every factor. See In re Black Farmers, 953 F. Supp. 2d at 87.
25 typically permit awards that are up to four times larger than the accrued fees and costs.
See, e.g., id. at 102 (citing In re Lorazepam, 2003 WL 22037741, at *9).
In the instant case, Class Counsel specifically represent that their billable time
and expenses exceed the agreed-to fee award. (See Hr’g Tr., Apr. 30, 2020, at 7:24–
8:16.) Thus, the lodestar cross-check confirms that the proposed fee award is
reasonable and should be approved.
2. A $5,000 Service Award To The Named Plaintiff Is Reasonable Under The Circumstances Of This Case
The Settlement Agreement also provides for a $5,000 service award to the named
plaintiff. (See Settlement Agreement ¶ 16.) Courts in this circuit have recognized that
incentive awards such as this are a typical feature of class action litigation. See In Re
Lorazepam, 2003 WL 22037741, at *10 (“This Court has previously determined that
incentive awards to named plaintiffs are not uncommon in class action litigation,
particularly where a common fund has been created for the benefit of the entire class.”).
“In fact, courts routinely approve incentive awards to compensate named plaintiffs for
the services they provided and the risks they incurred during the course of the class
action litigation.” Ceccone, 2016 WL 5107202, at *13 (quotation marks and citation
Here, Class Counsel represent that Rogers invested substantial time at the outset
of the litigation because he needed to determine the identity of the company who sent
him the message at issue, given that it was not apparent from the message itself. (See
Hr’g Tr., Apr. 30, 2020, at 9:3–21.) Moreover, under the terms of the parties’
agreement and due to the relatively low participation rate, a $5,000 payment to Rogers
will not reduce the amount that is paid to any other class member who has submitted a
26 valid claim. Thus, the Court finds that a $5,000 service award to the named plaintiff is
appropriate.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons explained above, this Court finds that the proposed class meets
the requirements of both Rule 23(a) and Rule 23(b)(3); that the notice provided to the
class members comports with Rule 23(c)(2) and the Due Process Clause; and that the
proposed settlement is fair, reasonable, and adequate. Accordingly, as stated in the
accompanying Final Approval Order, the parties’ Joint Motion for Final Approval is
hereby GRANTED and the instant legal action is DISMISSED.
DATE: June 19, 2020 Ketanji Brown Jackson KETANJI BROWN JACKSON United States District Judge