Rodriguez v. Northern Telecom, Inc. CV-93-259-SD 06/15/95 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
Franklyn Rodriguez; Marilda Rodriguez
v. Civil No. 93-259-SD
Northern Telecom, Inc., et al
O R D E R
Plaintiffs Franklyn and Marilda Rodriguez bring this
diversity action against defendants Northern Telecom, Inc.
(Northern); Mehlhorn Construction Company; Twigg Associates,
Inc.; and John Doe alleging claims of negligence regarding a
workplace accident in which Franklyn Rodriguez purportedly
tripped over a metal anchor bolt protruding from a concrete
floor.
Northern subseguently filed a third-party indemnification
action against The Scott Lawson Group Limited, d/b/a Applied
Occupational Health Systems (AOHS), the firm hired to supervise
an asbestos abatement project for one of Northern's buildings,
and International Environmental Services, Inc., d/b/a
Environmental U.S.A. (IES), the firm hired by Northern to
2
actually effect the asbestos removal.1
Presently before the court is Northern's motion for summary
judgment regarding indemnification, to which AOHS objects.2
Factual Background
On May 23, 1990, Northern and AOHS entered into a "Services
Agreement" wherein AOHS agreed to perform specified management
services associated with the removal and remediation of asbestos
from Northern's facility located at 99 Airport Road in Concord,
New Hampshire (the site) .3 Incorporated into said document is an
indemnity clause, which provides.
Contractor [AOHS] shall indemnify and hold NTI [Northern] harmless from any and all loss, damages and costs (including attorneys' fees) and from all claims for injury or death to persons or loss of or injury to property, caused by the fault or negligence of Contractor, its employees and agents, and in any way connected with or arising out of this Agreement or the services or work performed hereunder. This indemnity shall survive the termination or expiration of this Agreement.
1Franklyn Rodriguez was, at the time of the injury, employed by IES.
2The court notes that IES failed to respond to the third-
party complaint, and a default judgment has accordingly been entered.
3The actual removal of asbestos material was to be performed by IES under a separate contract executed between IES and Northern.
3
May 23, 1990, Services Agreement 5 10 (attached to AOHS's
Obj ection) .
On or about May 28, 1990, another contractor at the site,
Mehlhorn Construction Company, removed an interior fence which
delineated space within the building, thus exposing metal anchor
bolts that protruded from the concrete floor. At some point
subseguent to this removal, plaintiff allegedly tripped over the
unmarked bolts and suffered, among others, severe back injuries.
Discussion
1. Summary Judgment Standard
Summary judgment shall be ordered when "there is no genuine
issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is
entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Rule 56(c), Fed. R.
Civ. P. Since the purpose of summary judgment is issue finding,
not issue determination, the court's function at this stage "'is
not [] to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the
matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for
trial.'" Stone & Michaud Ins., Inc. v. Bank Five for Savings,
785 F. Supp. 1065, 1068 (D.N.H. 1992) (guoting Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249 (1986)). Although
"motions for summary judgment must be decided on the record as it
stands, not on litigants' visions of what the facts might some
4
day reveal," Maldonado-Denis v. Castillo-Rodriquez, 23 F.3d 576,
581 (1st Cir. 1994), the entire record will be scrutinized in the
light most favorable to the nonmovant, with all reasonable
inferences indulged in that party's favor. Smith v. Stratus
Computer, Inc., 40 F.3d 11, 12 (1st Cir. 1994), cert, denied, 63
U.S.L.W. 3817 (U.S. May 15, 1995) (No. 94-1416); see also Woods
v. Friction Materials, Inc., 30 F.3d 255, 259 (1st Cir. 1994);
Maldonado-Denis, supra, 23 F.3d at 581.
"In general . . . a party seeking summary judgment [is
reguired to] make a preliminary showing that no genuine issue of
material fact exists. Once the movant has made this showing, the
nonmovant must contradict the showing by pointing to specific
facts demonstrating that there is, indeed, a trialworthy issue."
National Amusements, Inc. v. Town of Dedham, 43 F.3d 731, 735
(1st Cir. 1995) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,
324 (1986)), cert, denied, 63 U.S.L.W. 3847 (U.S. May 30, 1995)
(No. 94-1630) .
When a party fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party bears the burden of proof at trial, there can no longer be a genuine issue as to any material fact: the failure of proof as to an essential element necessarily renders all other facts immaterial, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Smith, supra, 40 F.3d at 12 (citing Celotex, supra, 477 U.S. at
5
322-23; Woods, supra, 30 F.3d at 259) .
Although summary judgment is inappropriate when a
trialworthy issue is raised, "[t]rialworthiness necessitates
'more than simply show[ing] that there is some metaphysical doubt
as to the material facts.'" National Amusements, supra, 43 F.3d
at 735 (guoting Matsushida Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio
Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986)) (alteration in National
Amusements). Thus, " ' [t]he evidence illustrating the factual
controversy cannot be conjectural or problematic; it must have
substance in the sense that it limns differing versions of the
truth which a factfinder must resolve . . . .'" Id. (guoting
Mack v. Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., 871 F.2d 179, 181 (1st Cir.
1989)). Accordingly, "purely conclusory allegations . . . rank
speculation . . . [or] improbable inferences" may be properly
discredited by the court, id. (citing Medina-Munoz v. R.J.
Reynolds Tobacco Co., 896 F.2d 5, 8 (1st Cir. 1990)), and "'are
insufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact,'" Horta
v. Sullivan, 4 F.3d 2, 8 (1st Cir. 1993) (guoting August v.
Offices Unlimited, Inc., 981 F.2d 576, 580 (1st Cir. 1992)).
2. Interpreting the Indemnity Agreement
AOHS maintains that "[u]nder the terms of the
indemnification provision relied upon by [Northern] in its Motion
6
for Summary Judgment, there is no indemnification if the injury
was not caused by AOHS's negligence." AOHS's Objection at 4.
However, such a strict construction of indemnity provisions,
particularly when such provision is included in a construction
contract, has been rejected by the New Hampshire Supreme Court.
See Commercial Union Assurance Co. v. Brown Co., 120 N.H. 620,
623, 625, 419 A.2d 1111, 1113, 1114 (1980) ("express language is
not necessary to obligate a contractor to protect against
injuries resulting from the owner's negligence where the parties'
intention to afford such protection is clearly evident"); accord
Chadwick v. CSI, Ltd.. 137 N.H. 515, 523, 629 A.2d 820, 826
(1993) ("Not only have we acknowledged that this contractual
approach [indemnity agreements] to allocating insurance burdens
is not contrary to public policy, we have acknowledged that it is
of particular value to those involved in the construction
industry."); Bosse v. Litton Unit Handling Sys., Inc., 646 F.2d
689, 693 (1st Cir. 1981) .
"In interpreting indemnity provisions, this court will apply
the same rules as are used to interpret contracts generally. In
doing so, we consider the written agreement, all its provisions,
its subject matter, the situation of the parties at the time the
agreement was entered into, and the object intended." R. Z o p p o
Co. v. City of Manchester, 122 N.H. 1109, 1114, 453 A.2d 1311,
7
1314-15 (1982) (citing Brown C o ., supra, 120 N.H. at 623, 419
A.2d at 1113). Accordingly, this court's starting point is the
Northern-AOHS "Services Agreement" (Agreement) dated May 23,
1990 .
The Agreement incorporates the following indemnity
provision:
10. Indemnity. Contractor [AOHS] shall indemnify and hold NTI [Northern] harmless from any and all loss, damages and costs (including attorneys' fees) and from all claims for injury or death to persons or loss of or injury to property, caused by the fault or negligence of Contractor, its employees and agents, and in any way connected with or arising out of this Agreement or the services or work performed hereunder. This indemnity shall survive the termination or expiration of this Agreement.
May 23, 1990, Services Agreement 5 10.4 Five days prior to the
execution of the Agreement, Northern received from AOHS a
document entitled "Asbestos Abatement Specifications" (AAS). The
AAS is comprised of documents "stipulating what's to be involved
to do the work, length of time, engineering controls, work
practices, reguired contractor information, [and] general rules
4AOHS was additionally reguired under the Agreement to "represent[] and warrant[] that it does and shall maintain adeguate workers compensation insurance and other employee insurance coverages reguired by law . . . [as well as] maintain adeguate public liability insurance to meet its obligations under this Agreement and to protect the public against damages arising out of the performance of services hereunder." May 23, 1990, Services Agreement 5 9.
and regulations." Deposition of Brett S. Moore at 45 (attached
to Northern's Memorandum of Law) .5 Part X of the AAS provides,
in relevant part,
10.1 OTHER SITE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS A. The [AOHS Asbestos Field Specialist (AES)] will continuously monitor for potential safety hazards and implement precautionary measures in conjunction with the contractor foreman.
Examples of some anticipated safety hazards are:
- Wet/slippery surfaces - Nails, glass and other sharp objects At the commencement of work, the AES and contractor foreman will identify site safety hazards and devise, at that time, any precautionary measures needed to be implemented at the start of work.
Any new hazards should be noted by site personnel, be reported to the site AES, and the affected area vacated immediately until precautionary measures are devised and implemented.
AAS Part 10.1.A (attached to Northern's motion as Exhibit B).6
a. AOHS's Duty to Indemnify
Under the subject indemnity agreement, AOHS must, as it
5Further supplementing the contract and the AAS is the Technical Proposal Outline (IPO) which, when attached to a formalized contract, "outlines what [AOHS] propose[s] to do for building owner." Moore Deposition at 68.
6Under the subheading "Project Management and Supervision", the IPO further provides that "AOHS will place technical personnel on-site during abatement to document and oversee that: . . . [s]afe work practices are followed." IPO at 3 (attached t AOHS's Objection).
concedes, indemnify Northern from any and all loss caused by the
fault or negligence of AOHS, its employees, and agents. See AOHS
Memorandum of Law at 4. However, the indemnity agreement further
provides indemnification for loss that is "in any way connected
with or arising out of [the Services] Agreement or the services
or work performed hereunder." May 23, 1990, Services Agreement 5
10. Part of the "services or work" AOHS provided for Northern
was to "continuously monitor for potential safety hazards and
implement precautionary measures in conjunction with the
contractor foreman." AAS Part 10.1.A.7 In the view of the
Elaborating on this point, Brett Moore, an AOHS Asbestos Field Specialist responsible for the work at the site, testified as follows:
Q. -- we see that the AFS is also responsible for continuously monitoring the project to identify other potential safety hazards of the type described there, correct?
A. Yes. Q. And it offers some examples of possible safety hazards, correct?
A. Yes. Q. Including wet and slippery surfaces? A. Yes. Q. And that the danger of that is that somebody could slip and fall?
A. Yes. Q. And is that the same type of hazard as the hazard, if any, that may have been posed by these bolts in the floor, somebody could trip and fall?
A. Yeah. Q. Same type of thing. A. Basically. Q. And if I'm reading this correctly, your
10
court, said provision delineates the duties of the respective
parties insofar as work at the site is concerned and thus
"assigns liability to the contractor for injuries resulting from
the performance of the contract irrespective of whose negligent
acts caused the injuries." Brown C o ., supra, 120 N.H. at 624,
419 A.2d at 1113.8
responsibilities on this project included continuously monitoring the project as the owner's on-site representative to watch out for that type of hazard and take appropriate precautions; is that correct?
A. That's what the specifications states, yes.
Moore Deposition at 72-73.
8The Brown C o . indemnity provision stated:
Contractor . . . shall indemnify and hold Owner . . . harmless from any and all loss by reason of property damage, bodily injuries, including death resulting therefrom (and all expenses in connection therewith, including attorneys' fees) sustained or alleged to be sustained by any person or persons, whether they be employees of Owner, Contractor, or members of the public, and without regard to whether the person or persons are working within the scope of their employment, resulting from the acts (or failure to act) of Contractor or sub-contractors, or their employees and agents, or from the performance (or failure of performance) of this Contract.
Brown C o ., supra, 120 N.H. at 622, 419 A.2d at 1112. The New Hampshire Supreme Court found this to be a two-part indemnification agreement, reguiring "the contractor toindemnify the owner from any and all loss resulting from: (1) 'the acts of
11
This conclusion adheres foursquare with the result obtained
in Bosse, supra, 646 F.2d at 693 .9 Finding that "the plain
language of the agreement points toward indemnification whenever
[indemnitor] is found at fault, regardless of [indemnitee's] con
current negligence," id., the First Circuit offered the following
rationale:
if [indemnitee] were to be barred by its own negligence it would make the agreement pointless. In any accident where the claim is made that [indemnitee's] negligence contributed with [indemnitor's], there are three possible results: (1) That [indemnitee] was not negligent. Obviously, in such instance, there would be no need for indemnity. (2) That [indemnitee's] negligence was passive or secondary. In such event, [indemnitee] would be entitled to indemnification without an agreement. Morrissette v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 1974, 114 N.H. 384, 387, 322 A.2d 7, 9; Sears,
[the] contractor'; and (2) 'the performance of this contract.'" Id. at 623, 419 A.2d at 1113.
9The indemnity provision at issue in Bosse provided that the contractor would
"indemnify, hold harmless and defend Buyer and [defendant] from all claims, demands, payments, suits, actions and judgments brought, recovered or executed against it or them on account of death, injury or damage sustained by any party, by reason of any act or omission of Installer or his agents, servants, employees or subcontractors, arising out of the work to be performed hereunder."
Bosse, supra, 646 F.2d at 693.
12
Roebuck & Co. v. Philip, 1972, 112 N.H. 282, 294 A.2d 211; Wentworth Hotel v. F.A. Gray, Inc., 1970, 110 N.H. 458, 272 A.2d 583. (3) That [indemnitee's] negligence was active. If [indemnitee] were denied recovery whenever its negligence was active, there would never be a time when the agreement served a purpose. It is axiomatic that constructions which render contract terms meaningless or futile are to be avoided. Eastern Gas & Fuel Ass'n v. Midwest-Raleigh, Inc., 4 Cir., 1967, 374 F.2d 451, 454; [R.F.1 Robinson Co. v. Drew. 1928, 83 N.H. 459, 462, 144 A. 67, 69. Rather, business parties should be expected not only to give language its normal meaning, but to give "a construction which will make it a rational business instrument." See Berkal v. M. DeMatteo Constr. Co., 1951, 327 Mass. 329, 333, 98 N.E.2d 617, 620.
Id. at 693-94; see also Garbincius v. Boston Edison, 621 F.2d
1171, 1176-77 (1st Cir. 1980); Medina v. Marvirazon Compania
Naviera, S .A . , 533 F. Supp. 1279, 1291 n.ll (D. Mass. 1982)
(discussing Bosse and Garbincius).
b. The Bar of Acquiescence
AOHS attempts to raise a justiciable issue of fact in noting
"[b]ecause the existence of the exposed bolts was known to
[Northern], and the bolts were left exposed at the direction of
[Northern], there is a material issue of fact sufficient to
defeat [Northern's] motion for summary judgment . . . ." AOHS
Memorandum of Law at 4. Although not clearly stated, AOHS
essentially seeks to interpose the doctrine of acguiescence as a
13
bar to Northern's indemnification theory.
As set out in section 95 of the Restatement of the Law of
Restitution,
Where a person has become liable with another for harm caused to a third person because of his negligent failure to make safe a dangerous condition of land or chattels, which was created by the misconduct of the other or which, as between the two, it was the other's duty to make safe, he is entitled to restitution from the other for expenditures properly made in the discharge of such liability, unless after discovery of the danger, he acguiesced in the continuation of the condition.
R estatement of R estitution § 95 (1937) . The guestion herein raised
"is notsimply whether the [indemnitee] acguiesced in the
dangerous condition, but whether, under the circumstances, the
[indemnitee's] knowledge of the dangerous condition is of
sufficient character and guality to show that it acted
negligently." Illinois Cent. Gulf R.R. Co. v. Crown Zellerbach
Corp., 859 F.2d 386, 391 (5th Cir. 1988) (citing Burlington N .,
Inc. v. Hughes Bros., Inc., 671 F.2d 279, 286 (8th Cir. 1982));
see also Kole v. AMFAC, Inc., 665 F. Supp. 1460, 1465 (D. Haw.
1987) ("Acguiescence reguires more than mere knowledge of the
dangerous condition. The knowledge must be combined with an
acguiescence so as to make the defendant a joint
14
participant.") .10
The evidence before the court establishes that as a result
of the pre-bid site walkthrough, conducted by AOHS for the
benefit of the prospective abatement contractors, it became known
to all that exposed floor bolts would be present on the site and
that such a situation would continue until the abatement process
had been completed and the fences reinstalled.
Q. Do you recall, at any time, any discussions about whether it was safe to leave the bolts sticking up?
A. No. It was a known job condition pointed out by the would[-]be contractors, and it was their recommendation that someone else take the fencing down, that the bolts be left in place until they could scrape off the tiles and plastic, and they understood that the intent was to reinstall the fencing and posts, bolts, et cetera after the project was complete.
Q. Now, if you would, maybe you can help me through this. At the outset, was it at all times believed that those bolts would be left in the floor? Was that part of the specification of the project?
A. Yes, to the best of my knowledge, the intent was to get the base plates and the posts up, the fences up, they would come along and scrape up the tile, the plastic, underneath, the floor would dry under this
10In this regard, "acguiescence as established by a 'long continued awareness of a dangerous situation by the indemnitee without either taking any corrective measure or calling upon the indemnitor to do s o ' may constitute negligence." Crown Zellerbach, supra, 859 F.2d at 391 (guoting Burlington, supra, 671 F.2d at 286) (emphasis added) (other citation omitted).
15
process, after the solvent was supposed to evaporate off, be washed, painted in some locations, and carpet laid in other locations, and then, at a future date, the appropriate fencing could be put back in the same locales.
Q. Was that a specification at the time of the pre-bid walk through?
A. No--well, let me correct that. It was not thought about at the time of the pre-bid walk through. AOHS, perhaps, had not, in their original specifications, even contemplated what to do with the fencing. As I understand it, [at] the walk through, they said, what are you doing about the fencing, and everybody went, sort of. (Indicating)
Q. Once the fencing was identified and the need or the desire, in any event, for the bolts to remain there, was that memorialized to a document form?
A. My understanding was that AOHS, after the walk through, issued an amendment or addendum to the specifications that dealt with that and a number of other issues. I never saw such a document.11
Deposition of William Norton at 66, 94-95 (attached to AOHS's
Obj ection) .
Moreover, once the abatement process was underway, only IES
and AOHS had access to the site.
Q. And, once Mr. Rodriguez and the other contractors at IES were on the scene, who had access to the building after they arrived?
11AOHS issued said addendum on May 18, 1990, to all asbestos abatement contractors who attended the May 18 pre-bid walkthrough of the site. Item 1 of the addendum notes, "In addition, the gates located in the main manufacturing area shall be removed prior to May 28, 1990." May 18, 1990, Addendum to AAS at 1 (attached to Northern's Memorandum of Law as Exhibit B ) .
16
A. Only they did. Q. You have described on several instances the manner in which the area was cordoned off. Did that include the entire building?
A. Yes. Q. So, no one, other than AOHS or IES employees could enter the building during the course of the asbestos removal?
A. That's correct.
Norton Deposition at 111. Brett Moore, the AOHS field specialist
at the site, testified at his deposition regarding the extent of
Northern's knowledge of the allegedly hazardous condition caused
by the gate removal.
Q. When you identified this potential hazard, it was your responsibility to determine what needed to be done?
A. Yes. Q. And you did that? A. Yes. Q. And what you felt needed to be done was to make the foreman of the [IES] crew that was working around that area aware of it, so he could tell his workers?
A. Yes. Q. That was your decision? A. Yes. Q. To No. 1, identify the hazard and No. 2, decide what to do about it, correct?
A. Yes. Q. You didn't consult with anyone from [Northern] about that issue?
A. N o . Q. Because your company and you were [Northern's] on-site representative to deal with those issues, correct?
A. Yes.
Moore Deposition at 77-78.
The court hereby finds and rules that Northern's knowledge
17
that removal of the gates would create an exposed bolt condition
is insufficient to raise a bar to and prevent operation of the
AOHS indemnity provision. The potential problem posed by the
exposed bolts was a condition known to all, especially AOHS,
prior to the May 23, 1990, Services Agreement. In so entering
the Agreement, which included the subject indemnity language, the
risk for the allegedly hazardous condition shifted to AOHS.
E.g., Bosse, supra, 646 F.2d at 694 ("Where the indemnitor is the
one on the job, and in control of the work, it will likely be the
party best suited to prevent the loss in the first place and to
defend the action if one occurs.").
As between Northern and AOHS, the latter was not only in
effective control of the demised premises, but had specifically
contracted with Northern to maintain said premises in a safe
condition. The basis for finding Northern negligent under the
present circumstances would be solely due to their status as
legal owner of the site.12 Thus, notwithstanding any express
indemnification provision, any finding of negligence on the part
of Northern would be passive, to which an implied right of
indemnity would arise. See Gettv Petroleum Corp. v. Aris Gettv,
12Under the instant facts and circumstances, court herewith finds and rules that the doctrine of acguiescence is inapplicable. See Kole, supra, 665 F. Supp. at 1465.
18
Inc., ___ F .3d ___ , ___ n .1, No. 94-2241, 1995 WL 341536, at *2
n.l (1st Cir. June 13, 1995) ("Indemnity is permitted only when
one does not join in the negligent act but is exposed to
derivative or vicarious liability for the wrongful act of
another. In such cases the court has held that plaintiffs in the
indemnity actions had no participation in the negligence of the
defendants.") (citing Garbincius, supra, 621 F.2d at 1176).
Accordingly, Northern's motion for summary judgment on the
issue of indemnity must be and herewith is granted.
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth herein, third-party plaintiff
Northern Telecom's motion for summary judgment (document 41) is
granted.
SO ORDERED.
Shane Devine, Senior Judge United States District Court
June 15, 1995
cc: Kenneth G. Bouchard, Esg.
Dennis L. Hallisey, Esg. Jeffrey S. Cohen, Esg. Raymond A. Cloutier, Esg. Robert C. Dewhirst, Esg.