Rodriguez v. City of Chicago

2021 IL App (1st) 200183-U

• Court: Appellate Court of Illinois
• Decided: June 24, 2021
• Docket: 1-20-0183
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

2021 IL App (1st) 200183-U No. 1-20-0183 Order filed June 24, 2021 Fourth Division

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). ______________________________________________________________________________ IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________ LEONARDO RODRIGUEZ, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Cook County. ) v. ) No. 19 CH 6474 ) THE CITY OF CHICAGO, ) Honorable ) Eve M. Reilly, Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, presiding.

JUSTICE LAMPKIN delivered the judgment of the court. Justices Reyes and Martin concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶1 Held: Where the human resources board of the city discharged plaintiff based on findings that he violated multiple provisions of a personnel rule when he tested positive for cocaine and marijuana and admitted to using drugs illegally, plaintiff’s writ of certiorari petition is denied and the board’s decision is affirmed because the findings were not against the manifest weight of the evidence and the decision to discharge plaintiff was not arbitrary, unreasonable or unrelated to the requirements of his service.

¶2 Plaintiff Leonardo Rodriguez worked for the City of Chicago (City) but was discharged

after the City’s human resources board (Board) found that he violated several provisions of a No. 1-20-0183

personnel rule when he tested positive for cocaine and marijuana and admitted to using drugs

illegally. Rodriguez filed a writ of certiorari petition in the Circuit Court of Cook County, which

denied his request and affirmed the Board’s decision.

¶3 On appeal, Rodriguez argues that the Board’s findings were against the manifest weight of

the evidence because (1) the City lacked the requisite evidence of significant property damage to

send him to alcohol and drug testing after he was involved in a vehicle collision, and (2) the hearing

officer improperly admitted into evidence an affidavit regarding a car repair estimate, a police

officer’s testimony regarding his estimate of the damage, and the drug testing laboratory report.

¶4 Rodriguez also argues that the Board’s discharge sanction was not warranted because

(1) there was no finding that he was under the influence of drugs or used or possessed illegal drugs

while at work, and (2) the Board abused its discretion by interpreting certain terms in the City’s

personnel rules broadly and contrary to their commonly accepted meaning.

¶5 For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.1

¶6 I. BACKGROUND

¶7 Rodriguez was a production assistant for the City’s Department of Cultural

Affairs and Special Events (DCASE). His job duties included driving a City vehicle and

transporting other City employees. On the morning of Friday, March 10, 2017, Rodriguez learned

from his supervisor that he would be driving several employees from DCASE’s offices at the

1 In adherence with the requirements of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 352(a) (eff. July 1, 2018), this appeal has been resolved without oral argument upon the entry of a separate written order.

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Chicago Cultural Center to a museum on the southside of Chicago. He had driven a City van on

each of the preceding days of that week as well.

¶8 Rodriguez departed the Cultural Center at approximately 10:45 a.m. with nine DCASE

employees as his passengers. His supervisor Jose Chao drove a second van to the museum.

As Rodriguez attempted to turn right onto southbound Michigan Avenue from Washington Street,

a collision occurred between his van and a car driven by Keianna Stone. Specifically, there were

two right turning lanes at the location in question. Rodriguez was in the center-most lane and Stone

was in the lane closest to the sidewalk. As the traffic in the right-turning lanes began to move,

another vehicle, which was in front of Stone’s car, stopped because its lane was partially blocked

by construction cones. When Stone attempted to drive around the stopped car by making an extra-

wide right turn, her car collided with Rodriguez’s van. Stone’s car sustained scrapes and scratches

to its left front fender and bumper area, and Rodriguez’s van sustained scrapes and scratches to its

passenger-side.

¶9 Rodriguez and Stone pulled over, and Rodriguez notified Chao of the accident. Chao came

to the scene and took most of Rodriguez’s passengers in the other van. Two City employees

remained at the scene with Rodriguez. Police officer Mark Mirabelli arrived, spoke with Rodriguez

and Stone, and filled out a report.

¶ 10 About 12:30 p.m., Chao and Rodriguez went to the office of DCASE’s human resources

director, Lisa Lorick, to discuss the accident. Rodriguez’s direct supervisor John Trick also joined

the meeting later. During the meeting, Lorick advised Rodriguez that he would have to go for drug

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and alcohol testing, and Rodriguez completed the testing paperwork. Then Rodriguez went with

Chao and Trick to a clinic for urine testing. Later that week, the lab called Rodriguez and informed

him that his test results were positive.

¶ 11 Rodriguez received a letter dated March 21, 2017, from the City informing him that he had

tested positive for cocaine and marijuana. In early April 2017, Rodriguez received a letter from

the City, which stated he had failed a drug test and offered him an opportunity to respond.

Rodriguez responded in a letter to DCASE’s commissioner on April 13, 2017. In that letter,

Rodriguez apologized and stated that he had “let people down.” His letter acknowledged his

“understand[ing] that the disciplinary action is mostly due to the failed drug test that followed the

accident.” He also stated that he was “embarrassed” about his “transgressions *** during the

evening two days prior” and referred to a party he attended on Wednesday, March 8, 2017.

¶ 12 The City discharged Rodriguez for violating provisions of a personnel rule by using illegal

drugs and testing positive for cocaine and marijuana following an on-duty accident. Rodriguez

appealed his discharge to the Board.

¶ 13 At the hearing before a hearing officer, Rodriguez testified that when he met with Lorick

shortly after the accident, he explained what happened in detail. He did not give her the police

report at that time because Lorick did not ask him for it and he did not know that he needed to turn

it in immediately. After he completed the paperwork for the alcohol and drug testing, he asked to

speak with Lorick privately. During this private conversation, he told Lorick that he might test

“hot” and had consumed “edibles” but not while he was at work. At the hearing, Rodriguez stated

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that he had eaten a cookie laced with marijuana on the weekend before the accident, and that he

had also used cocaine at a birthday party a couple of days prior to the accident. On the day of the

accident, Rodriguez did not tell Lorick about his cocaine use. Lorick told Rodriguez that if he did

not go for testing, he would be terminated.

¶ 14 When Rodriguez came to work on Monday, March 13, 2017, he told other employees that

it might be his last day because of the accident. Lorick called Rodriguez into a conference room

and instructed him to keep the potential ramifications of the accident private. Rodriguez

apologized for what happened because it “was a regrettable situation.” He told Lorick that his

actions “a couple days prior” to the accident were “regrettable” and he had “dropped [his] guard”

at a party. Lorick may have told him that the City had a process for seeking his termination and

that the City had not yet received the drug test results.

¶ 15 Later that week, Rodriguez saw that he had a message from the testing lab on his phone.

The lab called him again the next day, but he could not hear due to work activity. When he

telephoned the lab later that day, a woman informed him that his test results were positive.

¶ 16 At the hearing, Rodriguez stated that he did not dispute the positive test results, but did

challenge any interpretation of the results suggesting that he had used drugs within 24 hours of the

test. He also again admitted that he used cocaine and marijuana in the days before the accident.

¶ 17 David J. Kuntz, Ph.D., testified as the City’s toxicology expert. He had a master’s degree

and a Ph.D. in pharmaceutical sciences, worked as a forensic toxicologist since 1989, and was

employed by Clinical Reference Laboratory (“CRL”) since 2006. He was CRL’s executive director

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for analytical toxicology and co-laboratory director. His responsibilities included establishing the

lab’s standard operating procedures, maintaining those procedures, developing the analytical

assays, and ensuring that the lab met all of the appropriate state and federal regulations. CRL’s lab

work focused on workplace drug testing. CRL has been continually certified as a federal drug

testing laboratory since 1989.

¶ 18 Dr. Kuntz explained the different documents contained in CRL’s laboratory data packet

from the testing of Rodriguez’s specimen, including the chain of custody records, initial screening

results and confirmation results. Dr. Kuntz explained that CRL’s forensic records administrator

assembled the documents in the data packet after receiving a request for them. The packet

contained an affidavit signed by Dr. Kuntz attesting that the attached records all related to the same

specimen. His affidavit also attested that the records were created within CRL’s regular course of

business, reported by someone with knowledge at or near the time of the event, and exact

duplicates of the originals.

¶ 19 When the City moved to admit the data packet, Rodriguez’s counsel was allowed to voir

dire Dr. Kuntz. During voir dire, Dr. Kuntz stated that about a dozen or more people would have

had some association with the testing of the Rodriguez’s sample. Although Dr. Kuntz could not

remember each employee involved in the process, each of their names were listed in the data

packet. Dr. Kuntz acknowledged that he was not involved in testing the sample but was in the lab

constantly ensuring that people were performing their jobs as instructed.

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¶ 20 Rodriguez objected to the admission of the testing reports, arguing that the records (1) were

not made in the regular course of business but, rather, were medical records prepared in

anticipation of litigation, and (2) did not meet the criteria for the admission of computer generated

business records. The hearing officer overruled the objection, stating that CRL’s business was the

testing of specimens for the presence of illegal drugs, Dr. Kuntz specialized in the analysis of

drugs, and the records were neither created in anticipation of litigation nor computer generated.

¶ 21 Dr. Kuntz then explained the process reflected in the lab records for ensuring that the chain

of custody remained intact and that the tested specimen was Rodriguez’s. Dr. Kuntz confirmed

that, based on his review of the records, the chain of custody for Rodriguez’s sample remained

intact. He also explained that the records included the calibration controls for each of the sets of

instruments and demonstrated that the instruments were properly calibrated and met the quality

control requirements when the sample was tested.

¶ 22 Dr. Kuntz testified that Rodriguez’s specimen tested above the City’s cutoff limits for

cocaine and marijuana. He explained that the applicable cutoff levels have been established for

decades to ensure that the initial immunoassay tests were able to reliably detect the use of drugs,

eliminate the casual unknowing ingestion incidents, and ensure that confirmation testing could

reliably reproduce the results and eliminate the possibility of false positive tests. He explained that

federal and state drug testing standards required the use of two different detection technologies:

first, an immunoassay test and then confirmation by mass spectrometry. The immunoassay test

used in this case was standard in the field of toxicology and reliable. The mass spectrometry test

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that CRL used for confirmation testing was the most advanced technology available, was standard

in the field of toxicology and reliable, and was “a DOT federally approved methodology.”

¶ 23 Dr. Kuntz testified that the cutoff level for a positive test result was 150 nanograms for

cocaine and 15 nanograms for marijuana. In Rodriguez’s urine, the concentration of cocaine

metabolite was 10,431 nanograms, and the concentration of marijuana metabolite was

46 nanograms. Dr. Kuntz opined that the presence of cocaine metabolite in a concentration above

10,000 nanograms indicated that Rodriguez had probably ingested cocaine within 24 to 48 hours

before he provided his urine sample based on how quickly cocaine generally was metabolized and

eliminated. Dr. Kuntz confirmed that the positive test results for cocaine and marijuana were

accurately determined based on CRL’s testing and the resulting documentation. Dr. Kuntz stated

that the intoxicating effects of cocaine typically lasted only a couple of hours and positive urine

test results for marijuana or cocaine did not indicate whether an individual was impaired at the

time of the test. Dr. Kuntz tested “millions and millions of samples,” found such testing “highly

reliable” and had “no doubt that the drugs [we]re present in the sample.”

¶ 24 Donald Bucklin, M.D., testified that he had been employed by U.S. HealthWorks for

19 years. He was U.S. HealthWorks’ regional medical director and national medical review officer.

He explained that a medical review officer was a doctor who was specially trained in the

interpretation of drug screens. After reviewing a subject’s results, a medical review officer will

speak with the subject to determine if there was an alternative medical explanation for a positive

result. After Dr. Bucklin received Rodriguez’s positive test results, one of his employees called

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Rodriguez and left a voicemail. Another employee subsequently called Rodriguez, who stated that

he could not hear and would call back. When Rodriguez failed to call back, Dr. Bucklin reported

the positive cocaine and marijuana test results to the City because there was no alternative medical

explanation for the positive results.

¶ 25 Dr. Bucklin described the 10,431 nanograms of cocaine metabolite in Rodriguez’s urine as

“a very big number.” He explained that, although urine testing cannot determine impairment,

“we do know that cocaine is in and out of your system within 24 hours, so *** [Rodriguez] took a

large amount of cocaine within 24 hours of the drug screen.” Dr. Bucklin opined, that based on the

large amount of cocaine metabolite, Rodriguez could have ingested either “a large amount two

hours before the drug screen” or “the biggest amount any human being has ever taken 23 hours

before the drug screen or anything in between those two brackets.”

¶ 26 When the City moved to admit into evidence the medical review history that logged all

contacts with Rodriguez and any related actions, the hearing officer allowed Rodriguez’s counsel

to voir dire Dr. Bucklin. During voir dire, Dr Bucklin explained that an entry in the history noting

a request from the City for a “litigation packet” meant that the City contacted U.S. HealthWorks

and requested all the documents related with this case. U.S. HealthWorks then sent that request to

CRL. Dr. Bucklin also explained that U.S. HealthWorks used the term “litigation package” to refer

to all the records from the lab associated with this case. He stated that not very many of the drug

tests U.S. HealthWorks reviewed ended up in litigation; out of the 500,000 tests U.S. HealthWorks

reviewed every year, probably only one test every three or four months resulted in litigation.

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Dr. Bucklin testified that he was not personally involved in testing Rodriguez’s sample and his

testimony was limited to the medical review process, which he oversaw.

¶ 27 Rodriguez objected to the admission of the medical review history, arguing that the records

(1) were not made in the regular course of business but, rather, were prepared in anticipation of

litigation, and (2) did not meet the criteria for the admission of computer generated business

records. The hearing officer overruled the objection, stating that the review history was not

computer generated, it included the certifications and sign-offs of the individuals who were

responsible for running the tests, and the testing was reliable because it used the gold standard of

detection confirmation technology—mass spectrometry.

¶ 28 Dr. Bucklin concluded to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that this case was a

verified positive test for both marijuana and cocaine. Although urine sample tests identify

materials that have already passed out of the body, the tests still indicated the time frame at which

the drug was taken. Because cocaine passes out of a person’s system within 24 hours, Dr. Bucklin

opined that “cocaine was consumed within 24 hours of the drug screen and a substantial number.”

When asked about Dr. Kuntz’s testimony that cocaine could remain in the system for 24 to 48

hours, Dr. Bucklin responded: “It depends on who you talk to. You are not going to find anybody

that says it’s in and out in a week, but you could find some people that say 24 to 48 hours.”

Dr. Bucklin stated that the amount of cocaine metabolite in Rodriguez’s urine “was in the upper

1% in terms of cocaine positives for the urine.” Dr. Bucklin also opined that, if Rodriguez took the

cocaine 48 hours before this drug screen, he would not be here because he would be dead due to

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the very high level he had at the drug screening. Dr. Bucklin added that Rodriguez “could have

taken a substantial amount two minutes before the drug screen” because the “farther you go back,

the more needs to be taken to get a big number.” Dr. Bucklin testified that he had never seen an

employer testing policy that would allow for the amount of cocaine in Rodriguez’s system because

to “have a cutoff level for cocaine at 10,000 would be insane.”

¶ 29 Shavone McKinley-Jenkins testified that she was the U.S. HealthWorks medical assistant

who collected Rodriguez’s urine specimen on March 10, 2017. She recalled Rodriguez because he

was “a little like scared,” was “asking a lot of questions and going back and forth on the phone

with his lawyer about providing a specimen.” Rodriguez’s “[s]cared and nervous” behavior was

not normal. McKinley-Jenkins explained the instructions she gave Rodriguez and the steps she

took to ensure the proper chain of custody for his sample.

¶ 30 Officer Mark Mirabelli testified that he had served as a Chicago police officer for 22 years.

In that role, he estimated that he dealt with hundreds of accidents each year and had to assess

accident damage. During his career, he responded to “thousands” of accidents. He explained that,

although he was not a trained professional in auto body and fender damage, he had “on-the-job

experience.” He also stated, “We’re kind of told to guess because of the three different boxes on

the police report.” Regarding the accident at issue here, he testified that Stone’s car had a little

damage on the front quarter panel, and the City’s van had “a smudge.” Based on the damage to

Stone’s car, Officer Mirabelli checked the box in his report indicating the amount of damage was

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between $500 and $1500. Officer Mirabelli testified that no personal injury occurred, both vehicles

drove away and Rodriguez did not appear impaired.

¶ 31 When the City moved to admit the accident report into evidence, Rodriguez’s counsel

objected based on hearsay. The hearing officer overruled the objection, stating that the officer’s

testimony was admissible and he could testify about why he wrote the report the way he did.

¶ 32 Jose Chao testified that he was DCASE’s director of facilities. His responsibilities included

maintaining DCASE’s vehicles, and he was one of Rodriguez’s supervisors. Driving was a regular

part of Rodriguez’s job duties, and he was assigned to drive every day that week. Chao drove to

the scene of the accident and observed the damage to the driver’s side front fender of Stone’s car.

Chao also observed the damage to the City’s vehicle. Two days after the accident, Chao took a

photograph of the damage to the City’s vehicle. The photograph depicted scratches or marks

caused by the accident. Chao testified that he had experience repairing cars because he worked as

a mechanic before joining the City and also repaired and modified his own vehicles. Days after

the accident, Chao told Lorick by e-mail that “elbow grease” could remove the damage to the

City’s vehicle. The City did not ask Chao to attempt to remove the damage with “elbow grease,”

and the City had not repaired the vehicle as of the hearing. Chao explained that the City leased the

vehicle and would eventually have to return it “in perfect condition.” Chao stated that, if the

damage could not be removed, the vehicle would need to be repainted, which would cost between

$3000 and $5000. Chao testified that the accident left 5 to 6 feet of damage along the City vehicle

from the rear passenger sliding door to the rear tire.

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¶ 33 After the accident, Chao attended the meeting with Rodriquez, Trick and Lorick. Chao

testified that Rodriguez said he had consumed cookies laced with marijuana the prior weekend.

After the meeting, Chao and Trick took Rodriguez to the clinic for the drug and alcohol testing.

They remained there for 2 1/2 or 3 hours because Rodriguez claimed to have difficulty producing

urine for the test and kept drinking water. While there, Rodriguez made statements about testing

positive.

¶ 34 Chao acknowledged that he told Lorick in a March 2017 e-mail that Stone’s car sustained

“superficial” damage to its bumper and “the paint on the bumper marred up from the center to the

driver’s side.” Chao estimated that repairing that damage to perfect condition would cost between

$750 and $1500. Chao also testified that he was aware that Rodriguez drove two other employees

to the museum after the accident and that he later drove six employees back from the museum.

¶ 35 Lisa Lorick testified that she was DCASE’s director of human resources. DCASE policy

required that an employee must notify his supervisor of an accident and then that supervisor must

notify Lorick. The employee then comes to Lorick’s office to complete paperwork regarding the

accident, and Lorick determines whether drug testing is required after assessing the accident

documentation. The City’s personnel rules allow drug testing if there is reasonable suspicion that

an employee is under the influence of alcohol or drugs, if there is a fight, or if there is an accident

resulting in serious injury or significant property damage. The term “significant property damage”

meant damage of $500 or more. Lorick knew that $500 was the threshold amount from working

for the City for 16 1/2 years and had learned of the $500 threshold during human resources

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meetings. She also contacted the department of human resource’s first deputy commissioner to

confirm that amount. The $500 threshold for significant property damage was not written

anywhere.

¶ 36 On March 10, 2017, Lorick received a telephone call informing her of the accident. She

learned that Rodriguez’s van contained 10 DCASE employees. Lorick was particularly concerned

for the safety of one employee who was seven months pregnant. Lorick contacted Chao and

instructed him to bring Rodriguez to her office.

¶ 37 Lorick met with Chao and Rodriguez in her office. Trick joined the meeting later. When

Rodriguez and Chao arrived but before Lorick could even ask any questions, Rodriguez

immediately said that the accident was the other driver’s fault and started pacing back and forth.

Lorick asked Rodriguez to start from the beginning and tell her exactly what happened, but he was

not able to give a clear explanation from beginning to end. He repeatedly stated that there was

minimal damage, just a “graze.” Lorick tried to calm Rodriguez down, asked him to sit down, take

a breath and explain from the beginning what actually happened, but his demeanor was somewhat

erratic and he was not able to calmly and clearly explain what had happened. Lorick could not get

a clear picture of what Rodriguez was trying to say. Instead of answering Lorick’s question,

Rodriguez would default to repeating the same three statements. Lorick thought that Rodriguez

was stalling and being extremely evasive and confusing.

¶ 38 Lorick asked Rodriguez for the police report at the meeting, and Rodriguez said that he

would provide it later. When Lorick asked about damage to either vehicle, Rodriguez responded

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that the damage was very minimal, “just a graze, a scratch.” At the time of the meeting, Lorick

was not aware that Chao was at the accident scene and had seen the vehicles. Lorick told Rodriguez

that he would have to go for drug and alcohol testing. When she presented the testing paperwork

to Rodriguez, he asked to speak to her privately. During their private conversation, Rodriguez said

that he did not want to go for the drug testing because it would result in a “hot drop,” which he

explained meant that the test result would be “dirty.” Lorick understood that to mean that

Rodriguez believed he would test positive. She told him that he had the choice whether or not to

undergo testing but his refusal would be considered the same as a positive test result. Rodriguez

then told Lorick that “he partied on Wednesday, a couple of days before he was to drive.” When

Lorick asked him why he came to work knowing that he had to drive DCASE employees around,

he said he felt okay. Lorick and Rodriguez returned to her office, and Rodriguez signed the testing

paperwork. Rodriguez then went for testing with his supervisors.

¶ 39 Lorick testified that Rodriguez’s vagueness in describing the incident during their meeting

prevented her from obtaining the necessary information to determine whether anyone involved in

the accident sustained either an injury or significant property damage. Consequently, she indicated

in the paperwork that the reason for ordering Rodriguez’s alcohol and drug testing was “post-

accident.” However, she denied ordering Rodriguez’s testing merely because he had been involved

in an accident. Rather, Lorick sent him for testing based on what occurred at the meeting. She was

also particularly concerned about the number of employees in the van at the time, especially a

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seven-month pregnant employee, and whether injuries to those passengers might not be detected

until sometime later.

¶ 40 On the morning of Monday, March 13, 2017, several employees approached Lorick and

said that Rodriguez was telling everyone that he was going to be fired. Lorick went into a

conference room with Rodriguez. Rodriguez “apologized that he was going to have a dirty drop,

a hot drop, and that he thought that he was going to be fired that day and was saying his goodbyes.”

Lorick told him that it was a confidential human resources matter, there was a process that needed

to be followed, and he needed to keep quiet. She also said that, as part of that process, he needed

to provide her the requested paperwork, including the police report.

¶ 41 Lorick asked Rodriguez for the police report almost every day thereafter. Almost a week

after the accident, Lorick sent Rodriguez an e-mail again reminding him about the police report.

When Rodriguez eventually provided the report, it indicated a damage amount of $500 to $1500.

Lorick later learned the full extent of the damage to the City’s vehicle from photographs that Chao

sent her. She also learned the extent of the damage to the other vehicle by speaking with Stone and

receiving photographs of Stone’s car. Stone also submitted a repair estimate from Maaco and told

Lorick that the accident was the sole cause of damage to her car.

¶ 42 When the City moved to admit the Maaco estimate into evidence, Rodriguez objected

based on lack of foundation, arguing that Lorick lacked knowledge about how the estimate was

performed. Rodriguez also objected that there was no way to know if Stone’s car was involved in

subsequent accidents. The hearing officer overruled those objections, stating that the auto repair

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estimate was sufficiently reliable for an administrative hearing, insurance companies commonly

used such estimates when handling automobile accident claims, and a reasonable person would

consider these estimates when determining the extent of the damage to an individual’s car.

¶ 43 Rodriguez also objected to the Maaco employee’s affidavit, which averred that Maaco’s

repair service created the estimate. Specifically, Rodriguez argued that the affiant was not available

for cross-examination and the affidavit would not be admissible in an ordinary car accident case

in the circuit court. The hearing officer overruled this objection, stating that this matter was an

administrative hearing and not a property damage case in the circuit court. Lorick then testified

that the Maaco estimate for the damage to Stone’s car was $1531.53.

¶ 44 The hearing officer issued a report recommending that the Board uphold Rodriguez’s

termination. The Board agreed. The Board found that Rodriguez’s admissions of illegal drug use

established violations of personnel rule XVIII, section 1, subsections 14 (prohibiting possession

or use of any controlled substance on or off the job), 15 (prohibiting unlawful conduct),

36 (requiring compliance with “laws or department rules governing health, safety, and sanitary

conditions”), and 50 (prohibiting “[c]onduct unbecoming” a “public employee”). The Board

further found that Rodriguez’s positive drug test results established violations of subsections

14, 15, 36, 50, and 51 (which mandated the discharge of an employee who fails a drug test).

The Board concluded that the positive urine testing did not prove that Rodriguez was impaired on

the job and, therefore, did not establish a violation of subsection 24 (prohibiting “[r]eporting for

work under the influence”). The Board also rejected Rodriguez’s argument that Lorick lacked

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evidence of significant property damage to order drug testing. The Board found that Rodriguez

had withheld the accident report from Lorick at the time and that the report and the Maaco estimate

ultimately showed that the accident in fact involved significant property damage.

¶ 45 Rodriguez filed in circuit court a combined complaint alleging federal civil rights

violations and a petition for a common law writ of certiorari. The City removed the matter to

federal district court. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the City and against

Rodriguez on the federal claim, holding that Rodriquez’s drug test was constitutional because

Lorick had probable cause to order his drug testing due to his admissions that he might test positive

for drugs and that he had partied over the weekend. The district court dismissed the state-law

certiorari claim without prejudice.

¶ 46 Rodriguez then filed a petition for a writ of certiorari in the circuit court. The court

affirmed the Board’s decision. Rodriguez timely appealed.

¶ 47 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 48 A. Manifest Weight of the Evidence.

¶ 49 Rodriguez argues that the Board’s findings were against the manifest weight of the

evidence because (1) the City lacked the requisite evidence of significant property damage to send

him to alcohol and drug testing after he was involved in a vehicle collision, and (2) the hearing

officer improperly admitted into evidence the affidavit regarding Stone’s car repair estimate,

Officer Mirabelli’s testimony regarding his estimate of the damage, and the drug testing laboratory

report.

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¶ 50 “A common law writ of certiorari is a general method for obtaining circuit court review of

administrative actions when the act conferring power on the agency does not expressly adopt the

Administrative Review Law and provides no other form of review.” Smith v. Department of Public

Aid, 67 Ill. 2d 529, 541 (1977). “The standards of review under a common law writ of certiorari

are essentially the same as under the Administrative Review Law.” Hanrahan v. Williams, 174 Ill.

2d 268, 272 (1996). The reviewing court will not overturn an agency’s factual findings unless they

are against the manifest weight of the evidence (Wortham v. City of Chicago, 2015 IL App (1st)

131735, ¶ 13), which means no rational trier of fact could have reached the conclusion of the

agency (Chief Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County v. AFSCME, Council 31, AFL-CIO,

153 Ill. 2d 508, 514 (1992)). It is not the court’s role to resolve factual inconsistencies, make

credibility determinations, weigh the evidence, and “determine where the preponderance of the

evidence lies.” Launius v. Board of Fire & Police Commissioners, 151 Ill. 2d 419, 427-28 (1992).

¶ 51 The Board found that Rodriguez’s admitted drug use and positive drug test established

multiple violations of the City’s personnel rule XVIII, section 1, subsections 14, 15, 36, 50 and

51. Those subsections prohibited, respectively, “involvement in the illegal sale, delivery, receipt,

possession or use of any controlled substance either on or off the job site during hours of

employment or non-working time”; “any act or conduct prohibited by the Municipal Code of the

City of Chicago, the Illinois Compiled Statutes, applicable laws of other states, or federal statutes”;

“[f]ailing to comply, in carrying out any acts in the scope of employment, with laws or department

rules governing health, safety, and sanitary conditions”; “[c]onduct unbecoming an officer or

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public employee”; and “[v]iolating the City’s drug and alcohol testing policy,” which requires the

initiation of a discharge action against any employee who tests positive for illegal drugs. In March

2017, possession of marijuana and cocaine was illegal. 720 ILCS 550/4 (West 2016); 720 ILCS

570/402 (West 2016).

¶ 52 According to Rodriguez’s own testimony, he admitted to Lorick before his drug test that

he would test “hot” and that he had consumed edible marijuana off-duty. Rodriguez further

admitted at the hearing that he had eaten a cookie laced with marijuana on the weekend before the

accident and used cocaine at a birthday party a couple of days prior to the accident. Rodriguez

repeated those admissions multiple times. Those admissions plus his undisputed positive cocaine

and marijuana drug test results amply supported the Board’s findings that Rodriguez violated

subsections 14, 15, 36, 50 and 51 of section 1 of personnel rule XVIII.

¶ 53 Rodriguez, however, argues that Lorick lacked evidence of significant property damage

because she did not know the specific amount of property damage and thus had no basis to send

him for post-accident drug and alcohol testing.

¶ 54 According to the record, Lorick did not have evidence of the damage because, when she

asked Rodriguez about the accident, his vague description of the incident and nonresponsive

answers to her questions prevented her from learning the extent of the damage. Rodriguez had

received at the scene of the accident a copy of the accident report, which estimated the damage as

between $500 and $1500. Lorick testified, however, that when she asked Rodriguez for a copy of

the report after the accident, he did not give it to her. The Board stated that Rodriguez wrongfully

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withheld the report and any acceptance of his delay in giving Lorick that report would allow him

to control and subvert the City’s drug and alcohol testing policies and procedures and reward him

for deceitful misconduct.

¶ 55 Rodriguez argues that the Board could not make credibility determinations in the absence

of input from the hearing officer because the Board did not hear the evidence or see the witnesses.

The Illinois Supreme Court, however, has rejected the argument that Board members who did not

observe witnesses cannot judge the credibility of those persons. Abrahamson v. Illinois

Department of Regulation, 153 Ill. 2d 76, 95 (1992). Rather, “agency members making the final

decision need not be present when the evidence is taken, so long as they review the record of

proceedings.” Id. Here, the Board expressly stated that its findings were based on the hearing

officer’s report and the transcript of the hearing.

¶ 56 Also, Rodriguez’s reliance on Hearne v. Chicago School Reform Board, 322 Ill. App. 3d

467 (2001), to support his argument is misplaced. In Hearne, the court ruled that the Board failed

to comply with procedural due process when it improperly rejected the hearing officer’s credibility

determinations regarding witnesses and substituted its own opposite determinations without any

consultation with the hearing officer. Id. at 483. Here, in contrast, the Board’s findings did not

involve any rejection of the hearing officer’s credibility determinations.

¶ 57 Rodriguez also argues that the City failed to comply with its personnel rules because the

City failed to show, “as a prerequisite to sending an employee to drug testing,” the occurrence of

significant injury requiring medical attention or significant property damage. This argument lacks

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merit. The plain language of the City’s drug testing policy nowhere states anything about

prerequisites or any showing before testing; rather, the policy provides that “[t]he City may require

testing of any employee involved in an accident which results in significant injury requiring

medical attention or significant property damage while at work, on City property or on City

business.” City personnel rule XIX. Furthermore, the evidence that Lorick gathered after the

testing showed that the accident in fact resulted in significant property damage.

¶ 58 Rodriguez cites Service v. Dulles, 354 U.S. 363 (1957), where the government attempted

to completely by-pass regulations pertaining to the investigation of employee misconduct prior to

the employee’s discharge. According to Rodriguez, Service supports his argument that the City

and Board had no authority to fire him because the City failed to follow its rules regarding ordering

him to undergo drug testing. Rodriguez’s reliance on Dulles is unavailing. Rodriguez was not

discharged without the benefit of the hearing to which he was entitled.

¶ 59 In Cartwright v. Civil Service Commission, 80 Ill. App. 3d 787, 792 (1980), this court

stated that administrative agencies were not slaves to their rules and could deviate from those

“when prompted by unique or emergency situations.” Here, Lorick faced a unique situation with

an employee who was involved in an accident while driving nine other employees, including a

pregnant woman, on duty in a City vehicle. Lorick was concerned that someone may have been

injured and that the injuries were not detected at the time of the accident. She also knew from

Rodriguez that there had been contact between his vehicle and another car resulting in some

damage, but she was unable to learn the full extent of the damage due to Rodriguez’s evasive and

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confusing answers to her questions. As the Board noted, Lorick also faced a ticking clock because

“[t]he closer to the time of an accident a person is tested the more accurate the results.”

Furthermore, before the testing occurred, Rodriguez admitted to Lorick that he would test “hot”

and that he had consumed “edibles” the prior weekend.

¶ 60 Rodriguez cites In re Freddie Ramos, 15 Human Resources Board (hereinafter, HRB) 002

(2015), for the proposition that the City had no basis to initiate drug and alcohol testing in the

absence of significant damage. But in Ramos, the Board found that the City failed to present any

evidence showing that Ramos’s supervisors believed there had been significant accident damage

or that the accident damage was in excess of $500. By contrast, here, Lorick testified that she was

concerned there may have been significant property damage but Rodriguez thwarted her efforts to

ascertain the extent of that damage, and the Board found that the evidence ultimately established

that the damage was more than $500.

¶ 61 Rodriguez also cites In re Patrick Mullaney, 15 HRB 145 (2016), to argue that the

personnel rules do not allow automatic drug testing after any accident. But Lorick testified that

she did not order Rodriguez’s testing solely because he had been in an accident. Rather, she

explained that she ordered testing based on her concerns about any injuries to the occupants of the

involved vehicles and her inability to learn the extent of the damage due to Rodriguez’s conduct

during their meeting. Furthermore, Mullaney is distinguishable because the damage there was

below $500 and an applicable collective bargaining agreement—and not simply the City’s internal

rules—contractually required significant damage for testing.

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¶ 62 Rodriguez argues that the City improperly terminated his employment based on his

violation of an unwritten policy that imposed a $500 threshold for significant property damage.

Rodriguez, however, was not terminated for causing damage in excess of $500. Rather, the City

terminated him for using illegal drugs in violation of written personnel rules. Thus, the cases cited

by Rodriguez to support this argument are distinguishable because those cases involved employees

who, unlike Rodriguez, were terminated for violating unwritten policies. See Jackson v. Board of

Education, 2016 IL App (1st) 141388, ¶ 41 (finding no “evidence of any established rules or

procedures for teachers and staff to report testing irregularities”); Walker v. Dart, 2015 IL App

(1st) 140087, ¶ 51 (finding no policy “expressly prohibit[ing] the taking of prescription medication

from a bottle that cannot be refilled”); Kinsella v. Board of Education, 2015 IL App (1st) 132694,

¶ 29 (finding no evidence of a zero-tolerance policy for alcohol use).

¶ 63 Rodriguez also argues that the Board improperly ignored the word “significant” in the

phrase “significant property damage.” To the contrary, the Board found, based on Lorick’s

testimony, that “there is no dispute that at the time of the accident, and still today, $500 is the

threshold” used by the City to determine significant property damage.

¶ 64 Rodriguez also asserts that there was no evidence that either vehicle involved in the

accident was ever repaired. This argument, however, is irrelevant under the City’s personnel rules,

which say nothing about any requirement of repairs. Furthermore, Chao’s testimony established

that, because the City leased the van involved in the accident, the City would have to return the

van “in perfect condition.”

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¶ 65 Rodriguez argues that Chao informed Lorick that the damage to Stone’s car was superficial

and the harm to the City vehicle could be remedied with some elbow grease. However, Chao also

testified that the City did ask him to repair the damage using elbow grease and if the damage could

not be rubbed out then the van would need to be repainted at a cost between $3000 and $5000.

¶ 66 Rodriguez cites In re Patrick Mullaney, 15 HRB 145 (2016) where the Board held that a

supervisor’s understanding of what constituted significant property damage was not sufficient, by

itself, to establish that $500 was the threshold amount for property damage to be deemed

significant. In contrast, here, Lorick did not rely on her mere understanding that the threshold was

$500; rather, she testified that this policy of the City’s human resources department was relayed

to her at meetings and confirmed to her by that department’s first deputy commissioner.

¶ 67 Reasonable suspicion also supported Lorick’s decision to order testing. The personnel rules

allow “testing of an employee for whom there is a reasonable suspicion that the employee has used

drugs or alcohol or is under the influence of drugs or alcohol while at work, on City property or

on City business.” City personnel rule XIX. The Board found that Rodriguez’s pre-testing

admissions to Lorick and Chao that he would likely fail a drug test because he had consumed

edible marijuana provided reasonable suspicion.

¶ 68 Rodriguez does not dispute that reasonable suspicion existed to justify testing. Rather, he

argues that reasonable suspicion is irrelevant because Lorick only marked “post-accident” as the

reason for testing when she completed the testing form and did not indicate that reasonable

suspicion was another basis to order testing. Rodriguez cites Cartwright, 80 Ill. App. 3d 787, for

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the proposition that a government agency must be consistent and may not change theories at or

after the disciplinary hearing.” Cartwright, however, is not on point. There, the court reversed a

termination because the employee was charged with failing to restrain subordinates from striking

residents but was discharged for failing to reprimand another employee for using a chokehold.

80 Ill. App. 3d at 793. The court explained that this discrepancy failed to “reasonably apprise[ ]

[the employee] of the charges so that he can intelligently prepare his defense.” Id. By contrast,

here, the fact that Lorick did not indicate on the testing form the basis of reasonable suspicion in

no way affected the nature of the subsequent charges underlying Rodriguez’s termination.

The City charged Rodriguez with violating the rules prohibiting illegal drug use, and the Board

sustained his termination on those same grounds. Moreover, Dr. Kuntz testified that, regardless

the reason for the testing, CRL would have conducted the exact same tests on Rodriguez’s sample.

¶ 69 Rodriguez also challenges the admission of the Maaco repair estimate and the accident

report as evidence of the amount of damage caused by the accident. This court reviews an

administrative hearing officer’s decision to admit evidence for abuse of discretion. Shachter v.

City of Chicago, 2016 IL App (1st) 150442, ¶ 31; see also Palacios v. Mlot, 2013 IL App (1st)

121416, ¶ 18 (an abuse of discretion occurs when the ruling is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable,

or when no reasonable person would take the same view). A reviewing court “may not interfere

with an administrative body’s discretionary authority unless that authority is exercised in an

arbitrary or capricious manner.” Dombrowski v. City of Chicago, 363 Ill. App. 3d 420, 426 (2005).

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¶ 70 The hearing officer did not abuse his discretion in admitting the estimate or the report.

The Board’s rules allow the admission of evidence that is “material, relevant evidence, which

would be relied upon by a reasonably prudent person in the conduct of serious affairs.” The hearing

officer explained that the Maaco repair estimate in the amount of $1531.53 met these standards

because insurance companies regularly request that persons involved in accidents obtain and

submit similar estimates and then rely on those estimates in processing claims. Accordingly, the

hearing officer explained that “this is the kind of information that a reasonable person would take

into consideration in determining the extent of the damage to an individual’s car.” The hearing

officer also explained that he could admit the repair estimate despite Rodriguez’s objection that he

could not cross-examine the Maaco employee who swore an accompanying affidavit because,

unlike in civil court trials, the Board’s rules allow for the admission of hearsay evidence that is

sufficiently reliable. The hearing officer overruled Rodriguez’s hearsay objection to that

testimony, and that was within his discretion to do because insurance adjusters regularly rely on

similar submissions of damage estimates when assessing accident damage without any additional

verification.

¶ 71 Rodriguez argues that, under Illinois law, hearsay evidence that does not allow an

opportunity for cross-examination should not be admitted in administrative hearings. This court,

however, has upheld the City’s use of written documents to prove its case at administrative

hearings where the other party has the ability to subpoena witnesses with knowledge of the

documents but fails to do so. Dombrowski, 363 Ill. App. 3d at 427. The record establishes that

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Rodriguez was aware of his right to subpoena witnesses. After the City rested its case without

calling either the Maaco affiant or Stone, Rodriguez’s counsel also rested his case without any

efforts to procure their testimony, stating that he saw “no reason to present any additional

witnesses.” This court has recognized that the City is permitted to present its evidence of violations

in the form of written reports where “respondents have the opportunity to cross-examine the

reports’ authors” but fail to invoke that right because respondents “cannot be deprived of a right

they fail to exercise.” Id.

¶ 72 Rodriguez asserts that the hearing officer improperly admitted Officer Mirabelli’s

speculative testimony that he estimated the accident damage to be between $500 and $1500.

But Rodriguez did not object to Officer Mirabelli’s testimony on the grounds of “guess” or

speculation at the hearing, and objections that are not made during the course of the administrative

hearing process are deemed forfeited. See Cook County Board of Review v. Property Tax Appeal

Board, 395 Ill. App. 3d 776, 786 (2009). Forfeiture aside, the record establishes that Officer

Mirabelli’s testimony was not speculative or a mere guess. When asked about his training in

evaluating accident damage, Officer Mirabelli responded that “[w]e’re kind of told to guess

because of the three different boxes on the police report. We’re not body and fender people.”

But he also made clear that, although he was not a trained professional in accident damage, he had

amassed on-the-job experience in his 22 years as a police officer who had responded to

“thousands” of accidents and was required to assess damage caused by “hundreds” of accidents

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each year. Based on that experience, the hearing officer did not abuse his discretion by considering

Officer Mirabelli’s testimony sufficiently reliable.

¶ 73 Rodriguez also asserts that the hearing officer improperly admitted the accident report,

which generally are not admissible. The record shows that Officer Mirabelli testified about the

damage he observed and estimated the accident damage between $500 and $1500 before he was

even shown his report, and Rodriguez did not object to that testimony at the hearing. The hearing

officer admitted the accident report because it contained the same information about which Officer

Mirabelli had already testified. We conclude that Rodriguez cannot show prejudice by the

admission of Mirabelli’s police report because the same or similar information contained thereon

was already received through his testimony. See Jacobs v. Holley, 3 Ill. App 3d 762, 764 (1972).

¶ 74 Rodriguez’a citation to Patrick Mullaney, 15 HRB 145 (2016), where the Board rejected a

police accident report, is unavailing. In Mullaney, the Board explained that no testimony was

offered regarding which police officer, if any, checked the vehicle or how the estimate was

determined. By contrast, Officer Mirabelli appeared and testified about his damage estimate.

Moreover, the report was relevant not for the truth of the matter asserted in its estimate but for the

notice that it would have provided Lorick of the significant property damage if Rodriguez had

given it to her. When offered for a purpose other than the truth of the matter asserted, an out of

court statement is not hearsay by definition. See Ill. R. Evid. 801(c) (eff. Oct. 15, 2015).

¶ 75 Even assuming that the Maaco estimate or police report were improperly admitted into

evidence, the record contains ample evidence to sustain the Board’s finding of significant property

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damage. On manifest weight review, that finding “must be sustained if any evidence fairly supports

the determination of the administrative agency.” Discovery South Group, Ltd. v. Pollution Control

Board, 275 Ill. App. 3d 547, 552 (1995). The existence of sufficient other evidence is also a reason

to reject Rodriguez’s hearsay arguments. See, Abrahamson, 153 Ill. 2d at 94 (holding that the

admission of hearsay evidence did not deny due process where the record contained competent

evidence”). As discussed above, Officer Mirabelli independently testified that he estimated the

damage on Stone’s car to be between $500 and $1500. In addition, Chao testified about his

experience repairing cars and estimated the cost to repaint the City’s van at $3000 to $5000, and

the cost to repair the other vehicle at $750 to $1500.

¶ 76 Rodriguez’s objections to the admission of the testing records are meritless. At the hearing,

he testified that he did not dispute his positive drug test results. On appeal he asserts two technical

objections to the admission of those undisputed results. First, he argues that the hearing officer

improperly admitted the testing results under the business records exception to the hearsay rule.

The hearing officer, however, made clear that he had not admitted the results pursuant to the

business records exception but, rather, because Dr. Kuntz properly laid the foundation for their

admission through his testimony. The hearing officer also explained that the results would in any

event qualify as business records because CRL’s business was to test specimens for the presence

of illegal drugs or substances. The hearing officer also properly rejected Rodriguez’s assertion that

the results did not meet the requirements for the business record exception because they were

created in preparation for litigation. As the hearing officer explained, CRL created the testing

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results long before any litigation existed between the parties and before the City had even

terminated Rodriguez. Rodriguez’s reliance on Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305

(2009), and People v. McClanahan, 191 Ill. 2d 127 (2000), to assert that laboratory reports are not

admissible as business records, is misplaced. Those cases are not applicable here because they

involved laboratory reports created as part of a criminal investigation and in anticipation of

prosecution.

¶ 77 Next, Rodriguez argues that the City failed to establish a proper foundation for the test

results because Dr. Kuntz was not involved in processing Rodriguez’s sample. However,

Rodriguez did not raise this objection during the hearing and thus forfeited review of this issue.

See Cook County, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 786. Forfeiture aside, the record establishes that Dr. Kuntz

provided ample foundational testimony for the admission of the test results.

¶ 78 We conclude that the Board’s findings that Rodriguez violated provisions of the City’s

personnel rule XVIII were not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 79 B. Discharge Sanction

¶ 80 Rodriguez argues that the Board’s discharge sanction was not warranted because (1) there

was no finding that he was under the influence of drugs or used or possessed illegal drugs while at

work, and (2) the Board abused its discretion by interpreting certain terms in the City’s personnel

rules broadly and contrary to their commonly accepted meaning.

¶ 81 Cause for discharge exists when an employee exhibits “some substantial shortcoming” that

renders “continuance in his office or employment in some way detrimental to the discipline and

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efficiency of the service and something which the law and a sound public opinion recognize as a

good cause” for discharge. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Launius, 151 Ill. 2d at 435.

The Board’s “cause finding is to be respected by th[e] court[s] and it should be overturned only if

it is arbitrary and unreasonable or unrelated to the requirements of the service.” (Internal quotation

marks omitted.) Id. Deference is appropriate because “[i]t is the Board, rather than the court, which

is best able to determine the effect of the [employee’s] conduct on the proper operation of the

department.” Kappel v. Police Board, 220 Ill. App. 3d 580, 590 (1991).

¶ 82 The Board found that Rodriguez’s admitted violations of the City’s rules prohibiting illegal

drug use and his positive drug test for cocaine and marijuana warranted discharge. That decision

was not arbitrary, capricious, or unrelated to the requirements of Rodriguez’s service. Indeed, the

City’s personnel rules mandate discharge of an employee who fails a drug test.

¶ 83 Contrary to Rodriguez’s assertions on appeal, the City was not required to prove that he

reported for work under the influence of drugs or used or possessed illegal drugs while on duty.

Nevertheless, by Rodriguez’s own account, he consumed cocaine at a party on a Wednesday night,

in the middle of a work week in which he was assigned to drive other employees every day.

Moreover, although the City’s experts testified that urine testing does not reveal whether a subject

was impaired at the time of testing, Dr. Bucklin testified that Rodriguez’s post-accident urine

sample “was in the upper 1 percent in terms of cocaine positives,” and disputed Rodriguez’s claim

to have consumed cocaine at a party two days before the accident because “[i]f he took it 48 hours

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before this drug screen, he wouldn’t be here because he would be dead because he had a very high

level *** at the drug screening.”

¶ 84 Rodriguez also complains that the City did not allege that he was at fault in the accident.

But fault in the accident was also irrelevant to any of the charges that the Board sustained.

Rodriguez also asserts that discharge is not warranted for off-duty drug use because it is a harsh

discipline that would impose a serious deprivation upon him. The Illinois Supreme Court made

clear that a reviewing court may not second-guess a discharge order merely because it believes a

less harsh penalty would be more appropriate. Launius, 151 Ill. 2d at 435-36; accord, Siwek v.

Police Board, 374 Ill. App. 3d 735, 738 (2007); Krocka v. Police Board, 327 Ill. App. 3d 36, 48

(2001). Moreover, “the fact that different individuals have been disciplined differently is not a

basis for concluding that an agency’s disciplinary decision is unreasonable.” Siwek, 374 Ill. App.

3d at 738.

¶ 85 Rodriguez also cites Garrido v. Cook County Sheriff’s Merit Board, 349 Ill. App. 3d 68

(2004), to assert that application of the City’s policies without evidence of on-the-job impairment

violates substantive due process. But Rodriguez’s case, in which he admitted his repeated,

knowing use of multiple illegal drugs, is distinguished from Garrido, where the discharged

employee presented undisputed evidence that she did not knowingly consume illegal drugs while

under medical care in a foreign country. Id. at 80.

¶ 86 Rodriguez also asserts that his termination pursuant to the City’s post-accident testing

policy runs afoul of Sessions v. Dimaya, 138 S. Ct. 1204 (2018), because the undefined term

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“significant property damage” leaves unclear the threshold level of risk to persons affected by the

enactment. But unlike Dimaya, Rodriguez’s case does not involve a criminal statute or penalty

subjecting an immigrant to removal from the country, which requires “the most exacting

vagueness” scrutiny. See id. at 1212-13. Dimaya also recognized that “[m]any perfectly

constitutional statutes use imprecise terms like ‘serious potential risk’ *** or ‘substantial risk.’ ”

Id. at 1214. The Court struck down the statute in Dimaya not because it contained an imprecise

term but because it further required a court to apply that imprecise term “to ‘a judge-imagined

abstraction’—i.e., ‘an idealized ordinary case of the crime.’ ” Id. at 1215-16. The City’s post-

accident testing policy contains no such double imprecision problem.

¶ 87 Moreover, the City did not discharge Rodriguez for causing significant property damage,

but rather for drug use. He does not contest that he received fair notice of the conduct the drug use

policy proscribed. Rodriguez also cites Krebs v. Thompson, 387 Ill. 471 (1944), to argue that the

government must define what conduct is sanctionable and what is not. But Krebs faulted a statute

that failed to identify the activities to which it was directed and left it to ministerial officers

applying the statute to make that determination. Id. at 483. By contrast, the City discharged

Rodriguez for violating clearly defined rules prohibiting illegal drug use by City employees.

¶ 88 We conclude that the Board’s discharge decision was not arbitrary, unreasonable or

unrelated to the requirement of Rodriguez’s job.

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¶ 89 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 90 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court that affirmed the

Board’s decision to discharge Rodriguez based on findings that he violated provisions of a

personnel rule when he tested positive for cocaine and marijuana and admitted to using drugs

illegally.

¶ 91 Affirmed.

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