FOURTH DIVISION DOYLE, P. J., ANDREWS, P. J. and BOGGS, J.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. (Court of Appeals Rule 4 (b) and Rule 37 (b), February 21, 2008) http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
February 14, 2013
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A12A2475. ESTRADA v. THE STATE. DO-094 C
DOYLE , Presiding Judge.
Rodolfo Estrada appeals from the denial of his motion for new trial following
his conviction by a jury of aggravated sodomy,1 aggravated child molestation,2 and
first degree cruelty to children.3 He contends that the trial court erred by (1) admitting
child hearsay testimony from the victim, (2) admitting his confession, (3) admitting
testimony about the results of a DNA test, and (4) refusing to charge the jury on the
mandatory sentence he faced. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
1 OCGA § 16-6-2 (a) (2). 2 OCGA § 16-6-4 (c). 3 OCGA § 16-5-70 (b). Construed in favor of the verdict,4 the record shows that six-year-old D. F. and
her mother were temporarily living with Estrada, his wife, and their family. One
night, Estrada’s wife awoke to strange sounds coming from the foot of their bed,
where D. F. slept on an air mattress. She saw Estrada look up from D. F.’s mattress
and asked him what he was doing. Estrada responded, “It ain’t what you think,” the
wife angrily confronted him, and Estrada eventually left the house. The wife asked
D. F. what happened, and she said that Estrada had touched her private parts. Shortly
thereafter, D. F. disclosed to another family member that Estrada had licked her
vagina and touched her anus. Estrada’s wife called the police, and D. F. again
disclosed to an officer that Estrada had touched her rear and groin area. D. F. was
taken to see a sexual assault nurse examiner, who collected samples from the affected
areas, and D. F. later described the abuse to a forensic interviewer. The forensic
samples were determined to contain male DNA, but no specific profile could be
developed.
4 See Short v. State, 234 Ga. App. 633, 634 (1) (507 SE2d 514) (1998).
2 Estrada was arrested and charged with six counts based on the abuse, and a jury
found him guilty of aggravated sodomy, aggravated child molestation, and cruelty to
children.5 The trial court denied his motion for new trial, and this appeal followed.
1. Estrada contends that the trial court erred by admitting hearsay statements
made by the victim. We disagree.
Under OCGA § 24-3-16,6 hearsay statements by underage victims of sexual
abuse are “admissible in evidence by the testimony of the person or persons to whom
made if the child is available to testify in the proceedings and the court finds that the
circumstances of the statement provide sufficient indicia of reliability.”
The trial court has broad discretion in determining the admissibility of child hearsay evidence, and we will reverse a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of statements under OCGA § 24-3-16 only if the trial court abused its discretion. . . . When determining whether an out-of-court statement has sufficient indicia of reliability, a court may consider the following factors, without limitation:
5 The jury acquitted Estrada on three other counts predicated on penetration of D. F. and forcing D. F. to touch him. 6 Because the trial was held prior to January 1, 2013, we look to the version of the statute applicable at that time. See Ga. L. 2011, p. 214, § 101. The new evidence code, applicable to any motion made or hearing or trial commenced on or after January 1, 2013, addresses child hearsay at OCGA § 24-8-820 (2012).
3 (1) the atmosphere and circumstances under which the statement was made (including the time, the place, and the people present thereat); (2) the spontaneity of the child’s statement to the persons present; (3) the child’s age; (4) the child’s general demeanor; (5) the child’s condition (physical or emotional); (6) the presence or absence of threats or promise of benefits; (7) the presence or absence of drugs or alcohol; (8) the child’s general credibility; (9) the presence or absence of any coaching by parents or other third parties before or at the time of the child’s statement, and the type of coaching and circumstances surrounding the same; and the nature of the child’s statement and type of language used therein; and (10) the consistency between repeated out-of-court statements by the child. These factors, however, are not to be mechanically applied but considered in a manner best calculated to facilitate the determination of the required degree of trustworthiness. Moreover, even if all factors do not indicate reliability, the trial court does not necessarily abuse its discretion in admitting the statement.7
Here, the trial court held a pre-trial evidentiary hearing which included
testimony from each witness who reported outcries from the victim. D. F. was six
years old at the time of the outcries, and the outcries to an officer and family member
were readily made at home on the night of the abuse. The forensic interview was done
7 (Punctuation and footnotes omitted.) Anderson v. State, 315 Ga. App. 679, 682-683 (2) (727 SE2d 504) (2012), citing Brown v. State, 300 Ga. App. 359, 361 (2) (685 SE2d 377) (2009) and Gregg v. State, 201 Ga. App. 238, 240 (3) (b) (411 SE2d 65) (1991).
4 by a trained interviewer in a non-threatening environment. There was no evidence of
threats or promises made to D. F., nor of any intoxication or any general incredibility
of D. F.’s statements, which were essentially consistent at each telling. Estrada points
to some evidence of later recantation as evidence of coaching, but that alone does not
require reversal in light of the other evidence supporting the trial court’s findings.8
Further, D. F.
testified as a witness at trial and was subject to cross-examination, thus allowing [Estrada] every opportunity to cross-examine her before the jury regarding the circumstances surrounding [her outcries], and giving the jury the opportunity to judge her demeanor and credibility during [those statements.] . . . [T]his circumstance provided an additional safeguard to [Estrada’s] right of fair trial and provided him full opportunity for confrontation.9
Accordingly, we discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court.10
2. Estrada next contends that the trial court erred by finding that his custodial
statement was freely and voluntarily made. We disagree.
8 See, e.g., Anderson, 315 Ga. App. at 683-684 (2). 9 (Punctuation omitted.) Id. at 684 (2). 10 See id.; Barclay v. State, 306 Ga. App. 766, 767 (1) (702 SE2d 907) (2010) (weighing Gregg factors is not mechanical and subject to the trial court’s discretion).
5 Under former OCGA § 24-3-50,11 “[t]o make a confession admissible, it must
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FOURTH DIVISION DOYLE, P. J., ANDREWS, P. J. and BOGGS, J.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. (Court of Appeals Rule 4 (b) and Rule 37 (b), February 21, 2008) http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
February 14, 2013
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A12A2475. ESTRADA v. THE STATE. DO-094 C
DOYLE , Presiding Judge.
Rodolfo Estrada appeals from the denial of his motion for new trial following
his conviction by a jury of aggravated sodomy,1 aggravated child molestation,2 and
first degree cruelty to children.3 He contends that the trial court erred by (1) admitting
child hearsay testimony from the victim, (2) admitting his confession, (3) admitting
testimony about the results of a DNA test, and (4) refusing to charge the jury on the
mandatory sentence he faced. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
1 OCGA § 16-6-2 (a) (2). 2 OCGA § 16-6-4 (c). 3 OCGA § 16-5-70 (b). Construed in favor of the verdict,4 the record shows that six-year-old D. F. and
her mother were temporarily living with Estrada, his wife, and their family. One
night, Estrada’s wife awoke to strange sounds coming from the foot of their bed,
where D. F. slept on an air mattress. She saw Estrada look up from D. F.’s mattress
and asked him what he was doing. Estrada responded, “It ain’t what you think,” the
wife angrily confronted him, and Estrada eventually left the house. The wife asked
D. F. what happened, and she said that Estrada had touched her private parts. Shortly
thereafter, D. F. disclosed to another family member that Estrada had licked her
vagina and touched her anus. Estrada’s wife called the police, and D. F. again
disclosed to an officer that Estrada had touched her rear and groin area. D. F. was
taken to see a sexual assault nurse examiner, who collected samples from the affected
areas, and D. F. later described the abuse to a forensic interviewer. The forensic
samples were determined to contain male DNA, but no specific profile could be
developed.
4 See Short v. State, 234 Ga. App. 633, 634 (1) (507 SE2d 514) (1998).
2 Estrada was arrested and charged with six counts based on the abuse, and a jury
found him guilty of aggravated sodomy, aggravated child molestation, and cruelty to
children.5 The trial court denied his motion for new trial, and this appeal followed.
1. Estrada contends that the trial court erred by admitting hearsay statements
made by the victim. We disagree.
Under OCGA § 24-3-16,6 hearsay statements by underage victims of sexual
abuse are “admissible in evidence by the testimony of the person or persons to whom
made if the child is available to testify in the proceedings and the court finds that the
circumstances of the statement provide sufficient indicia of reliability.”
The trial court has broad discretion in determining the admissibility of child hearsay evidence, and we will reverse a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of statements under OCGA § 24-3-16 only if the trial court abused its discretion. . . . When determining whether an out-of-court statement has sufficient indicia of reliability, a court may consider the following factors, without limitation:
5 The jury acquitted Estrada on three other counts predicated on penetration of D. F. and forcing D. F. to touch him. 6 Because the trial was held prior to January 1, 2013, we look to the version of the statute applicable at that time. See Ga. L. 2011, p. 214, § 101. The new evidence code, applicable to any motion made or hearing or trial commenced on or after January 1, 2013, addresses child hearsay at OCGA § 24-8-820 (2012).
3 (1) the atmosphere and circumstances under which the statement was made (including the time, the place, and the people present thereat); (2) the spontaneity of the child’s statement to the persons present; (3) the child’s age; (4) the child’s general demeanor; (5) the child’s condition (physical or emotional); (6) the presence or absence of threats or promise of benefits; (7) the presence or absence of drugs or alcohol; (8) the child’s general credibility; (9) the presence or absence of any coaching by parents or other third parties before or at the time of the child’s statement, and the type of coaching and circumstances surrounding the same; and the nature of the child’s statement and type of language used therein; and (10) the consistency between repeated out-of-court statements by the child. These factors, however, are not to be mechanically applied but considered in a manner best calculated to facilitate the determination of the required degree of trustworthiness. Moreover, even if all factors do not indicate reliability, the trial court does not necessarily abuse its discretion in admitting the statement.7
Here, the trial court held a pre-trial evidentiary hearing which included
testimony from each witness who reported outcries from the victim. D. F. was six
years old at the time of the outcries, and the outcries to an officer and family member
were readily made at home on the night of the abuse. The forensic interview was done
7 (Punctuation and footnotes omitted.) Anderson v. State, 315 Ga. App. 679, 682-683 (2) (727 SE2d 504) (2012), citing Brown v. State, 300 Ga. App. 359, 361 (2) (685 SE2d 377) (2009) and Gregg v. State, 201 Ga. App. 238, 240 (3) (b) (411 SE2d 65) (1991).
4 by a trained interviewer in a non-threatening environment. There was no evidence of
threats or promises made to D. F., nor of any intoxication or any general incredibility
of D. F.’s statements, which were essentially consistent at each telling. Estrada points
to some evidence of later recantation as evidence of coaching, but that alone does not
require reversal in light of the other evidence supporting the trial court’s findings.8
Further, D. F.
testified as a witness at trial and was subject to cross-examination, thus allowing [Estrada] every opportunity to cross-examine her before the jury regarding the circumstances surrounding [her outcries], and giving the jury the opportunity to judge her demeanor and credibility during [those statements.] . . . [T]his circumstance provided an additional safeguard to [Estrada’s] right of fair trial and provided him full opportunity for confrontation.9
Accordingly, we discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court.10
2. Estrada next contends that the trial court erred by finding that his custodial
statement was freely and voluntarily made. We disagree.
8 See, e.g., Anderson, 315 Ga. App. at 683-684 (2). 9 (Punctuation omitted.) Id. at 684 (2). 10 See id.; Barclay v. State, 306 Ga. App. 766, 767 (1) (702 SE2d 907) (2010) (weighing Gregg factors is not mechanical and subject to the trial court’s discretion).
5 Under former OCGA § 24-3-50,11 “[t]o make a confession admissible, it must
have been made voluntarily, without being induced by another by the slightest hope
of benefit or remotest fear of injury.” “The standard for determining whether or not
a confession was voluntary is the preponderance of the evidence standard. The trial
court’s decision on this point will not be disturbed on appeal unless there is obvious
error.”12
Prior to trial, the trial court held a Jackson-Denno hearing at which Estrada
described the circumstances of a confession he made to police after he was arrested.
Estrada testified that he felt “trapped” and “threatened,” and that he merely told the
interviewing investigator what he thought she wanted to hear. The credibility of this
testimony was for the trial court,13 and the record, which contains a videotape of his
confession, demonstrates that Estrada was adequately informed of his Miranda rights;
that he waived them and had at least twice expressed a desire to tell his story to the
investigator; that he was not threatened or made promises by his unarmed
11 Compare OCGA § 24-8-824 (2012). 12 (Punctuation omitted.) Boone v. State, 293 Ga. App. 654, 657 (3) (667 SE2d 880) (2008). 13 See Parker v. State, 274 Ga. App. 347, 352 (7) (617 SE2d 625) (2005).
6 interviewer; and that he was not restrained during the interview, which was not
unduly lengthy. Based on the record before us, we discern no error in admitting the
confession.14
3. Estrada next challenges the trial court’s admission of testimony from a
forensic expert that the swab samples taken from the victim contained male DNA.
Estrada argues that under Bullcoming v. New Mexico,15 the analyst’s testimony
violated his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation because the witness at trial was
not the same person who performed the testing on the sample. Bullcoming disallowed
surrogate testimony by a scientist who did not sign a lab certification or perform or
observe the testing.16 Here, by contrast, the witness was a supervisor personally
familiar with the techniques performed, and he testified that the sample was assigned
to an analyst personally supervised by the witness. The analyst, who was still
employed at the lab but unable to testify due to a scheduling conflict, had documented
each step of the process, which was reviewed by the supervisor to determine if all the
procedures were performed correctly and whether the supervisor agreed with the
14 See High v. State, 271 Ga. App. 388, 390-391 (2) (609 SE2d 722) (2005). 15 ___ U. S. ___ (131 SC 2705, 180 LE2d 610) (2011). 16 See id. at __ (131 SC at 2710).
7 outcome of the analysis. Based on this review, the supervisor testified (and was
subject to cross-examination) as to his opinion of the data and results. Under these
facts, reversal is not required.17
4. Finally, Estrada contends that the trial court erred by refusing to charge the
jury on the mandatory sentence he faced if convicted. “It is improper[, however,] for
the court to give any instruction to the jury concerning possible sentences in a felony
case before the jury has determined the question of guilt or innocence.”18 Therefore,
this enumeration presents no basis for reversal.
Judgment affirmed. Andrews, P.J. and Boggs, J., concur.
17 See Leger v. State, 291 Ga. 584, 592 (5) (732 SE2d 53) (2012), citing Disharoon v. State, 291 Ga. 45 (727 SE2d 465) (2012). 18 (Punctuation omitted.) Quintana-Camporredondo v. State, 275 Ga. App. 859, 861 (2) (622 SE2d 66) (2005).