COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Kelsey, Petty and Senior Judge Haley UNPUBLISHED
Argued by teleconference
RODNEY LAMAR CARTER MEMORANDUM OPINION * v. Record No. 1621-11-3 BY JUDGE D. ARTHUR KELSEY DECEMBER 18, 2012 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF DANVILLE David A. Melesco, Judge
James C. Martin (Martin & Martin Law Firm, on brief), for appellant.
Alice T. Armstrong, Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
The trial court convicted Rodney Lamar Carter of possession of cocaine with intent to
distribute, third or subsequent offense, in violation of Code § 18.2-248(C). On appeal, Carter
claims the trial court erred by “admitting an unauthenticated copy of the certificate of analysis”
which identified the substance as cocaine. Appellant’s Br. at 5. We disagree and affirm.
I.
On April 22, 2011, the prosecutor forwarded a copy of the certificate of analysis to
Carter’s counsel pursuant to Code § 19.2-187.1. The case proceeded to trial on May 20, 2011, at
which time the prosecutor offered into evidence a photocopy of the certificate. Carter’s counsel
objected, asserting that the copy violated the “best evidence rule” requiring an original certificate
to “be in the file.” App. at 69. Denying the objection, the trial court noted the copy had been
“marked” and timely provided to Carter’s counsel. Id. The court added that the copy had been
presented to Carter’s counsel nearly a month before trial. Id. at 72.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. Carter’s counsel again raised the admissibility issue during closing argument. The
prosecutor, explaining her need to “make a record,” stated that “quite often we have cases where
there are multiple co-defendants and we only get one original from the lab so quite often we file
the original [in] one. It’s here within the [breast] of the Court and if there’s any question
whatsoever we can pull [it] . . . .” Id. at 92. Accepting the prosecutor’s proffer, the trial court
again held, “I’m okay with it.” Id.
The face of the certificate of analysis identifies Carter and two other suspects. These
suspects, though described by counsel as co-defendants, were tried separately in the same court.
The certificate includes two stamps. The first stamp appears to have been photocopied from the
original certificate. The stamp reads:
CLERK’S OFFICE CITY OF DANVILLE CIRCUIT COURT RECEIVED AND FILED: 10:40 A.M. 01 / 27 / 11 Lindre B. Hodge TESTE__________________________ 01 / 27 / 11 Clerk/Deputy Clerk
The second stamp appears to be an original stamp that was added to the photocopy of the
certificate. 1 This stamp states:
A COPY TESTE: GERALD A. GIBSON, CLERK Lindre B. Hodge BY ____________________ Deputy Clerk
Relying on the certificate of analysis and other evidence presented by the Commonwealth, the
trial court found Carter guilty.
1 We reach these conclusions by examining the certificate of analysis marked as an exhibit in the trial court record. Carter’s counsel does not contest either conclusion on appeal.
-2- II.
On appeal, Carter concedes the certificate of analysis would have been admissible had it
been an original rather than a photocopy. See Oral Argument Audio at 12:45 to 12:55. With
commendable candor, Carter also admits it is “highly likely that [the copy] is exactly what the
Commonwealth says” — a photocopy of the original certificate filed in one of the two co-
defendants’ cases. Id. at 19:11 to 19:21; see also id. at 12:22 to 12:39. Carter nonetheless
contends the trial court erred by admitting into evidence an “unauthenticated copy of the
certificate of analysis.” Appellant’s Br. at 5. For several reasons, we disagree.
We begin with the well-established presumption in Virginia that “trial judges know the
law and correctly apply it.” White v. White, 56 Va. App. 214, 217, 692 S.E.2d 289, 290-91
(2010) (brackets omitted) (quoting de Haan v. de Haan, 54 Va. App. 428, 445, 680 S.E.2d 297,
306 (2009)); see also Duggins v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 785, 789 n.2, 722 S.E.2d 663, 665
n.2 (2012). We follow this presumption even when the litigants in the trial court misstate the
governing legal principles or fail to mention them at all. See generally Banks v. Commonwealth,
280 Va. 612, 617, 701 S.E.2d 437, 440 (2010) (“Failure to make the argument before the trial
court is not the proper focus of the right result for the wrong reason doctrine.” (quoting Perry v.
Commonwealth, 280 Va. 572, 580, 701 S.E.2d 431, 436 (2010))).
In this case, the prosecutor explained the common practice in multi-defendant cases of
filing an original certificate in one defendant’s court record and filing copies in the others. No
doubt referring to the original certificate, the prosecutor proffered: “It’s here within the [breast]
of the Court and if there’s any question whatsoever we can pull [it] . . . .” App. at 92. Carter’s
counsel never objected to the proffer or claimed that any part of it was factually inaccurate. The
“unilateral avowal of counsel, if unchallenged,” is a “proper proffer.” Whittaker v.
Commonwealth, 217 Va. 966, 969, 234 S.E.2d 79, 81 (1977). “Therefore, the trial court was
-3- entitled to consider the proffer as true.” Wright v. Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 690, 697, 667
S.E.2d 787, 790 (2008) (en banc).
In Virginia, the best evidence rule requires that, “where the contents of a writing are
desired to be proved, the writing itself must be produced or its absence sufficiently accounted for
before other evidence of its contents can be admitted.” Brown v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App.
107, 115, 676 S.E.2d 326, 330 (2009) (emphasis and citation omitted); see generally Rules
2:1001 to 2:1008. The “original document rule” — a related principle usually thought of as an
application of the best evidence rule — governs when copies of original documents may be
admitted into evidence. Charles E. Friend & Kent Sinclair, The Law of Evidence in Virginia
§ 18-1[a], at 1190 (7th ed. 2012) (noting that “many authorities” describe the principle as the
“original document rule”).
These evidentiary principles developed in an age where documents were copied by hand
and, given the possibility of copyist error, copies were treated by courts as inferior evidence. Id.
§ 18-4[a], at 1195. Courts have since “adjusted to the realities of modern technology” by
applying the common law concept of “duplicate originals” to mechanically reproduced copies.
Id.; see, e.g., Burton v. Seifert & Co., 108 Va. 338, 352-53, 61 S.E. 933, 939 (1908) (applying
the duplicate original principle to “letter-press copies”); Ches. & O. R. Co. v. Stock, 104 Va. 97,
101, 51 S.E. 161, 162 (1905) (recognizing that a “carbon copy” may be regarded as a “duplicate
original”). Under this view, “[m]any of the documents that we commonly refer to as ‘copies’ are
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Kelsey, Petty and Senior Judge Haley UNPUBLISHED
Argued by teleconference
RODNEY LAMAR CARTER MEMORANDUM OPINION * v. Record No. 1621-11-3 BY JUDGE D. ARTHUR KELSEY DECEMBER 18, 2012 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF DANVILLE David A. Melesco, Judge
James C. Martin (Martin & Martin Law Firm, on brief), for appellant.
Alice T. Armstrong, Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
The trial court convicted Rodney Lamar Carter of possession of cocaine with intent to
distribute, third or subsequent offense, in violation of Code § 18.2-248(C). On appeal, Carter
claims the trial court erred by “admitting an unauthenticated copy of the certificate of analysis”
which identified the substance as cocaine. Appellant’s Br. at 5. We disagree and affirm.
I.
On April 22, 2011, the prosecutor forwarded a copy of the certificate of analysis to
Carter’s counsel pursuant to Code § 19.2-187.1. The case proceeded to trial on May 20, 2011, at
which time the prosecutor offered into evidence a photocopy of the certificate. Carter’s counsel
objected, asserting that the copy violated the “best evidence rule” requiring an original certificate
to “be in the file.” App. at 69. Denying the objection, the trial court noted the copy had been
“marked” and timely provided to Carter’s counsel. Id. The court added that the copy had been
presented to Carter’s counsel nearly a month before trial. Id. at 72.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. Carter’s counsel again raised the admissibility issue during closing argument. The
prosecutor, explaining her need to “make a record,” stated that “quite often we have cases where
there are multiple co-defendants and we only get one original from the lab so quite often we file
the original [in] one. It’s here within the [breast] of the Court and if there’s any question
whatsoever we can pull [it] . . . .” Id. at 92. Accepting the prosecutor’s proffer, the trial court
again held, “I’m okay with it.” Id.
The face of the certificate of analysis identifies Carter and two other suspects. These
suspects, though described by counsel as co-defendants, were tried separately in the same court.
The certificate includes two stamps. The first stamp appears to have been photocopied from the
original certificate. The stamp reads:
CLERK’S OFFICE CITY OF DANVILLE CIRCUIT COURT RECEIVED AND FILED: 10:40 A.M. 01 / 27 / 11 Lindre B. Hodge TESTE__________________________ 01 / 27 / 11 Clerk/Deputy Clerk
The second stamp appears to be an original stamp that was added to the photocopy of the
certificate. 1 This stamp states:
A COPY TESTE: GERALD A. GIBSON, CLERK Lindre B. Hodge BY ____________________ Deputy Clerk
Relying on the certificate of analysis and other evidence presented by the Commonwealth, the
trial court found Carter guilty.
1 We reach these conclusions by examining the certificate of analysis marked as an exhibit in the trial court record. Carter’s counsel does not contest either conclusion on appeal.
-2- II.
On appeal, Carter concedes the certificate of analysis would have been admissible had it
been an original rather than a photocopy. See Oral Argument Audio at 12:45 to 12:55. With
commendable candor, Carter also admits it is “highly likely that [the copy] is exactly what the
Commonwealth says” — a photocopy of the original certificate filed in one of the two co-
defendants’ cases. Id. at 19:11 to 19:21; see also id. at 12:22 to 12:39. Carter nonetheless
contends the trial court erred by admitting into evidence an “unauthenticated copy of the
certificate of analysis.” Appellant’s Br. at 5. For several reasons, we disagree.
We begin with the well-established presumption in Virginia that “trial judges know the
law and correctly apply it.” White v. White, 56 Va. App. 214, 217, 692 S.E.2d 289, 290-91
(2010) (brackets omitted) (quoting de Haan v. de Haan, 54 Va. App. 428, 445, 680 S.E.2d 297,
306 (2009)); see also Duggins v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 785, 789 n.2, 722 S.E.2d 663, 665
n.2 (2012). We follow this presumption even when the litigants in the trial court misstate the
governing legal principles or fail to mention them at all. See generally Banks v. Commonwealth,
280 Va. 612, 617, 701 S.E.2d 437, 440 (2010) (“Failure to make the argument before the trial
court is not the proper focus of the right result for the wrong reason doctrine.” (quoting Perry v.
Commonwealth, 280 Va. 572, 580, 701 S.E.2d 431, 436 (2010))).
In this case, the prosecutor explained the common practice in multi-defendant cases of
filing an original certificate in one defendant’s court record and filing copies in the others. No
doubt referring to the original certificate, the prosecutor proffered: “It’s here within the [breast]
of the Court and if there’s any question whatsoever we can pull [it] . . . .” App. at 92. Carter’s
counsel never objected to the proffer or claimed that any part of it was factually inaccurate. The
“unilateral avowal of counsel, if unchallenged,” is a “proper proffer.” Whittaker v.
Commonwealth, 217 Va. 966, 969, 234 S.E.2d 79, 81 (1977). “Therefore, the trial court was
-3- entitled to consider the proffer as true.” Wright v. Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 690, 697, 667
S.E.2d 787, 790 (2008) (en banc).
In Virginia, the best evidence rule requires that, “where the contents of a writing are
desired to be proved, the writing itself must be produced or its absence sufficiently accounted for
before other evidence of its contents can be admitted.” Brown v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App.
107, 115, 676 S.E.2d 326, 330 (2009) (emphasis and citation omitted); see generally Rules
2:1001 to 2:1008. The “original document rule” — a related principle usually thought of as an
application of the best evidence rule — governs when copies of original documents may be
admitted into evidence. Charles E. Friend & Kent Sinclair, The Law of Evidence in Virginia
§ 18-1[a], at 1190 (7th ed. 2012) (noting that “many authorities” describe the principle as the
“original document rule”).
These evidentiary principles developed in an age where documents were copied by hand
and, given the possibility of copyist error, copies were treated by courts as inferior evidence. Id.
§ 18-4[a], at 1195. Courts have since “adjusted to the realities of modern technology” by
applying the common law concept of “duplicate originals” to mechanically reproduced copies.
Id.; see, e.g., Burton v. Seifert & Co., 108 Va. 338, 352-53, 61 S.E. 933, 939 (1908) (applying
the duplicate original principle to “letter-press copies”); Ches. & O. R. Co. v. Stock, 104 Va. 97,
101, 51 S.E. 161, 162 (1905) (recognizing that a “carbon copy” may be regarded as a “duplicate
original”). Under this view, “[m]any of the documents that we commonly refer to as ‘copies’ are
in fact ‘duplicate originals,’ and are treated as ‘originals’ for purposes of the best evidence rule.”
Friend & Sinclair, supra § 18-4[a], at 1195 (emphasis in original).
Consequently, a photocopy “is admissible without regard to the availability of the
original” when no one disputes the accuracy of the photocopying process. Allocca v. Allocca, 23
Va. App. 571, 579, 478 S.E.2d 702, 706 (1996); see also Frere v. Commonwealth, 19 Va. App.
-4- 460, 466-67, 452 S.E.2d 682, 686-87 (1995); Mostyn v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 920, 923,
420 S.E.2d 519, 521 (1992); Myrick v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 333, 339, 412 S.E.2d 176,
180 (1991). The production of the original document “may be dispensed with, in the trial court’s
discretion, whenever in the case in hand the opponent does not bona fide dispute the contents of
the document and no other useful purpose will be served by requiring production.” Friend &
Sinclair, supra, § 18-4[a], at 1196 (emphasis in original) (quoting Allocca, 23 Va. App. at 580,
478 S.E.2d at 706 (further citation omitted)).
That said, any document offered into evidence — whether an original, duplicate original,
or handwritten reprint — must be authenticated. “Authentication is merely the process of
showing that a document is genuine and that it is what its proponent claims it to be.” Jackson v.
Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 599, 602, 413 S.E.2d 662, 664 (1992) (quoting Owens v.
Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 309, 311, 391 S.E.2d 605, 607 (1990)). This can be accomplished
by a variety of evidentiary means, including circumstantial evidence. “The amount of evidence
sufficient to establish authenticity will vary according to the type of writing, and the
circumstances attending its admission, but generally proof of any circumstances which will
support a finding that the writing is genuine will suffice.” Williams v. Commonwealth, 35
Va. App. 545, 556-57, 546 S.E.2d 735, 741 (2001) (citation omitted).
By statute, the General Assembly has provided shortcut methods of authenticating certain
types of documents. One such statute is Code § 8.01-391, which “concerns copies of originals as
evidence” and serves as a “statutory exception” to the original documents component of the best
evidence rule. Williams, 35 Va. App. at 552, 546 S.E.2d at 739 (quoting Jackson, 13 Va. App. at
601, 413 S.E.2d at 664). Subsection C of Code § 8.01-391 addresses copies made by a court or
clerk’s office from its official record so long as “such copy is authenticated as a true copy by a
clerk or deputy clerk of such court.” See also Rule 2:1005(c) (reprinting Code § 8.01-391(C)).
-5- Here, Carter’s counsel never objected to the prosecutor’s proffer that the original
certificate was “here within the [breast] of the Court and if there’s any question whatsoever we
can pull [it] . . . .” App. at 92. Nor did he claim that any part of the prosecutor’s explanation
regarding the practice of filing photocopies in multi-defendant cases was inaccurate. This
“unilateral avowal of counsel” stands “unchallenged” as a “proper proffer,” Whittaker, 217 Va.
at 969, 234 S.E.2d at 81, and “the trial court was entitled to consider the proffer as true,” Wright,
52 Va. App. at 697, 667 S.E.2d at 790.
The exhibit itself confirms the prosecutor’s proffer. It identifies Carter and two other
suspects by name. A checkmark appears next to Carter’s name. The document also includes a
photocopied stamp signed by a deputy clerk of the Danville Circuit Court, further supporting the
prosecutor’s assertion that the original had been previously made part of the court’s records in
one of the other two cases.
Most important, the exhibit displays an original “COPY TESTE” stamp and signature of
the same deputy clerk, authenticating the document as a copy made from the court’s records.
App. at 117. 2 A Latin word used as a legal term of art, teste literally means “I myself being a
witness.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1613 (9th ed. 2009). A teste clause “states the name of a
witness and evidences the act of witnessing.” Id. Thus, the copy of the certificate (more
accurately described as a duplicate original) was authenticated both by circumstantial evidence
and by the statutory shortcut method authorized by Code § 8.01-391(C).
2 Carter’s appellate brief cites one case, Proctor v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 937, 419 S.E.2d 867 (1992). We find Proctor inapplicable because the certificate in that case was not authenticated by a clerk of court pursuant to Code § 8.01-391(C), and because no one in the courtroom had seen the original certificate to proffer that the “copy was a true replica of the original.” Id. at 939, 419 S.E.2d at 868. Cf. Williams, 35 Va. App. at 553, 546 S.E.2d at 739 (addressing admissibility of a copy of a certificate, but not one copied from court records and authenticated by a clerk of court).
-6- III.
Because the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting into evidence the certified
copy of the certificate of analysis, we affirm Carter’s conviction for possessing cocaine with
intent to distribute, third or subsequent offense, in violation of Code § 18.2-248(C).
Affirmed.
-7-