Robles v. Baker

• Court: District Court, D. Nevada
• Decided: March 29, 2022
• Docket: 3:19-cv-00251
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

4 DISTRICT OF NEVADA

5 * * *

6 FERNANDO ROBLES, Case No. 3:19-cv-00251-MMD-CLB

7 Petitioner, ORDER v. 8 WARDEN BAKER,1 et al., 9 Respondents. 10

11 12 I. SUMMARY 13 Petitioner Fernando Robles filed a first amended petition for writ of habeas corpus 14 under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. (ECF No. 8 (“Petition”).) This matter is before the Court for 15 adjudication on the merits of the remaining grounds in the Petition. For the reasons 16 discussed below, the Court denies the Petition and denies Petitioner a certificate of 17 appealability. 18 /// 19 /// 20 /// 21 /// 22 /// 23 /// 24

25 1The state corrections department’s inmate locator page indicates that Petitioner is incarcerated at the Lovelock Correctional Center (“LCC”). See 26 https://ofdsearch.doc.nv.gov/form.php (retrieved March 2022 under identification number 1007559). The department’s website reflects that Tim Garrett is the warden of that facility. 27 See https://doc.nv.gov/Facilities/LCC_Facility/ (retrieved March 2022). At the end of this order, the Court directs the Clerk of the Court to substitute Petitioner’s current immediate 28 physical custodian, Tim Garrett, as Respondent for the prior Respondent Renee Baker, pursuant to, inter alia, Rule 25(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 2 Robles challenges a 2014 judgment of conviction imposed by the Eighth Judicial 3 District Court for Clark County. Following a four-day trial, a jury found Robles guilty of 23 4 out of 25 charged offenses: 5 counts of statutory sexual seduction; 15 counts of lewdness 5 with a child under the age of 14; 2 counts of sexual assault with a minor under the age of 6 14; 1 count of attempt sexual assault with a minor under 14. (ECF No. 19-10.) The state 7 court did not adjudicate Robles on the five counts for which the jury convicted Robles of 8 lesser-included offenses: Counts 1, 3, 5, 11, and 13. (Id. at 4.) The state court sentenced 9 Robles as follows: 10 Count 2: 10 years to life; Count 4: 10 years to life, concurrent with Count 2; 11 Count 6: 10 years to life, concurrent with Count 4; Count 7: 35 years to life, consecutive to Count 6; 12 Count 9: 35 years to life, concurrent with Count 7; Count 12; 10 years to life, consecutive with Count 9; 13 Count 14: 10 years to life, concurrent with Count 12; Count 16: 10 years to life, concurrent with Count 14; 14 Count 17: 10 years to life, concurrent with Count 16; Count 18: 10 years to life, concurrent to Count 17; 15 Count 19: 2 years to 20 years, concurrent with Count 18; Count 20: 10 years to life, concurrent with Count 19; 16 Count 22: 10 years to life, concurrent with Count 20; Count 23: 10 years to life, concurrent with Count 22; 17 Count 24: 10 years to life, concurrent with Count 23; Count 25: 10 years to life, consecutive with Count 24. 18

19 (ECF No. 19-10.) Robles appealed. (ECF No. 19-22.) The Nevada Supreme Court 20 affirmed in part and reversed in part, finding that the district court erred by setting aside 21 Counts 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, and 13 instead of ordering them dismissed. (ECF No. 20-5.) The 22 Nevada Supreme Court remanded with instructions to dismiss those counts and enter an 23 amended judgment. (Id.) The Nevada Supreme Court also found Robles was entitled to 24 25 2The Court makes no credibility findings or other factual findings regarding the truth 26 or falsity of evidence or statements of fact in the state court. The Court summarizes the factual assertions solely as background to the issues presented in the case, and it does 27 not summarize all such material. No statement of fact made in describing statements, testimony, or other evidence in the state court constitutes a finding by the Court. Any 28 absence of mention of a specific piece of evidence or category of evidence does not signify that the Court has overlooked the evidence in considering Petitioner’s claim. 2 and changed the method of the crime. (Id. at 2.) 3 Robles was appointed post-conviction counsel and filed a state petition for writ of 4 habeas corpus, seeking post-conviction relief. (ECF Nos. 20-10, 20-11.) The state court 5 denied relief. (ECF No. 21-2.) Robles appealed the decision on the basis of multiple 6 claims of ineffective-assistance-of-counsel. (ECF No. 21-12.) The Nevada Court of 7 Appeals affirmed the denial of relief, and a remittitur issued. (ECF Nos. 21-16, 21-17.) 8 In May 2019, Robles initiated this federal habeas proceeding pro se and requested 9 counsel. (ECF Nos. 1-1, 1-2.) This Court later appointed the Federal Public Defender and 10 granted Robles leave to amend his petition. (ECF No. 7.) He filed a counseled second 11 amended petition for writ of habeas corpus (ECF No. 8 (“Petition”)) in September 2019, 12 alleging three grounds for relief. Respondents filed a motion to dismiss, and the Court 13 granted the motion dismissing the portion of Ground 1 related to Count 13 because that 14 count was dismissed by the state court on remand. (ECF No. 30.) 15 III. LEGAL STANDARDS 16 A. Review under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act 17 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) sets forth the standard of review generally applicable in 18 habeas corpus cases under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act 19 (“AEDPA”): 20 An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect 21 to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim – 22

23 (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the 24 Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination 25 of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding. 26 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). A state court decision is contrary to established Supreme Court 27 precedent, within the meaning of § 2254(d)(1), “if the state court applies a rule that 28 contradicts the governing law set forth in [Supreme Court] cases” or “if the state court 2 Supreme] Court.” Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 73 (2003) (quoting Williams v. 3 Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405-06 (2000), and citing Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 694 (2002)). 4 A state court decision is an unreasonable application of established Supreme Court 5 precedent under § 2254(d)(1), “if the state court identifies the correct governing legal 6 principle from [the Supreme] Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that principle 7 to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id. at 75 (quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 413). “The 8 ‘unreasonable application’ clause requires the state court decision to be more than 9 incorrect or erroneous. The state court’s application of clearly established law must be 10 objectively unreasonable.” Id. (internal citation omitted) (quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 11 409-10). 12 The Supreme Court has instructed that a “state court’s determination that a claim 13 lacks merit precludes federal habeas relief so long as ‘fairminded jurists could disagree’ 14 on the correctness of the state court’s decision.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101 15 (2011) (quoting Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004)). The Court has stated 16 that “even a strong case for relief does not mean the state court’s contrary conclusion 17 was unreasonable.” Id. at 102 (citing Lockyer, 538 U.S. at 75); see also Cullen v. 18 Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 181 (2011) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted) 19 (describing the standard as “difficult to meet” and “highly deferential standard for 20 evaluating state-court rulings, which demands that state-court decisions be given the 21 benefit of the doubt”). 22 B. Standard for Evaluation an Ineffective-Assistance-of-Counsel Claim 23 In Strickland, the Supreme Court propounded a two-prong test for analysis of 24 ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims requiring Petitioner to demonstrate that: (1) the 25 counsel’s “representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness[;]” and (2) 26 the counsel’s deficient performance prejudices Petitioner such that “there is a reasonable 27 probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would 28 have been different.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694 (1984). Courts 2 that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” 3 Id. at 689. It is Petitioner’s burden to show “counsel made errors so serious that counsel 4 was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed . . . by the Sixth Amendment.” Id. at 687. 5 Additionally, to establish prejudice under Strickland, it is not enough for Petitioner to 6 “show that the errors had some conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding.” Id. 7 at 693. Rather, errors must be “so serious as to deprive [Petitioner] of a fair trial, a trial 8 whose result is reliable.” Id. at 687. 9 Where a state court previously adjudicated the ineffective-assistance-of-counsel 10 claim under Strickland, establishing the court’s decision was unreasonable is especially 11 difficult. See Richter, 562 U.S. at 104-05. In Richter, the Supreme Court clarified that 12 Strickland and § 2254(d) are each highly deferential, and when the two apply in tandem, 13 review is doubly so. See id. at 105; see also Cheney v. Washington, 614 F.3d 987, 995 14 (9th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted) The Court further clarified, “[w]hen § 15 2254(d) applies, the question is not whether counsel’s actions were reasonable. The 16 question is whether there is any reasonable argument that counsel satisfied Strickland’s 17 deferential standard.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 105. 18 IV. DISCUSSION 19 A. Ground 1 20 In Ground 1, Robles alleges that there was insufficient evidence adduced at trial 21 to support the convictions in Counts 7, 9, 14, and 23, two counts of sexual assault and 22 two counts of lewdness. (ECF No. 8 at 12-16.) C.M. lived with her father and their 23 housemates, Armando Lopez and Robles. (ECF No. 17-2 at 42-49.) C.M. testified that 24 during this course of time when C.M. was 11 years old, Robles began touching her. (Id.) 25 C.M., who was 12 years old at the time, disclosed Robles’s conduct to Lopez. (Id.) After 26 Lopez informed C.M.’s father, C.M. was taken to the hospital and interviewed by 27 detectives. (Id.) Detectives interviewed Robles and he admitted to specific sexual conduct 28 with C.M. (Id.) 2 admission to detectives of at least one sexual encounter with C.M., there was insufficient 3 evidence to convict him on several counts. (ECF No. 44 at 9-10.) He further asserts that 4 in Nevada the State must present “some reliable indicia that the number of acts charges 5 actually occurred,” and that it requires more than mere “speculation” of the number of 6 times the alleged sexual assault or lewdness occurred. See LaPierre v. State, 836 P.2d 7 56, 58 (Nev. 1992). 8 On direct appeal, The Nevada Supreme Court held: 9 Robles claims that insufficient evidence was adduced to support many of the charges. “When reviewing a criminal conviction for sufficiency of the 10 evidence, this court determines whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt when 11 viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution.” Brass v. State, 128 Nev. 748, 754, 291 P.3d 145, 149-50 (2012); see also Jackson 12 v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). ‘This court will not reweigh the evidence or evaluate the credibility of witnesses because that is the 13 responsibility of the trier of fact.’” Clancy v. State, 129 Nev., Adv. Op. 89, 313 P.3d 226, 231 (2013) (quoting Mitchell v. State, 124 Nev. 807, 816, 192 14 P.3d 721, 727 (2008)).

15 First, Robles argues that because there was no competent testimony as to how many times he touched and/or penetrated the victim digitally and 16 because the victim only testified with specificity about one incident, count 14 (lewdness) must be dismissed for insufficient evidence. This court has 17 “repeatedly held that the testimony of a sexual assault victim alone is sufficient to uphold a conviction,” and that “the victim must testify with some 18 particularity regarding the incident.” LaPierre v. State, 108 Nev. 528, 531, 836 P.2d 56, 58 (1992) (emphasis in original). Additionally, we have 19 recognized that “it is difficult for a child victim to recall exact instances when the abuse occurs repeatedly over a period of time,” and held that the victim 20 need not “specify exact numbers of incidents, but there must be some reliable indicia that the number of acts charged actually occurred.” Id. Here, 21 Robles concedes that the victim testified to one incident with specificity. The victim also testified that she told the detective Robles’ hand touched her 22 vagina every time he attempted sexual intercourse, an estimated nine times. We conclude that the testimony, when viewed in the light most 23 favorable to the prosecution, was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find Robles guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of count 14 for “using his hand(s) 24 and/or finger(s) to touch and/or rub and/or fondle the [victim’s] genital area.”

25 Second, Robles argues that because the State never asked the victim how many times Robles kissed her or if he kissed her more than once, there was 26 insufficient evidence for both counts 22 and 23 (lewdness). The victim testified that, at least weekly while Robles lived at her residence, she and 27 Robles would kiss while they were on his bed. See Rose v. State, 123 Nev. 194, 203-04, 163 P.3d 408, 415 (2007). The victim also testified that, in the 28 morning when no one else was at the residence, she would go into Robles room where he would start kissing her until he had to leave for work. We sufficient evidence. 2 Third, Robles argues that because there was overwhelming evidence of 3 consent, no reasonable juror could have found him guilty of the sexual assault in count 7. We conclude that a rational juror could find that Robles 4 committed the sexual assault where the victim was 11 or 12 years old at the time and testified that she did not want to do these things with Robles, that 5 Robles never asked her if she wanted to do the sexual acts, but that she went along with it because she thought Robles might do something to her if 6 she said no.

7 Fourth, Robles argues that because the victim’s statements, both at trial and to law enforcement, were contradictory as to whether Robles anally 8 penetrated her, there was insufficient evidence for count 9 (sexual assault). A review of the record reveals that the victim’s testimony provided a basis 9 upon which a rational trier of fact could have found Robles guilty of the sexual assault in count 9. See Conner v. State, 130 Nev., Adv. Op. 49, 327 10 P.3d 503, 507 (2014) (“It is the jury’s function, not that of the court, to assess the weight of the evidence and determine the credibility of witnesses, and a 11 verdict supported by substantial evidence will not be disturbed by a reviewing court.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). 12

13 (ECF No. 20-5 at 2-5.) The Nevada Supreme Court’s ruling was neither contrary to nor 14 an objectively unreasonable application of clearly established law as determined by the 15 United States Supreme Court. 16 When a habeas petitioner challenges the sufficiency of evidence to support his 17 conviction, the court reviews the record to determine “whether, after viewing the evidence 18 in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found 19 the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 20 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Jones v. Wood, 207 F.3d 557, 563 (9th Cir. 2000). 21 Sufficiency claims are limited to a review of the record evidence submitted at trial. 22 See Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 402 (1993). Such claims are judged by the elements 23 defined by state law. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 324 n.16). The reviewing court must 24 respect the exclusive province of the fact-finder to determine the credibility of witnesses, 25 to resolve evidentiary conflicts, and to draw reasonable inferences from proven facts. See 26 United States v. Hubbard, 96 F.3d 1223, 1226 (9th Cir. 1996). The district court must 27 assume the trier of fact resolved any evidentiary conflicts in favor of the prosecution, even 28 2 Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326. 3 Only if no rational trier of fact could have found proof of guilt beyond a reasonable 4 doubt is habeas relief warranted. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 324. When the deferential 5 standards of AEDPA and Jackson are applied together, the question for decision on 6 federal habeas review is whether the state court’s decision unreasonably applied 7 the Jackson standard to the evidence at trial. See, e.g., Juan H. v. Allen, 408 F.3d 1262, 8 1274-75 (9th Cir. 2005) (citations omitted). 9 1. Count 7 10 Count 7 alleged that Robles performed cunnilingus on C.M. “against her will, or 11 under conditions in which [he] knew, or should have known, that C.M. was mentally or 12 physically incapable of resisting or understanding the nature of [his] conduct.” (ECF No. 13 15-11.) Robles argues that the Nevada Supreme Court’s finding was based on an 14 unreasonable determination of the facts because it overlooked testimony that C.M. initially 15 consented to the initial incident “and that she withdrew her consent upon deciding that 16 she did not like it.”3 (ECF No. 44 at 10.) He asserts that Robles had a reasonable and 17 good faith belief that C.M. consented to sexual penetration. (Id. at 11.) C.M. testified at 18 trial as to the initial incident of cunnilingus that Robles asked her if she wanted to do it, 19 and answered affirmatively when asked, “And you sort of said, well, if you want to, okay?” 20 (ECF No. 17-2 at 116-17.) She further testified that the next time Robles tried to do it, she 21 told him she did not like it, and Robles stopped. (Id.) 22 The Nevada Supreme Court found that “a rational juror could find that Robles 23 committed the sexual assault where the victim was 11 or 12 years old at the time and 24 testified that she did not want to do these things with Robles, that Robles never asked 25 her if she wanted to do the sexual acts, but that she went along with it because she 26

27 3Robles acknowledges that the statute defining sexual assault was amended in 2015 to automatically make any sexual penetration of a minor under the age of 14 a 28 sexual assault. See Alotaibi v. State, 404 P.3d 761, 762 n.1 (Nev. 2017). However, at the time of Robles’s trial, the defense of consent was available. (ECF No. 44 at 11 n.2.) 2 testified that she was scared after the first incident and was embarrassed to tell her father. 3 (ECF No. 17-2 at 69.) She testified that she did not want Robles to touch her or do the 4 things he did to her. (Id. at 95.) At closing, the State argued that C.M. was 11 years old, 5 that Robles is a grown man, asking, “[s]houldn’t he have known if she could consent or 6 not?” (ECF No. 19-3 at 33.) The State further highlighted the commonsense jury 7 instruction arguing that the jurors should “use [their] common sense, talk about how [C.M.] 8 testified, what she testified to, her demeaner…” (Id.) Further, the jury was provided an 9 instruction as to the defense of consent to the charge of sexual assault. (ECF No. 19-1 at 10 20.) At closing, defense counsel highlighted the consent defense jury instruction and that 11 such defense applies regardless of C.M.’s age. (ECF No. 19-3 at 55.) Robles fails to 12 establish that the Nevada Supreme Court’s decision was based on an unreasonable 13 determination of facts in light of the record before the state court. Accordingly, the Nevada 14 Supreme Court reasonably determined that any rational trier of fact could have found the 15 essential elements of sexual assault beyond a reasonable doubt. 16 2. Count 9 17 Count 9 charges Robles with sexual assault and subjecting C.M. to sexual 18 penetration through anal penetration or by “inserting his penis into the anal opening” of 19 the victim. (ECF No. 19-2 at 5.) Robles argues that C.M. provided conflicting testimony 20 about whether Robles’s penis penetrated her anus. (ECF No. 44 at 13.) Robles asserts 21 that the Nevada Supreme Court’s decision was based on an unreasonable determination 22 of facts because C.M. testified at trial that when she previously spoke to detectives, she 23 told the detectives Robles’s penis did not “go in” her butt. (ECF No. 17-2 at 116.) 24 The Nevada Supreme Court found that “[a] review of the record reveals that the 25 victim’s testimony provided a basis upon which a rational trier of fact could have found 26 Robles guilty of the sexual assault in count 9.” (ECF No. 20-5 at 5.) At trial, C.M. testified 27 that she would bend down, and Robles would slide his penis “through” her. (ECF No. 17- 28 2 at 72.) Upon further questioning on direct examination, C.M. testified as follows: comes out? 2 A: He tried to, but he said it was too small. 3 Q: And what did it feel like when he tried to? 4 A: It kind of hurted (sic). 5 Q: Okay. Did it go in at all? 6 A: Just the tip a little bit. 7 Q: Just the tip. And that’s – did you tell him it was hurting? 8 A: No. 9 Q: He just stopped and said, It’s too small? 10 A: Yeah. 11 Q: Yes? 12 A: Yes. 13 Q: Did he do that – did he try to put it in that hole more than one time? 14 A: Yes, he tried. 15 Q: More than two times? 16 A: Yeah, like, five times, around there. 17 18 (ECF No. 17-2 at 73.) In addition to C.M.’s testimony, Officer Warran testified regarding 19 his interview with C.M. at the hospital. Officer Warran testified that he asked C.M. if 20 Robles placed his penis into her anus, explained that an anus was a “butthole,” and C.M. 21 answered affirmatively. (ECF No. 18-1 at 49-50.) 22 If confronted by a record that supports conflicting inferences, 23 federal habeas courts “must presume-even if it does not affirmatively appear in the 24 record-that the trier of fact resolved any such conflicts in favor of the prosecution, and 25 must defer to that resolution.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326. See also Schlup v. Delo, 513 26 U.S. 298, 330 (1995) (“[U]nder Jackson, the assessment of the credibility of witnesses is 27 generally beyond the scope of review.”); United States v. Ramos, 558 F.2d 545, 546 (9th 28 Cir.1977) (“[T]he reviewing court must respect the exclusive province of the jury to 2 inferences from proven facts, by assuming that the jury resolved all such matters in a 3 manner which supports the verdict.”). 4 Here, the jury considered C.M.’s testimony at trial, what she testified to as to her 5 previous statements to detectives, as well as her statements to Officer Warran in the 6 hospital. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational 7 juror could have found Robles guilty of Count 9 beyond a reasonable doubt. Under 8 AEDPA’s deferential standard, the Nevada Supreme Court’s denial of this claim was not 9 objectively unreasonable. 10 3. Count 14 11 Robles argues that C.M. did not offer competent testimony as to how many times 12 Robles touched and/or penetrated her vagina with his fingers beyond a single incident 13 where his fingers went “halfway” into her vagina. (ECF No. 8 at 12.) He asserts that 14 although C.M. told Detective Mason that Robles touched her vagina every time he put his 15 penis in her vagina, which was nine times, C.M. admitted that she was guessing when 16 she told Detective Mason that Robles touched her vagina nine times. (Id. at 12-13.) 17 Robles argues that the Nevada Supreme Court’s ruling is not owed deference because it 18 is based on an unreasonable determination of facts because C.M.’s statement provides 19 no indicia of reliability. (ECF No. 44 at 15-16.) 20 Respondents argue that in addition to her testimony that Robles touched her 21 vagina nine times, C.M. also testified that Robles followed her into the shower and 22 touched her genital area. (ECF No. 37 at 14-16.) The Nevada Supreme Court found that 23 C.M. “also testified that she told the detective Robles’ hand touched her vagina every time 24 he attempted sexual intercourse, an estimated nine times. We conclude that the 25 testimony, when viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, was sufficient for 26 a rational trier of fact to find Robles guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of count 14 for 27 ‘using his hand(s) and/or finger(s) to touch and/or rub and/or fondle the [victim’s] genital 28 area.’” (ECF No. 20-5 at 3-4.) Based on the evidence in the record and viewing the 2 no rational trier of fact could have found proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt 3 regarding Count 14. Accordingly, Robles has not demonstrated that the Nevada Supreme 4 Court’s determination of this claim was unreasonable in its factual determinations or 5 misapplied clearly established federal law. 6 4. Count 23 7 Robles was convicted of two counts of lewdness involving kissing. Robles argues 8 that the State did not present evidence regarding the number of times Robles kissed C.M. 9 and that that C.M. described only one instance of kissing. (ECF No. 8 at 13.) Robles 10 asserts that the Nevada Supreme Court’s determination was based on an unreasonable 11 determination of facts because the state appellate court overlooked that fact that at trial 12 C.M. testified to only one incident where Robles kissed her on the mouth. (ECF No. 44 at 13 16.) 14 The Nevada Supreme Court found that “[t]he victim testified that, at least weekly 15 while Robles lived at her residence, she and Robles would kiss while they were on his 16 bed,” and that “[t]he victim also testified that, in the morning when no one else was at the 17 residence, she would go into Robles room where he would start kissing her until he had 18 to leave for work.” (ECF No. 20-5 at 4.) The Court’s review of the record reveals sufficient 19 evidence to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt as determined by a rational trier of 20 fact. At trial, C.M. testified that Robles would not go more than one week without having 21 C.M. laying in bed with him where he would be kissing her. (ECF No. 17-2 at 70.) She 22 further testified that in the morning when nobody was around she would go into his room, 23 lay down on his bed, and he would pull her towards him and start kissing her until it was 24 time for him to go to work. (Id. at 121.) The evidence presented at trial is sufficient for this 25 Court to conclude that the Nevada Supreme Court’s decision to deny relief was not 26 objectively unreasonable under the Jackson standard. 27 /// 28 /// 2 In Ground 2, Robles alleges that the state court denied Robles’s right to a fair trial 3 when it admitted highly prejudicial and irrelevant evidence that the victim’s father found 4 “bloody underwear” in the backyard. (ECF No. 8 at 16.) Robles filed a motion in limine to 5 exclude testimony pertaining to C.M.’s father finding bloody underwear in the dog’s mouth 6 in his backyard. (ECF No. 14-11.) C.M.’s father questioned C.M. about the underwear 7 and C.M. denied that the underwear belonged to her. (Id. at 12.) Her father acknowledged 8 that the underwear was too big and that someone may have thrown it in the backyard. 9 (Id.) The State argued that the conversation related to the bloody underwear was relevant 10 because C.M.’s father became more concerned and that C.M.’s father perceived that 11 Robles changed his behavior following the discovery of the bloody underwear. (ECF No. 12 15-2 at 4.) 13 At trial, the State elicited testimony from C.M.’s father establishing that C.M.’s 14 father was concerned about C.M.’s relationship with Robles because she wanted to go to 15 Circus Circus with him and that Robles wanted to pick C.M. up from school even though 16 C.M.’s father did not want him to. (ECF No. 17-2 at 167.) During this line of questioning, 17 the State asked C.M.’s father what else made him suspicious and he testified that he 18 found bloody underwear in his backyard. (Id. at 168.) On cross-examination, defense 19 counsel elicited testimony that upon questioning from her father regarding the underwear, 20 C.M. denied that it was hers, that C.M.’s father acknowledged the underwear was too big 21 to belong to C.M., and that C.M.’s father thought someone may have thrown the 22 underwear in the backyard. (Id. at 180.) At closing, the State argues that, “[C.M.] starts 23 becoming aggressive. Now he starts becoming somewhat suspicious when he sees the 24 bloody underwear, and then the defendant starts avoiding him.” (ECF No. 19-3 at 69.) 25 On direct appeal, the Nevada Supreme Court held: 26 Robles claims the district court erred in admitting evidence of bloody underwear the victim’s father found in the backyard. We review a district 27 court's decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion. Mclellan v. State, 124 Nev. 263, 267, 182 P.3d 106, 109 (2008). While we 28 agree with Robles that this evidence was unfairly prejudicial and ultimately irrelevant, we conclude that any error in admitting this evidence was victim denied the underwear was hers and that the underwear was too big 2 for the victim and as the evidence against Robles was overwhelming, including his confession and argument at trial that he had a relationship with 3 the victim and that she agreed to engage in sexual acts with him See Estes v. State, 122 Nev. 1123, 1141, 146 P.3d 1114, 1126 (2006). 4

5 (ECF No. 20-5 at 11.) The Nevada Supreme Court’s ruling was neither contrary to nor an 6 objectively unreasonable application of clearly established law as determined by the 7 United States Supreme Court. 8 In order for the admission of evidence to provide a basis for habeas relief, the 9 evidence must have “rendered the trial fundamentally unfair in violation of due 10 process.” Johnson v. Sublett, 63 F.3d 926, 930 (9th Cir. 1995) (citing Estelle v. McGuire, 11 502 U.S. 62, 67 (1991)). The erroneous admission of evidence constitutes a 12 constitutional violation only when “there are no permissible inferences the jury may draw 13 from the evidence” and that evidence is “of such quality as necessarily prevents 14 a fair trial.” Jammal v. Van de Kamp, 926 F.2d 918, 920 (9th Cir. 1991) 15 (quoting Kealohapauole v. Shimoda, 800 F.2d 1463, 1465 (9th Cir. 1986)) (internal 16 quotation marks omitted). 17 In a federal habeas case, where the state court has determined that a 18 constitutional error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, as required by Chapman 19 v. California, 386 U.S. 18 (1967), that harmless-error determination is reviewed for 20 reasonableness under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). See Davis v. Ayala, 576 U.S. 257, 269 21 (2015) (“When a Chapman decision is reviewed under AEDPA, ‘a federal court may not 22 award habeas relief under § 2254 unless the harmlessness determination itself was 23 unreasonable.’”) (quoting Fry v. Pliler, 551 U.S. 112, 119 (2007) (emphasis in original)). 24 If the federal habeas court determines that the state court’s harmless-error analysis was 25 objectively unreasonable, it then must determine whether the error was prejudicial 26 under Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619 (1993), before it can grant relief. See Fry, 551 27 U.S. at 119-20. Under the Brecht standard, the Court may grant habeas relief only if it 28 has “grave doubt about whether a trial error of federal law had ‘substantial and injurious 2 (quoting O'Neal v. McAninch, 513 U.S. 432, 436 (1995)). However, if the 3 federal habeas court determines that the state court’s Chapman harmlessness analysis 4 was reasonable, that ends the inquiry. The federal court “need not go on to ‘formally 5 apply’” the Brecht test. Id. 6 The Nevada Supreme Court’s ruling is reasonable. The Nevada Supreme Court 7 found that admission of testimony related to the bloody underwear was unfairly prejudicial 8 and irrelevant. (ECF No. 20-5 at 11.) The state appellate court, however, also concluded 9 that any error in admitting such evidence was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt “as 10 the victim's father testified that the victim denied the underwear was hers and that the 11 underwear was too big for the victim and as the evidence against Robles was 12 overwhelming, including his confession and argument at trial that he had a relationship 13 with the victim and that she agreed to engage in sexual acts with him.” (Id.) 14 On cross-examination, the jury heard testimony clarifying that the bloody 15 underwear was too big to belong to C.M. and that C.M’s father ultimately concluded that 16 someone likely threw the bloody underwear into his backyard. Given the wealth of 17 evidence presented at trial, including Robles’s confession and C.M’s testimony, and 18 defense counsel’s questioning on cross-examination, the Nevada Supreme Court’s 19 determination that admitting testimony regarding the bloody underwear was harmless 20 error is not objectively unreasonable. Because the Nevada Supreme Court’s decision 21 rejecting Robles’s claim was not an unreasonable application of federal law, Robles is 22 denied habeas relief on Ground 2. 23 C. Ground 3 24 In Ground 3, Robles argues that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance for 25 failure to object to two instances of prosecutorial misconduct. (ECF No. 8 at 20.) 26 1. Ground 3(a) 27 Robles asserts in Ground 3(a) that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance for 28 failing to object to the State’s denigration of defense when it argued that Robles shifted 2 counsel for Robles highlighted that police interviewed the housemate who C.M. disclosed 3 Robles’s conduct to, Armando, only one time, that there was no DNA evidence, and that 4 crime scene analysts did not go to the house to document the layout of the house where 5 the alleged conduct took place. (ECF Nos. 18-1 at 121-124, 19-3 at 50-51.) At closing, 6 the State asserted as follows to the jury: 7 Essentially, the theme throughout the defense’s opening as well as the defense’s closing has been kind of the same. It’s the detective wasn’t 8 thorough enough. There was no DNA. … Unfortunately, that ignores a lot of the evidence that's in before you. It’s easy to shift blame, and let’s focus 9 on the detective and what he didn’t do because we don’t like what he did do. We don’t like that he got a very compelling and credible statement from 10 a kiddo who had no reason, no motivation to lie.

11 (ECF No. 19-3 at 60.) The state also argued:

12 You know, sometimes if the facts and the law are a problem, then a little cop bashing of what he didn’t do and how arrogant and how it doesn’t seem 13 important -- he never said it wasn’t important. What he said is they’ve got a lot of cases. DNA evidence is something that’s hard to get. It’s very 14 expensive. There’s a back log of it. So he prioritized. So in a case where there isn’t any DNA evidence, where there isn’t any expectation to find 15 relevant helpful DNA and where you’ve got a kid who’s making a clear, credible, motiveless disclosure and more importantly you’ve got the only 16 other eyewitness admitting to the conduct, then there is no use for DNA, and you have to use limited resources, and he did a thorough examination. 17

18 (ECF No. 19-3 at 70.) Trial counsel did not object to such arguments and Robles argues 19 that counsel’s failure to object constitutes deficient performance. (ECF No. 8 at 21.) He 20 asserts that he was prejudiced because he was deprived of a fair trial. (Id.) The Nevada 21 Court of Appeals held: 22 Robles argued his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object when the State denigrated his defense by arguing he had shifted the blame to the 23 police and their lack of a thorough investigation. Robles failed to demonstrate his counsel’s performance was deficient or resulting prejudice. 24 Robles raised the underlying claim on direct appeal under a plain error standard and the Nevada Supreme Court concluded he was not entitled to 25 relief because “the State reasonably responded to Robles’ challenge to the quality of the police investigation.” Robles v. State, Docket No. 66593 26 (Order Affirming in Part, Reversing in Part and Remanding, October 17, 2016). As the Nevada Supreme Court has already concluded the State’s 27 argument was reasonable given the circumstances of this matter, Robles did not demonstrate his counsel’s failure to object fell below an objectively 28 reasonable standard or a reasonable probability of a different outcome had denying this claim. 2 3 (ECF No. 21-16 at 6.) The state appellate court’s rejection of Robles’s ineffective 4 assistance claim was neither contrary to nor an objectively unreasonable application of 5 Strickland. 6 The Nevada Court of Appeals’ determination that Robles failed to demonstrate that 7 his counsel was deficient was not an unreasonable application of the performance prong 8 of Strickland. On direct appeal, the Nevada Supreme Court had already determined there 9 was “no plain error” because “the State reasonably responded to Robles’ challenge to the 10 quality of the police investigation.” (ECF No. 20-5 at 12.) Trial counsel’s decision not to 11 object was reasonable because the State was rebutting a defense argument regarding 12 the quality of the investigation by police and the lack of DNA evidence. Further, trial 13 counsel objected multiple times at closing, including as to improper burden shifting and 14 commenting on veracity, which the trial court sustained. (ECF Nos. 19-3 at 60-62.) 15 Counsel’s lack of objection to the State’s rebuttal argument at closing regarding the 16 quality of police investigation does not fall “outside the wide range of professionally 17 competent assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. 18 In order to prevail on the ineffective assistance claim, Robles must show his trial 19 counsel acted deficiently and “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s 20 [deficiencies], the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 21 U.S. at 694. However, the Court need not “address both components of the inquiry” if 22 Petitioner “makes an insufficient showing on one.” Id. at 697. Although the Nevada Court 23 of Appeals held Robles failed to demonstrate both deficiency and resulting prejudice, 24 Robles has not sufficiently demonstrated here his counsel’s “representation fell below an 25 objective standard of reasonableness.” Id. Therefore, the Strickland inquiry need not 26 continue. Robles has not demonstrated that the Nevada Court of Appeals’ decision was 27 contrary to or involved an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law or 28 2 Robles is therefore denied federal habeas relief on Ground 3(a). 3 2. Ground 3(b) 4 In Ground 3(b), Robles argues that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance 5 for failing to object to the State’s inflammatory statement to the jury that “[C.M.]’s all 6 messed up because we don’t do this to 11-year-old children. We don’t. [Robles] does.” 7 (ECF No. 8 at 22.) He asserts that such statement set up an “us vs. him” dichotomy 8 casting Robles as an “other” and implying he is not a decent member of society. (Id.) In 9 affirming the denial of Robles’s state habeas petition, the Nevada Court of Appeals held: 10 Robles argued his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object during rebuttal argument when the State improperly inflamed the jury by stating the 11 victim was “messed up” by the abuse and “we don’t” commit such acts, but Robles does. Robles failed to demonstrate resulting prejudice. Robles 12 raised the underlying claim on direct appeal under a plain error standard and the Nevada Supreme Court concluded Robles did not demonstrate the 13 State’s comment amounted to error “causing actual prejudice or miscarriage of justice.” Id. Given the Nevada Supreme Court’s conclusion 14 that Robles did not suffer actual prejudice from the challenged statement, and Robles confessed to committing sexual acts with the young victim, we 15 conclude Robles failed to demonstrate a reasonable probability of a different outcome at trial had counsel raised an objection to this comment. 16 Therefore, we conclude the district court did not err by denying this claim.

17 (ECF No. 21-16 at 6-7.) The Nevada Court of Appeals’ rejection of Robles’s ineffective 18 assistance claim was neither contrary to nor an objectively unreasonable application of 19 Strickland. 20 The state appellate court reasonably determined that Robles failed to demonstrate 21 that, but for counsel’s failure to object to the State’s alleged inflammatory statement to 22 the jury, there was a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been 23 different. The Nevada Court of Appeals considered the decision on direct appeal 24 determining that Robles did not demonstrate actual prejudice or a miscarriage of justice 25 as a result of the alleged improper comment by the State. (ECF No. 20-5 at 14.) The 26 comment that C.M. was “all messed up” and that “we don’t” commit such acts, but Robles 27 does did not substantially affect the jury’s verdict, in light of the substantial evidence that 28 Robles committed the charges to which the jury found Robles guilty, including Robles’s 1 |} own confession and C.M.’s testimony. Accordingly, the Nevada Court of Appeals 2 || reasonably determined that Robles failed to demonstrate prejudice under Strickland. 3 || Robles therefore is denied federal habeas relief on Ground 3(b). V. CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY 5 This is a final order adverse to Robles. Rule 11 of the Rules Governing Section 6 || 2254 Cases requires the Court to issue or deny a certificate of appealability (“COA”). 7 || Therefore, the Court has sua sponte evaluated the claims within the petition for suitability 8 || for the issuance of a COA. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c); Turner v. Calderon, 281 F.3d 851, 9 || 864-65 (9th Cir. 2002). Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2), a COA may issue only when 10 || the petitioner “has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” With 11 || respect to claims rejected on the merits, a petitioner “must demonstrate that reasonable 12 || jurists would find the district court’s assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or 13 || wrong.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000) (citing Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 14 || 880, 893 & n.4 (1983)). For procedural rulings, a COA will issue only if reasonable jurists 15 || could debate (1) whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional 16 || right and (2) whether this Court's procedural ruling was correct. /d. 17 Applying these standards, this Court finds that a certificate of appealability is 18 || unwarranted. 19 || VI. CONCLUSION 20 It is therefore ordered that Petitioner Fernando Robles’s first amended petition for 21 || writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (ECF No. 8) is denied. 22 It is further ordered that a certificate of appealability is denied. 23 It is further ordered that the Clerk of the Court is directed to substitute Tim Garrett 24 || for Respondent Renee Baker, enter judgment accordingly, and close this case. 25 DATED THIS 29" Day of March 2022.

27 MIRANDA M. DU 28 CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 19