UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
CORINNE ROBERTSON, : : Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 08-1944 (RMU) : v. : Re Document No.: 26 : GENE DODARO, : Comptroller General of the United States : Government Accountability Office, : : Defendant. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
GRANTING THE DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
I. INTRODUCTION
This matter comes before the court on the defendant’s motion for summary judgment.
The pro se plaintiff, an African-American woman, brings this action against her employer, the
United States Government Accountability Office (“the defendant” or “the GAO”), asserting
claims of disparate treatment based on race and gender and a hostile work environment, pursuant
to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq. Because
the plaintiff has failed to raise a genuine dispute of material fact as to the defendant’s legitimate
non-discriminatory reason for the adverse employment action at issue, the court grants the
defendant’s motion for summary judgment as to the plaintiff’s disparate treatment claims.
Further, because the plaintiff bases her hostile work environment claim on the same factual
allegations on which she bases her disparate treatment claims and because those allegations do
not support an inference that the defendant’s actions were based on race or gender, the court also
grants the defendant summary judgment on the plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim. II. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
1. The FAM Update Project
Since 1997, the pro se plaintiff, an African-American woman, has worked as a senior
analyst with the GAO’s Financial Management and Assurance Team. Am. Compl. ¶ 6. In 2001,
the plaintiff was assigned to update the GAO’s Financial Audit Manual (“FAM”), which
describes the methodology used by the federal government to conduct internal audits. Def.’s
Mot. at 2; Pl.’s Dep. at 26-27. At that time, and during all times relevant to this lawsuit, the
plaintiff was supervised by Roger Stoltz, the assistant director of the FAM project. See Def.’s
Mot., Sebastian’s Dep. at 13. Stoltz’s supervisor and the director of the project was Steven
Sebastian. Def.’s Mot. Stoltz Dep. at 19-21.
In 2006, the GAO began its substantive work on the FAM. See Pl.’s Dep. at 34. The
plaintiff and her white female co-worker, Janet Krell, were the only full-time employees
assigned to work on the FAM project. Def.’s Mot. at 3. Krell, an assistant director, outranked
the plaintiff in both title and salary, as Krell was compensated at the “band III” salary level,
while the plaintiff received a salary at the lower “band II-A” level. 1 Stoltz Dep. at 23-24.
Notwithstanding these differences in pay and title, Krell, like the plaintiff, reported directly to
Stoltz, see Stoltz Dep. at 61, and their job responsibilities were indistinguishable, see Pl.’s
Opp’n, Ex. 3 (Decl. of McCoy Williams, Former Managing Director of the Financial
Management and Assurance Team, (“McCoy Decl.”)) ¶ 9. Generally, these duties included
identifying the changes needed to update the FAM and drafting proposals of the FAM’s revised
sections. See Pl.’s Dep. at 44.
1 The GAO refers to the levels of its employees’ salary compensation system as “bands.” Def.’s Mot. at 2 n.1. Analysts like the plaintiff are organized into bands I, II-A, II-B and III, depending on their responsibilities. Id.
2 2. The Plaintiff’s Performance Evaluations
GAO employees are mentored and evaluated by a Designated Performance Manager
(“DPM”). Def.’s Mot. at 2 n.2. A DPM is expected to meet periodically with his or her assigned
employee to discuss the employee’s expectations, provide mid-year feedback about the
employee’s performance, prepare a yearly final performance evaluation and provide additional
feedback concerning that evaluation. Id. For those employees compensated at the band II-A
level (like the plaintiff), the final performance evaluation calls for ratings in seven competencies,
for each of which an employee may be ranked in one of four ways: “below expectations,” “meets
expectations,” “exceeds expectations” or “role model.” Id. at 3. The DPM’s supervisor is
required to sign off on the ratings in order to ensure that the DPM applied the criteria for the
competencies consistently and accurately. Sebastian Dep. at 27.
Stoltz became the plaintiff’s DPM in 2001 and served in that capacity through 2006.
Stoltz Dep. at 38, 77. In his 2006 performance evaluation of the plaintiff, Stoltz rated the
plaintiff as “meets expectation” in all competencies. Id. at 51; Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 4. As required,
Stoltz’s supervisor, Sebastian, approved of the evaluation, after discussing with Stoltz his
reasoning for the ratings. Sebastian Dep. at 27-28, 35-36. Shortly thereafter, the plaintiff filed
an administrative grievance, contending that she deserved a higher rating because she was had
been the “major contributor” to the FAM project and because her job assignments exceeded
those that were normally fit for her band level. Def.’s Mot., Ex. G. at 1.
At the plaintiff’s request, her 2007 performance evaluation was conducted by Gail
Vallieres, another assistant director who was not the plaintiff’s supervisor. Def.’s Mot., Ex. J. at
1. Based on information she had gathered from Stoltz and Sebastian, Vallieres Dep. at 17; see
also Pl.’s Dep. at 93-94, Vallieres evaluated the plaintiff as “meets expectations” in four of the
3 seven competency areas and “exceeds expectations” in the remaining three competencies. Def.’s
Mot., Ex. J at 1. Vallieres relayed to the plaintiff her supervisors’ comments and purportedly
told the plaintiff that she needed improvement in her behavior and attitude, particularly as it
affected her ability to collaborate with others. 2 Pl.’s Dep. at 93; Vallieres Dep. at 20-21, 29-30.
More specifically, the plaintiff claims that Vallieres told her that she was viewed as dismissive,
superior, condescending and unhappy. Pl.’s Dep. at 93; Vallieres Dep. at 33-34. The plaintiff
told Vallieres that she felt her supervisors’ comments were sexist and that her supervisors did not
want her to succeed. Pl.’s Dep. at 97-98. According to the plaintiff, Vallieres then
recommended that the plaintiff read a book “about a woman’s role in a man’s world.” Pl.’s Dep.
at 80.
In 2008, the plaintiff and Vallieres had a mid-year feedback session, during which
Vallieres allegedly told the plaintiff that she “would not be getting the ratings necessary to be
promoted.” Def.’s Mot., Ex. Q (“Pl.’s EEO Complaint”) at 2. Additionally, the plaintiff claims
that Vallieres continued to raise the same “subjective personality issues” and noted that she was
not “pleasing [the] director.” Id.
3. Stoltz’s Invitation to the Plaintiff to Visit Europe
During the 2006 evaluation period, in addition to serving as the director for the FAM
project, Stoltz also served as the assistant director to another audit team. Stoltz Dep. at 82. In
this capacity, he supervised and was the DPM for Pat Summers, a white woman who was
2 In asserting their positions, both parties heavily rely on deposition testimony taken during discovery. See generally Def.’s Mot.; Pl.’s Opp’n. Although the court may not consider “sheer hearsay” at the summary judgment stage, Greer v. Paulson, 505 F.3d 1306, 1311 (D.C. Cir. 2007), the court may consider second-hand statements that appear to be offered for a purpose other than their truth (such as to show the effect on the hearer) that do not constitute hearsay,” see also Gleklen v. Democratic Cong. Campaign Comm., 199 F.3d 1365, 1369 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (noting that at summary judgment stage the court may consider evidence that is capable of being converted into admissible evidence); FED. R. EVID. 801(c) (defining hearsay).
4 promoted in 2006 from band II-A to band II-B after Stoltz recommended her for performance
awards and gave her a positive evaluation. Id. at 85, 87-88. Stoltz also supervised Cara Bauer,
another white woman who, during the 2006 evaluation period, was a band I analyst. Id. at 83;
85-86.
Stoltz, Summers and Larson were required to travel to Europe in November 2006 as part
of their official GAO duties. Stoltz Dep. at 83. Prior to their departure, Stoltz invited the
plaintiff to take her vacation time and join the group abroad. Id. at 84-85. As the plaintiff
recounts it,
while preparing for the trip, [Stoltz, Larson, and Summers] would talk about wine lists and sites that they intended to visit, and [Stoltz] looked at me and said ‘You should take your vacation and come with us.’ And I said ‘Well, will the government be paying for me?’ And he laughed. And we both sort of laughed.
Pl.’s Dep. at 59. According to Stoltz, he “had had other staff members in the past show up [in
Rome or Paris, for instance] and [they] would go out to dinner, [they] would go see sights on the
weekends, and basically off duty assignments.” Stoltz Dep. at 84.
B. Procedural History
On July 3, 2008, the plaintiff contacted an EEO counselor and, a few weeks later, filed a
formal complaint with the GAO’s Equal Employment Opportunity (“EEO”) office, alleging that
Stoltz and Sebastian had discriminated against her on the basis of race and gender by providing
negative ratings in connection with her 2006 and 2007 evaluations as well as her 2008 mid-year
feedback session. Pl.’s EEO Complaint at 2.
In November 2008, the plaintiff commenced this action, alleging that her supervisors
discriminated against her on the basis of her race and gender and subjected her to a hostile work
environment by providing her with negative performance evaluations. See generally Am.
Compl. The defendant has filed a motion for summary judgment. See generally Def.’s Mot.
5 With this motion now ripe for adjudication, the court turns to the applicable legal standards and
the parties’ arguments.
III. ANALYSIS
A. Legal Standard for a Motion for Summary Judgment
Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings and evidence show “that there is
no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986);
Diamond v. Atwood, 43 F.3d 1538, 1540 (D.C. Cir. 1995). To determine which facts are
“material,” a court must look to the substantive law on which each claim rests. Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A “genuine dispute” is one whose resolution
could establish an element of a claim or defense and, therefore, affect the outcome of the action.
Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322; Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248.
In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all justifiable
inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor and accept the nonmoving party’s evidence as true.
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. A nonmoving party, however, must establish more than “the mere
existence of a scintilla of evidence” in support of its position. Id. at 252. To prevail on a motion
for summary judgment, the moving party must show that the nonmoving party “fail[ed] to make
a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on
which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. By pointing to
the absence of evidence proffered by the nonmoving party, a moving party may succeed on
summary judgment. Id.
6 The nonmoving party may defeat summary judgment through factual representations
made in a sworn affidavit if he “support[s] his allegations . . . with facts in the record,” Greene v.
Dalton, 164 F.3d 671, 675 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting Harding v. Gray, 9 F.3d 150, 154 (D.C. Cir.
1993)), or provides “direct testimonial evidence,” Arrington v. United States, 473 F.3d 329, 338
(D.C. Cir. 2006). Indeed, for the court to accept anything less “would defeat the central purpose
of the summary judgment device, which is to weed out those cases insufficiently meritorious to
warrant the expense of a jury trial.” Greene, 164 F.3d at 675.
B. The Court Grants the Defendant’s Summary Judgment on the Plaintiff’s Disparate Treatment Claims
1. Legal Standard for Gender, Age and Race Discrimination
When the defendant in a Title VII or ADEA case presents a legitimate, non-
discriminatory reason for its actions, 1 the district court need resolve only one question to
adjudicate a motion for summary judgment: “Has the employee produced sufficient evidence for
a reasonable jury to find that the employer’s asserted non-discriminatory reason was not the
actual reason and that the employer intentionally discriminated against the employee on the basis
of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin?” Brady v. Office of the Sergeant at Arms, U.S.
House of Representatives, 520 F.3d 490, 494 (D.C. Cir. 2008). The court must consider whether
the jury could infer discrimination from (1) the plaintiff’s prima facie case, (2) any evidence the
plaintiff presents to attack the employer’s proffered explanation, and (3) any further evidence of
1 In those rare cases in which the defendant fails to present a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for its actions, the court must follow a three-part burden-shifting analysis known as the McDonnell Douglas framework. Lathram v. Snow, 336 F.3d 1085, 1088 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (noting that once the defendant presents a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason “the McDonnell Douglas framework . . . disappears, and the sole remaining issue is discrimination vel non”) (citing McDonnell Douglas v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-05 (1973)); see also Brady v. Office of the Sergeant at Arms, U.S. House of Representatives, 520 F.3d 490, 494 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (explaining that “the prima facie case is a largely unnecessary sideshow”).
7 discrimination that may be available to the plaintiff. Waterhouse v. Dist. of Columbia, 298 F.3d
989, 992-93 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (quoting Aka v. Wash. Hosp. Ctr., 156 F.3d 1284, 1291 (D.C. Cir.
1998)). The plaintiff need not present evidence in each of these categories to avoid summary
judgment. Aka, 156 F.3d at 1289. Rather, the court should assess the plaintiff’s challenge to the
employer’s explanation in light of the total circumstances of the case. Id. at 1291.
2. The Plaintiff Fails to Rebut the Defendant’s Legitimate Non-discriminatory Reason for Her Performance Evaluation Ratings
The defendant contends that the plaintiff’s performance ratings were the result of her
supervisors’ “careful and considered application of the performance standards” to her work
activities. 3 Def.’s Mot. at 11. The defendant has also identified deficiencies in the plaintiff’s job
performance, such as her incomplete or substandard work product, Stoltz Dep. 33, 47, 55, her
want of initiative, id. at 54-55, her lack of openness to constructive criticism, Vallieres Dep. at
29-30, and her inability to collaborate with others, id. at 20-21.
The defendant’s dissatisfaction with the plaintiff’s performance establishes a legitimate,
non-discriminatory reason for the plaintiff’s performance ratings. See Paquin v. Fed. Nat’l.
Mortg. Ass’n, 119 F.3d 23, 29 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (holding that an employer proffered a legitimate
non-discriminatory reason for negative performance evaluation by offering an evaluation that
criticized the employee’s work performance and identifying specific examples of the employee’s
inadequate performance); see also Dews-Miller v. Clinton, 707 F. Supp. 2d 28, 52 (D.D.C. 2010)
(noting that the supervisors’ dissatisfaction with employee’s work was a legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason for employee’s two “minimally successful” performance evaluations).
3 The defendant concedes for purposes of its summary judgment motion that the plaintiff suffered an adverse employment action as a result of her performance appraisals because the “GAO links performance appraisals to [an employee’s] pay.” Def.’s Mot. at 10; see also Russell v. Principi, 257 F.3d 815, 818-19 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (holding that a performance evaluation resulting in “loss of a bonus that is worth hundreds of dollars” is an adverse employment action).
8 Accordingly, the court turns to consider whether, in light of the total circumstances of the
case, the plaintiff has “produced evidence sufficient for a reasonable jury to find that the
employer’s stated reason was not the actual reason and that the employer intentionally
discriminated” against the plaintiff on the basis of her race or gender. See Brady, 520 F.3d at
495. The plaintiff contends that discriminatory content can be inferred from the following
evidence: (a) the higher performance ratings she received by other supervisors, (b) remarks made
by Stoltz and Sebastian, (c) comparisons drawn between herself and other white co-workers and
(d) statistical data of a discrepancy between the performance ratings of African-Americans and
other GAO analysts. The court considers each piece of evidence below.
a. The Higher Performance Ratings Given to the Plaintiff by Other Supervisors Do Not Give Rise to an Inference of Discrimination
The plaintiff asserts that the pretextual nature of the defendant’s legitimate, non-
discriminatory reason is evidenced by the fact that her performance assessment scores ”were
always lower in the years when she was rated by supervisor Stoltz.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 19. The
defendant contends that the plaintiff’s own “subjective assessment that she should have received
higher ratings” provides no evidence of pretext for discrimination. Def.’s Mot. at 14-15.
In assessing whether the defendant’s legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the
plaintiff’s performance ratings is pretextual, the court is not concerned with whether an
employer’s performance evaluation was “wise, fair or correct.” Kelly v. Mills, 677 F. Supp. 2d
206, 228-29 (D.D.C. 2010). Rather, the court’s sole function is to determine “whether [the
employer] honestly believed” that the plaintiff’s work product and performance deserved the
given ratings and “acted in good faith upon those beliefs.” Id.; see also Manuel v. Potter, 685 F.
Supp. 2d 46, 63 (D.D.C. 2010) (noting that the court does not sit as a “super-personnel
department” that “independently reevaluates the quality of an employee’s work product”
9 (internal quotations and citation omitted)). Thus, a plaintiff aiming to demonstrate that an
employer’s performance-based explanation is pretext must provide evidence suggesting that the
explanation was a lie. See Desmond v. Mukasey, 530 F.3d 944, 964 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (noting that
“it will not do for the plaintiff to show that the employer’s stated reason was false if the
employer believed it in good faith; the plaintiff must establish a basis to conclude that the
employer has lied about the reason or, more directly, that the reason was discriminatory” (citing
Brady, 520 F.3d at 495)). Moreover, an employee’s subjective assessment of her own
performance is insufficient to establish such pretext evidence. See Dorns v. Geithner, 692 F.
Supp. 2d 119, 135 (D.D.C. 2010) (granting the defendant summary judgment because “the
plaintiff ha[d] produced no evidence beyond her own subjective opinion that she performed at a
higher level” than her performance reviews reflected).
Here, the plaintiff argues that the high evaluations she received in her 2008 and 2009
performance evaluations by supervisors other than Stoltz and Sebastian undermine the
defendant’s performance-based legitimate, non-discriminatory reason and give rise to an
inference of discrimination. See Pl.’s Opp’n, Exs. 6-7. The plaintiff is mistaken. Although
these higher ratings may suggest that Stoltz erred in rating the plaintiff as “meets expectation,”
nothing about these comparisons suggests that Stoltz’s evaluation was the result of
discriminatory motives. See, e.g., Nurriddin v. Golden, 382 F. Supp. 2d 79, 101 (D.D.C. 2005)
(concluding that evidence of previous positive performance reviews and numerous letters of
commendation did not give rise to an inference of discriminatory intent because that “evidence
has nothing to do with any possible discrimination by defendant”); Hussain v. Prinicipi, 344 F.
Supp. 2d 86, 102 n.19 (D.D.C. 2004) (stating that “the fact that a previous manager found that
plaintiff had met or exceeded expectations does not, by itself, establish that a subsequent
10 manager’s evaluation of employee’s performance was discriminatory” (internal citation
omitted)).
The plaintiff has not provided any evidence to suggest that Stoltz did not honestly believe
that the plaintiff’s performance and work product warranted the “meets expectations” ratings,
nor has she attempted to discredit the specific examples he has provided to justify his ratings.
See Manuel, 685 F. Supp. at 63 (granting summary judgment to the defendant because the
plaintiff failed to provide any evidence to undermine his supervisors’ claim that they “honestly
believed that the plaintiff’s work was deficient at the time” he received a negative performance
review); see also Fishbach v. Dist. of Columbia Dep’t of Corrections, 86 F.3d 1180, 1183 (D.C.
Cir. 1996) (observing that in determining whether the plaintiff has put forth sufficient evidence
to infer pretext, the critical issue is not whether the employer’s reasons were true or false, but
whether it honestly believed the reasons when taking the personnel action). Accordingly,
evidence of the plaintiff’s higher performance ratings by evaluators other than Stoltz and
Sebastian is insufficient to give rise to an inference of race or gender discrimination.
b. The Remarks by the Plaintiff’s Supervisors Do Not Give Rise to an Inference of Discrimination
The plaintiff contends that Stoltz and Sebastian’s description of her as “dismissive,”
“superior,” “condescending” and “sarcastic,” as well as their comments concerning her “tone of
voice” and the fact that she was not “smiling enough” or “looked unhappy,” all stemmed from
their purported belief that female employees should appear “softer.” Am. Compl. ¶ 9; Pl.’s
Opp’n at 18. The plaintiff argues that these remarks, especially when considered in light of
Stoltz’s Europe invitation and the book recommended by Vallieres regarding how a woman can
succeed in a man’s world, constitute sexual stereotyping forbidden under Title VII. Pl.’s Opp’n
at 10-11.
11 The defendant argues that the plaintiff “fails to present any evidence whatsoever linking
[these comments] to [the plaintiff’s] race or sex,” and posits the invitation by Stoltz as well as the
comments by Sebastian and Stoltz “could just as easily have been directed at a white male.”
Def.’s Mot. at 11-13, 21. With regard to Vallieres’ book suggestion, the defendant argues that
this provides no basis from which to infer discrimination, as the plaintiff herself stated that
Vallieres was “absolutely not” racist or sexist. Id. at 14 (quoting Pl.’s Dep. at 96).
Comments suggesting that female employees are expected to conform to a certain gender
stereotype are evidence of sexual discrimination. Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228,
250 (1989) (recognizing that a supervisor’s remarks made on the basis of a belief that a woman
should not act aggressively is evidence of gender discrimination); see also Nuskey v. Hochberg,
657 F. Supp. 2d 47, 58 (D.D.C. 2009) (determining that the employer’s statements that the
plaintiff was an “aggressive woman” and a “strong woman” created a question of material fact as
to whether the supervisor was motivated by gender stereotypes in terminating the plaintiff).
Moreover, phrases or words that are not facially discriminatory may, depending on multiple
factors, “including context, inflection, tone of voice, and local custom,” evidence an employer’s
discriminatory intent. Ash v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 546 U.S. 454, 456 (2006) (holding that a white
manager’s use of term “boy” in addressing an African-American employee may give rise to
inference of discriminatory animus even absent use of modifiers such as “white” or “black”). It
is the plaintiff’s burden to provide evidence beyond his or her own subjective assertions of
discrimination suggesting that a facially neutral term or phrase was, in fact, discriminatory. Id.;
Ezell v. Edwards Theatres, Inc., 2006 WL 3782698, at *15-16 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 21, 2006)
(determining that a defendant’s reference to the African-American plaintiffs’ as “you people”
constituted evidence of discriminatory intent as the plaintiffs showed that they had previously
12 complained of being called racial slurs and the defendant had failed to follow its normal
procedures to investigate their complaint).
Recognizing the comments by Stoltz and Sebastian’s comments describing the plaintiff
as “unhappy,” “dismissive,” “superior,” “condescending,” and “sarcastic” are, on their face,
gender-neutral, see Pl.’s Dep. at 94-95, the plaintiff argues that these comments somehow
become gender-charged when viewed together with the Stoltz and Sebastian’s comment that the
plaintiff should “watch her tone.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 17-18. The plaintiff, however, fails to explain
how such an admonition elevates gender-neutral comments into comments that target the
plaintiff out on the basis of her gender. See Nurriddin, 382 F. Supp. 2d at 95 (declining to infer
discriminatory intent from an employer’s reference to the plaintiff’s “negative attitude” in a
reprimand letter because the employee failed to present any evidence substantiating his
contention that “‘negative attitude’ was a ‘code term for ‘uppity Negro’ who does not know his
place’”); Mann v. Montgomery, 1994 WL 383905, at *2-3 (N.D. Ill. July 18, 1994) (determining
that a supervisors’ comments that the plaintiff “bitched” and was pushy were facially gender-
neutral comments and were not evidence of pretext because the plaintiff had not provided any
evidence to suggest that the comments were gender-charged).
The plaintiff also argues that Vallieres’s recommendation that the plaintiff read a book
about a woman’s role in man’s world transformed the supervisors’ otherwise gender-neutral
comments to gender-charged comments. Pl.’s Opp’n at 18. The record suggests, however, that
Vallieres’s book recommendation was an independent comment by Vallieres made in response to
the plaintiff’s expressed concern that her 2007 performance ratings were sexist. Pl.’s Dep. at 80.
Moreover, the plaintiff acknowledges that Vallieres herself never discriminated against her. See
id. at 96 (stating that the plaintiff had “absolutely not” observed anything about Vallieres which
13 would indicate that she was racist or sexist). Without any evidence to suggest that Stoltz or
Sebastian had anything to do with Vallieres’s book recommendation or that Vallieres acted
discriminatorily, this incident does not elevate the otherwise gender-neutral comments by Stoltz
and Sebastian to sexually discriminatory remarks that could serve as evidence of pretext.
Finally, a reasonable juror could not infer discriminatory intent from Stoltz’s suggestion
that the plaintiff should join him and the audit group he supervised on their trip to Europe.
Stoltz’s invitation to the plaintiff was not on its face sexually discriminatory. Furthermore, the
plaintiff provides no evidence, such as a sexist work atmosphere or a history of sexually
harassment by Stoltz or others which would permit a reasonable juror to infer that this gender-
neutral invitation constituted sexual discrimination. See Neuren v. Adduci, Mastriani, Meeks &
Schill, 43 F.3d 1507, 1513 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (concluding that evidence that an employer had
called the plaintiff a “bitch” who was “extremely difficult on secretarial and support staff” was
insufficient evidence from which a reasonable juror could infer gender discrimination because
“though possibly inappropriately phrased, [the evaluation] was obviously grounded in gender-
neutral concerns about [the plaintiff’s] interpersonal relations with co-workers, rather than
discriminatory considerations”); cf. Czekalski v. Peters, 475 F.3d 360, 368 (D.C. Cir. 2007)
(vacating summary judgment for the defendant because the plaintiff presented testimony from
co-workers indicating that her supervisor harbored gender bias).
In sum, the plaintiff has offered nothing to suggest that the comments by Stoltz and
Sebastian constituted anything more than negative feedback from a supervisor concerning her
job performance. Without more, these comments simply do not suggest that the plaintiff’s
supervisors were discriminating against the plaintiff due to her gender. 4
4 The plaintiff has provided no evidence to support the claim that these comments were racially motivated. See generally Pl.’s Opp’n.
14 c. The Plaintiff Fails to Draw Comparisons Between Herself and Similarly Situated Co-Workers From Which a Reasonable Juror Could Infer Discriminatory Intent . The plaintiff also attacks the defendant’s performance-based justification by arguing that
she was given poorer ratings for work product that was equal or superior to three similarly
situated white females: Janet Krell, Patricia Summers and Cara Bauer. Pl.’s Opp’n at 25-26.
Additionally, the plaintiff contends that out of all of the band II-A employees reviewed by
Sebastian, the plaintiff “was rated lower than all her non-African American counterparts for the
performance year 2006.” Id. at 8.
The defendant responds that Krell, Summers and Bauer are not similarly situated to the
plaintiff because they are on different band levels and are, therefore, evaluated using different
performance standards. Def.’s Mot. at 15-18; Def.’s Reply at 6. Further, it argues that even if
Krell and the plaintiff were similarly situated to the plaintiff while they were working together in
2006, they both received identical assessment scores for that evaluation period and were
therefore not treated differently. Def.’s Reply at 6. Additionally, with regard to the employees
who were of the same band and also reviewed by Sebastian, the defendant submits that the data
does not support an inference of discrimination because it shows that African Americans also
received higher reviews than both the plaintiff and white employees. Id. at 5.
Perhaps the most common way that employees attempt to demonstrate pretext is by
showing that similarly situated employees of a different race were treated more favorably. See
Brady, 520 F.3d at 495. Such comparisons, however, will only give rise to an inference of
discrimination if “all of the relevant aspects of [their] employment situation [are] ‘nearly
identical.” Neuren, 43 F.3d at 1514 (D.C. Cir. 1995). With respect to Summers and Bauer, the
court notes that these individuals did not work on the same FAM update project as the plaintiff,
had different job responsibilities and were compensated at different pay levels than the plaintiff.
15 See Pl.’s Dep. at 128 (stating that Summers was a band II-B employee and did not work on the
FAM update); Def.’s Mot., Ex. U (indicating that Bauer was a band I employee and did not
report to Stoltz during the relevant time periods); Sebastian Dep. at 17-18 (stating that plaintiff,
Krell and Sebastian were the staff assigned to the FAM update). Thus, the court concludes that
the plaintiff is not similarly situated to either Summers or Bauer, cf. McFadden v. Ballard,
Spahr, Andrews and Ingersoll, LLP, 580 F. Supp. 2d 99, 109-110 (D.D.C. 2008) (observing that
two individuals are properly compared because they were subject to the same standards and
engaged in the same conduct without differentiating or mitigating circumstances that would
distinguish their conduct or their employer’s treatment of them), and a reasonable juror could
therefore not infer discrimination from this evidence, see Montgomery v. Chao, 546 F.3d 703,
707 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (observing that “[i]n the absence of evidence that the comparators were
actually similarly situated” to the plaintiff “an inference of falsity or discrimination is not
reasonable” (internal quotations and citation omitted)).
The plaintiff and Krell worked together under the supervision of Stoltz as full-time
employees in the FAM project, Stoltz Dep. at 14, and had nearly the same employment duties,
Williams Decl., Ex. 3 at ¶ 10. Krell, however, out-ranked the plaintiff in title and compensation,
and was therefore evaluated on the performance standards corresponding to her higher band III
level. See Def.’s Mot., Ex. E at 9 (explaining the performance evaluation criteria corresponding
to each band level). Because the pay band level dictates the performance standards by which an
employee is measured, Krell and the plaintiff were not similarly situated as they were not “nearly
identical” under all of the relevant aspects of their employment. See Barbour v. Browner, 181
F.3d 1342, 1345-56 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (concluding that two employees with similar job
descriptions but different pay grades were not similarly situated). Thus, a reasonable juror could
16 not infer discrimination from a comparison of the plaintiff and Krell. See Montgomery, 546 F.3d
at 707. Moreover, even assuming that the two were similarly situated, there is no indication that
Krell, who also received “meets expectations” ratings while working on the FAM project, see
Def.’s Reply, Ex. at 1, was treated more favorably than the plaintiff, see Mungin v. Katten
Muchin & Zavis, 116 F.3d 1549, 1555 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (affirming the district court’s ruling that
there was no basis for inferring discrimination from the salaries received by employees similarly
situated to the plaintiff because their salaries were “nearly identical”). Accordingly, the plaintiff
fails to draw an inference of discrimination by comparing herself to these co-workers.
The plaintiff’s comparisons between her rating averages and those of other band II-A
employees in Sebastian’s group also fail to suggest that the defendant’s legitimate, non-
discriminatory reason is pretext for discrimination. In asserting that she “was rated lower than
all her non-African American counterparts for the performance year 2006,” the plaintiff refers to
a GAO data sheet which reports the various rating averages of individuals in the band II-A pay
level who were also reviewed by Sebastian in 2006. See Def.’s Mot., Ex. U. Although the data
sheet shows that the plaintiff, along with an Asian female, received the lowest rating average for
the group, it is also clear that three African-American women in the group received rating
averages higher than those of the plaintiff. See id. Moreover, there is no indication that any of
these individuals are similarly situated in their job responsibilities. See McFadden, 580 F. Supp.
2d at 109-110. Thus, the plaintiff fails to draw comparisons between herself and similarly
situated employees from which a reasonable juror could infer discriminatory intent.
d. The Ivy Study Alone is Insufficient to Give Rise to an Inference of Discrimination
In 2005, it came to the GAO’s attention that there was a significant difference in the
rating averages between African-American and white employees across all salary band levels,
17 regardless of the employee’s length of service. Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 9 (“Ivy Report”) at 8. After
noting that the disparity continued to grow, in 2007, the GAO commissioned an independent
third party, the Ivy Planning Group, to examine the factors influencing the disparity that had
developed from 2002 through 2006 (“the Ivy Study”). Id. at 9. After controlling for variables
like education, gender, years of experience, risk level of projects and the demographics of the
employee’s evaluator, the study confirmed that there was a statistically significant difference
between the mean ratings of African-American and white analysts across almost all salary bands
and departments. Id. at 38. Although the “causes for [the] rating disparities [were] not clear,” id.
at 39, the study suggested that certain aspects of the defendant’s workplace culture may have
influenced the disparity, id. at 48-61.
The plaintiff submits that the Ivy Study “makes an unequivocal finding that attitudes and
perceptions of supervisors result in lower ratings being given to African-Americans,” and asserts
that “it was those very attitudes and misperceptions . . . that Stoltz and Sebastian brought to bear
on their evaluation of her in 2006 and 2007.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 15-16. Thus, the plaintiff concludes
that an inference of racial discrimination may be drawn from findings of the Ivy Study. Id.
The defendant counters that the Ivy Study is irrelevant to the plaintiff’s claim of disparate
treatment because it fails to establish whether the plaintiff was individually the target of a
discriminatorily motivated employment action. Def.’s Reply at 9. In addition, the defendant
argues that the Ivy Study was inconclusive in determining the cause of the difference between
the mean ratings of African-Americans and white employees, and, therefore, does not give rise to
an inference of discrimination. Id. at 8-9.
In determining whether an employer has unlawfully discriminated against an individual
employee on the basis of her race and gender, statistical evidence may be helpful, although it is
18 ordinarily not dispositive. Krodel v. Young, 748 F.2d 701, 710 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (observing that
statistical evidence is less significant in the individual disparate treatment context than in
disparate impact and class-wide disparate treatment cases); Cook v. Boorstin, 763 F.2d 1462,
1468 (D.C. Cir. 1985) (observing that in a disparate treatment case a “plaintiff may employ
statistics concerning the employment practices of the defendant to rebut explanatory defenses as
pretextual”). Indeed, statistical evidence “alone is insufficient to create an inference of disparate
treatment” in individual disparate treatment actions. Simpson v. Leavitt, 437 F. Supp. 2d 95, 104
(D.D.C. 2006) (concluding that statistical evidence of discrimination is “not conclusive [in a
disparate treatment case] and will instead serve to ‘add color’” to a claim of discrimination,
presuming other evidence exists to give rise to an inference of discrimination); see also Horvath
v. Thompson, 329 F. Supp. 2d 1, 10 (D.D.C. 2004) (noting that “statistical evidence is only one
small part of a substantial web of evidence indicating pretext” (quoting Bell v. Envtl. Prot.
Agency, 232 F.3d 546, 553 (7th Cir. 2000))). Additionally, a plaintiff seeking to rely on
statistical evidence must be similarly situated to those individuals in the statistical group studied,
so as to render the analysis relevant. Aguilar v. Salazar, 626 F. Supp. 2d 36, 41 (D.D.C. 2009)
(determining that a statistical analysis was “fundamentally flawed” and could not be used to
support pretext because the individuals studied did not provide a relevant basis of comparison to
the plaintiff); but see Cook, 763 F.2d at 1469 (observing that it is inaccurate to “suggest that the
only permissible way of controlling for occupational classifications was to consider only
statistics concerning the plaintiff’s particular job”). Finally, the usefulness of statistics “depends
on all of the surrounding facts and circumstances,” Horvath, 329 F. Supp. 2d at 10 (quoting Int’l
Bhd. of Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324, 340, (1977)), although the statistical evidence
need not account for “every conceivable factor” relevant to an employment decision in order to
19 sustain an inference of race discrimination, Davis v. Califano, 613 F.2d 957, 964 (D.C. Cir.
1979).
After controlling for a variety of variables such as education, experience, job assignment,
pay band and demographics of the evaluator, the Ivy Study concluded that there was a
statistically significant rating disparity in the 2002 through 2006 performance ratings for
African-Americans and white GAO analysts across all different bands. Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 9 (“Ivy
Report”) at 15, 38. Indeed, the disparity between the performance ratings for African-Americans
and Caucasians in the band II-A level was found to be statistically significant at a 95%
confidence level. Ivy Report at 38, 65, 67. Moreover, the fact that other explanations may exist
for the statistical disparity does not render this evidence irrelevant. Califano, 613 F.2d at 964.
Thus, the Ivy Study’s comparison between the performance ratings of African-American and
white GAO analysts in band II-A is relevant to plaintiff’s claim of race discrimination for her
performance reviews in 2006. Cf. Roberson v. Snow, 404 F. Supp. 2d 79, 91 (D.D.C. 2005)
(holding that statistical evidence did not support finding of pretext because it failed to compare
the rates of promotion between similarly situated black and white employees).
Yet, “statistics are not irrefutable,” Berger v. Iron Workers Reinforced Rodmen Local
201, 843 F.2d 1395, 1413 (D.C. Cir. 1988), and the Ivy Study does not conclusively determine
that discrimination is the cause of the discrepancy between the performance ratings of African
Americans and other analysts. See Def.’s Reply at 8-9. Because statistical data, like that
presented in the Ivy Study, “alone is insufficient to create an inference of disparate treatment,”
Simpson, 437 F. Supp. 2d at 104 (granting summary judgment to the defendant despite the
plaintiff’s statistical evidence of racial discrimination because there was no other evidence from
which a reasonable juror could infer discrimination and the statistical evidence was not enough),
20 its value lies in “add[ing] color” to any other presented evidence from which a reasonable juror
could infer racial discrimination, Conway v. Electro Switch Corp., 825 F.2d 593, 597 (1st Cir.
1987); see also Davis v. Ashcroft, 355 F. Supp. 2d 330, 343 (D.D.C. 2005) (granting summary
judgment to the defendant because statistical evidence is “ordinarily not dispositive” in a
disparate treatment case where “the ultimate issue is whether the particular plaintiff was the
victim of an illegitimately motivated employment decision” (citing Krodel, 748 F.2d at 709)).
In this case, the plaintiff has failed to present any other evidence from which a reasonable juror
could infer discrimination. See supra Part III.B.2.b-d. Accordingly, the court concludes that,
even placing considerable weight on the Ivy Study, the plaintiff’s statistical case is insufficient to
show pretext and overcome the defendant’s legitimate non-discriminatory reason. Compare
Talavera v. Fore, 648 F. Supp. 2d 118, 134 (D.D.C. 2009) (granting summary judgment to the
employer notwithstanding statistical evidence showing a “tendency toward male promotion”
because the other evidence proffered by the plaintiff --an ambiguous stray remark by a non-
decisionmaker regarding the strong bond between male employees and the destruction of the
employer’s notes regarding the plaintiff’s interview – was insufficient to allow a reasonable juror
to infer discriminatory motives); with Jones v. Mukasey, 565 F. Supp. 2d 68, 78 (D.D.C. 2008)
(denying summary judgment because evidence of a statistically significant deviation between the
hiring of African-American and white applicants, in conjunction with other evidence, raised an
issue of pretext).
C. The Court Grants the Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment as to the Plaintiff’s Hostile Work Environment
1. Legal Standard for Hostile Work Environment
Title VII prohibits an employer from discriminating against any individual with respect to
compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment because of race, color, religion,
21 sex, or national origin. Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21 (1993). Toward that end, an
employer may not create or condone a hostile or abusive work environment that is
discriminatory. Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 64 (1986). Such an
environment exists “[w]hen the workplace is permeated with ‘discriminatory intimidation,
ridicule and insult,’ that is ‘sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s
employment and create an abusive working environment.’” Singletary v. District of Columbia,
351 F.3d 519, 526 (D.C. Cir 2003) (quoting Meritor, 477 U.S. at 65, 67). On the other hand,
“[c]onduct that is not severe or pervasive enough to create an objectively hostile or abusive work
environment – an environment that a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive – is beyond
Title VII’s purview.” Harris, 510 U.S. at 21. Thus, to determine whether a hostile work
environment exists, the court looks to the totality of the circumstances, including the frequency
of the discriminatory conduct, its severity, its offensiveness, and whether it interferes with an
employee’s work performance. Id. at 23; Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 787-88
(1998). In considering the totality of the circumstances, however, the court is mindful that
[e]veryone can be characterized by sex, race, ethnicity or (real or perceived) disability; and many bosses are harsh, unjust and rude. It is therefore important in hostile work environment cases to exclude from consideration personnel decisions that lack a linkage of correlation to the claimed ground of discrimination. Otherwise, the federal courts will become a court of personnel appeals.
Bryant v. Brownlee, 265 F. Supp. 2d 52, 63 (D.D.C. 2003) (quoting Alfano v. Costello,
294 F.3d 365, 377 (2d Cir. 2002)).
2. The Court Grants Summary Judgment to the Defendant on the Plaintiff’s Hostile Work Environment Claim
The defendant asserts that the plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim is based “on the
same set of facts she points to in support of her disparate treatment claim, i.e. comments made by
her supervisors regarding her personality.” Def.’s Mot. at 20. Thus, according to the defendant,
22 the plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim fails for the same reasons her disparate treatment
claim fails: namely, because there is “no evidence that these statements were related to her race
or sex.” Id. The defendant submits that the plaintiff’s claims are merely indicative of “a clash of
personalities” and contends that the plaintiff experienced “the ordinary tribulations of the
workplace” which “simply do not add up to an actionable hostile work environment.” Id. at 24.
The plaintiff asserts that as a direct result of the defendant’s actions she was subjected to
a hostile work environment “in which work became emotionally draining, interactions with
supervisors became stressful and combative, and efforts were consistently made to demean and
belittle the [p]laintiff and deride her work product.” Am. Compl. ¶ 10. The plaintiff also
contends that the Stoltz ignored parts of her work-related e-mails to him, Pl.’s Opp’n at 21, and
stated that he was “watching” her and that no other supervisor wanted to work with her. Am.
Compl. ¶ 11.
As an initial matter, the court observes that the plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim
is based on the same conduct on which she bases her disparate treatment claims. See Pl.’s Am.
Compl. ¶ 10; Pl.’s Opp’n at 20-21. The plaintiff cannot, however, simply bootstrap her claims of
disparate treatment in an effort to create a hostile work environment claim. Nurriddin, 382 F.
Supp. 2d at 108 (D.D.C. 2005) (concluding that a plaintiff cannot “easily bootstrap
discrimination claims into a hostile work environment claim”); see also Lester v. Natsios, 290 F.
Supp. 2d 11, 33 (D.D.C. 2003) (recognizing that discrete acts of discrimination “are different in
kind from a hostile work environment claim that must be based on severe and pervasive
discriminatory intimidation or insult”). “[A]llowing standard disparate treatment claims to be
converted into a contemporaneous hostile work environment claim . . . would significantly blur
the distinctions between both the elements that underpin each cause of action and the kinds of
23 harm each cause of action was designed to address.” Parker v. Del. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 11 F.
Supp. 2d 467, 475 (D. Del. 1998).
Moreover, nothing in the plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim suggests that the
defendant’s comments or actions had any connection to her gender or race, see generally Pl.’s
Opp’n; Am. Compl.; see also Baloch v. Kempthorne, 550 F.3d 1191, 1201 (D.C. Cir. 2008)
(affirming summary judgment for the defendant on the plaintiff’s hostile work environment
claim because none of the employer’s comments or actions focused on the plaintiff’s race,
religion, age or disability), or that they were accompanied by physical threats, abusive or
offensive language or any other characteristics of “extreme conduct.” See Lester, 290 F. Supp.
2d at 31 (noting that the plaintiff's allegations must reflect “extreme conduct … to transform ‘the
ordinary tribulations of the workplace’ into a legally cognizable hostile work environment claim”
(citing Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 787-88 (1998))).
Additionally, the evidence does not indicate that the plaintiff’s workplace conflicts,
however unpleasant, were so severe or pervasive as to have altered the conditions of her
employment. Harris, 510 U.S. at 21 (observing that to succeed on a hostile work environment
claim a plaintiff must show that his employer subjected him to “discriminatory intimidation,
ridicule, and insult” that is “sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim's
employment and create an abusive working environment”); Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1201 (noting
that “[t]o determine whether a hostile work environment exists, the court looks to the totality of
the circumstances, including the frequency of the discriminatory conduct, its severity, its
offensiveness, and whether it interferes with an employee’s work performance”); see also
Faragher, 524 U.S. at 788 (observing that “simple teasing’ . . . offhand comments, and isolated
incidents (unless extremely serious) will not amount to discriminatory changes in the ‘terms and
24 conditions of employment’”). Indeed, the plaintiff notes that “her productivity did not decline
during the period in question.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 21.
Accordingly, the court grants the defendant’s motion with regard to plaintiff’s hostile
work environment claim.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the court grants the defendant’s motion for summary
judgment. An Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and
contemporaneously issued this 7th day of March, 2011.
RICARDO M. URBINA United States District Judge