Robertson v. Paragon Systems, Inc.

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: October 3, 2025
• Docket: 5:25-cv-01012
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 CYPHRENO ROBERTSON, Case No. 25-cv-01012-NW

8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 9 v. REMAND

10 PARAGON SYSTEMS, INC., et al., Re: ECF No. 17 Defendants. 11

12 13 On December 27, 2024, Plaintiff Cyphreno Robertson filed his complaint, on behalf of 14 himself and a putative class, in Santa Clara County Superior Court against Defendants Paragon 15 Systems, Inc. (“Paragon”) (doing business in California as Securitas Critical Infrastructure 16 Services, Inc., and Parasys, Inc.), as well as ten Doe Defendants (collectively, “Defendants”). 17 Defendants answered the complaint and removed the case to federal court. Notice of Removal, 18 ECF No. 1; Decl. of Frank Magnanimo i.s.o. Notice of Removal., ¶ 2, Ex. 1 (“Compl.”); Id., ¶ 3, 19 Ex. 2 (“Answer”). 20 On May 16, 2025, Plaintiff filed a motion to remand. Mot. to Remand, ECF No. 17 21 (“Mot.”). Defendants opposed and Plaintiff filed a reply. Opp’n, ECF No. 19; Reply, ECF No. 22 21. The Court considered the parties’ briefs and the relevant legal authority and concluded oral 23 argument was not required, see N.D. Cal. Civ. L.R. 7-1(b). ECF No. 24. The Court GRANTS 24 Plaintiff’s motion to remand. 25 I. BACKGROUND 26 Robertson is a resident of Rancho Cardova, California. Id. He was employed by 27 Defendants “in Napa County, California as an hourly-paid, non-exempt employee from 1 approximately April 2022 to approximately April 2023.” Compl. ¶ 7.1 2 Paragon was formed under the laws of Alabama, and is headquartered in Herndon, 3 Virginia. Notice of Removal ¶ 15. “Paragon is a national company which provides private 4 security services, cybersecurity, and general protective services to a wide range of Federal 5 Government agencies in defense, intelligence, homeland security, and civil sectors.” Decl. of 6 Laura Hagan i.s.o. Opp’n, ¶ 3, ECF No. 19-1 (“Hagan Opp’n Decl.”). 7 On December 27, 2024, Robertson filed this wage and hour class action on behalf of a 8 putative class of “[a]ll persons who worked for any Defendant in California as an hourly-paid or 9 non-exempt employee at any time during the period beginning four years before the filing of the 10 initial complaint in this action and ending when notice to the Class is sent.” Compl. ¶ 24. The 11 complaint asserts eight causes of action: (1) failure to pay minimum and straight time wages, (2) 12 failure to pay overtime wages, (3) failure to provide meal periods, (4) failure to authorize and 13 permit rest periods, (5) failure to timely pay final wages at termination, (6) failure to provide 14 accurate itemized wage statements, (7) failure to indemnify employees for expenditures, and (8) 15 unfair business practices pursuant to Business and Professions Code §§ 17200, et seq. See 16 generally Compl. Plaintiff brings each cause of action on behalf of himself and the putative class. 17 Id. at 22. 18 On January 31, 2025, Paragon removed the case to federal court pursuant to the Class 19 Action Fairness Act (“CAFA”), 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332(d) and 1441(a) and (b), asserting that the 20 minimum diversity exists, the number of proposed class members is more than 100, and the 21 amount in controversy exceeds $5,000,000. Notice of Removal ¶ 9. In support of removal to 22 federal court, Paragon submitted a declaration from the Vice President of Labor Relations and 23 General Counsel, Laura Hagan. Decl. of Laura Hagan, ECF No. 1-4 (“Hagan Removal Decl.”). 24 The declaration contains information about Paragon’s non-exempt hourly employees. Robertson 25 now moves to remand this case to state court for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See generally 26

27 1 Plaintiff states in other portions of the complaint that he worked for Defendants in Sacramento 1 Mot. 2 II. LEGAL STANDARD 3 A defendant may remove a case from state court to federal court only if the federal court 4 would have originally had subject matter jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a); see Caterpillar Inc. v. 5 Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 392 (1987) (“Only state-court actions that originally could have been filed 6 in federal court may be removed to federal court by the defendant.”). “If at any time before final 7 judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be 8 remanded.” 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). 9 CAFA gives federal courts jurisdiction over class actions where there are at least 100 class 10 members, at least one plaintiff is diverse in citizenship from any defendant, and the amount in 11 controversy exceeds $5,000,000. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2), (d)(5)(B); see Ibarra v. Manheim Invs., 12 Inc., 775 F.3d 1193, 1195 (9th Cir. 2015). The removing party bears the burden of establishing 13 that CAFA’s jurisdictional requirements have been met. Abrego Abrego v. The Dow Chem. Co., 14 443 F.3d 676, 683–685 (9th Cir. 2006); Serrano v. 180 Connect, Inc., 478 F.3d 1018, 1021–22 15 (9th Cir. 2007). The removing party must file a notice of removal containing a short and plain 16 statement of the grounds for removal, 28 U.S.C. § 1446(a), which must include a “plausible 17 allegation that the amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional threshold.” De Vega v. Baxter 18 Healthcare Corp., 507 F. Supp. 3d 1214, 1216 (N.D. Cal. 2019) (quoting Ibarra, 775 F.3d at 19 1197). 20 In determining the amount in controversy, courts first look to the allegations in the 21 complaint. Ibarra, 775 F.3d at 1197. If the complaint does not state the amount in controversy, 22 the defendant’s notice of removal may do so. Dart Cherokee Basin Operating Co., LLC v. Owens, 23 574 U.S. 81, 84 (2014). If the amount in controversy alleged by the defendant is contested by the 24 plaintiff or questioned by the court, the defendant must show by a preponderance of the evidence 25 that the amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional threshold. Id. at 82, 88. “The parties 26 may submit evidence outside the complaint, including affidavits or declarations, or other 27 ‘summary-judgment-type evidence relevant to the amount in controversy at the time of removal.’” 1 (9th Cir. 1997)). Defendants are permitted to make reasonable assumptions when calculating the 2 amount in controversy. Jauregui v. Roadrunner Transportation Servs., Inc., 28 F.4th 989, 993 3 (9th Cir. 2022). But “[m]ere speculation and conjecture” are insufficient to establish removal 4 jurisdiction. Ibarra, 775 F.3d at 1197; see also id. at 1199 (“[A]ssumptions cannot be pulled from 5 thin air but need some reasonable ground underlying them.”); Salazar v. Johnson & Johnson 6 Consumer Inc., No. 2:18-CV-05884-SJO-E, 2018 WL 4560683, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 19, 2018) 7 (“Courts have routinely remanded cases where amount in controversy calculations rely on 8 speculative assumptions unsupported by evidence.”); Contreras v. J.R. Simplot Co., No. 2:17– 9 CV–00585–KJM–EFB, 2017 WL 4457228, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 6, 2017) (“When the defendant 10 relies on a chain of reasoning that includes assumptions to satisfy its burden of proof, the chain of 11 reasoning and its underlying assumptions must be reasonable, and not constitute mere speculation 12 and conjecture.”). Assumptions can, however, “be ‘founded on the allegations of the complaint’ 13 and do not necessarily need to be supported by evidence.” Perez v. Rose Hills Co., 131 F.4th 804, 14 808 (9th Cir. 2025) (citation omitted). 15 III. DISCUSSION 16 To determine if removal is proper, the Court assesses whether this case meets each of 17 CAFA’s three threshold requirements. There is no dispute that the first two requirements are 18 satisfied. There is diversity of citizenship as Robertson is domiciled in California, and Paragon is 19 formed under the laws of Alabama and is headquartered in Herndon, Virginia. Hagan Removal 20 Decl. ¶¶ 4-5. As to class size, Paragon contends that it “currently employs approximately 1,031 21 individuals on an hourly basis in California” and explains that, additionally, “there are 22 approximately 625 hourly, nonexempt California employees who separated from employment 23 from 2022 through March 23, 2025.”2 Hagan Removal Decl. ¶ 6, Hagan Opp’n Decl. ¶ 7. 24 Robertson does not contest that the class size exceeds 100 members. See generally Mot. 25 There is a dispute about the third factor — whether the amount in controversy exceeds 26

27 2 In their various calculations of the amount in controversy, Defendants utilize the number of 1 $5,000,000. Plaintiff’s complaint does not specify an amount in controversy. In their notice of 2 removal, Defendants estimate that Plaintiff’s meal period claim alone amounts to $38,798,592. 3 Notice ¶ 32. In their opposition, Defendants provide additional estimates for Plaintiff’s other 4 claims: $6,888,960 for overtime; $4,288,960 for rest break violations; $6,000,000 for waiting time 5 penalties; and $6,624,000 for the wage statement violations. See generally Opp’n. “To the extent 6 the Defendants opposition contains new facts or calculations, the Court treats them ‘as an 7 amendment to [their] notice of removal.’” Bonezzi v. Ulta Salon, Cosms. & Fragrance, Inc., No. 8 24-CV-06916-JST, 2025 WL 2048530, at *2 (N.D. Cal. July 22, 2025) (citing Cohn v. Petsmart, 9 Inc., 281 F.3d 837, 840 n.1 (9th Cir. 2002)). Collectively, Defendants’ estimates amount to 10 $62,600,512, plus an additional 25% for attorney’s fees. 11 Defendants’ calculations are based on unreasonable and unsupported assumptions, 12 including violation rates. For example, in calculating the amount in controversy for the meal 13 period claim, Defendants assume a 100% violation rate – a violation for every employee, twice a 14 week, every week during the class period. Notice of Removal ¶ 15. Defendants assert that this 15 calculation “results in an amount in controversy just on his meal period claim alone of 16 $38,798,592 ($14.00 [one hour of pay] x 2 days per workweek x 192 workweeks x 1,031 17 employees),” which — irrespective of the accuracy of the underlying assumptions — is 18 mathematically incorrect.3 Id. Although Defendants made reasonable estimates in terms of the 19 hourly pay (by utilizing $14.00 per hour as opposed to the “$40.00 average hourly rate” of 20 Paragon employees), Defendants ignored Plaintiff’s allegation that the violations occurred “at 21 times” and instead calculated more than 2,000 violations a week (twice a week for every hourly 22 employee). Opp’n at 14. Further, Plaintiff does not allege that 100% of former employees 23 experienced those violations. At best Plaintiff indicates that Defendants had a pattern of behavior 24 that effected some employees at varying frequency, which does not support Defendants’ 25

26 3 It is unclear to the Court how Defendants calculated the sum of $38,798,592. $14.00 [one hour of pay] x 2 days per workweek x 192 workweeks x 1,031 employees equals $5,542,656. 27 Defendants appear to have multiplied this sum by 7 to reach their total, however, it is unclear to 1 assumption of a 100% violation rate. Ibarra, 775 F.3d at 1198-99 (stating “[w]e agree with the 2 district court that a ‘pattern and practice’ of doing something does not necessarily mean always 3 doing something”). Additionally, Defendants did not account for Plaintiff’s allegation that “some, 4 but not necessarily all” of the class members would be eligible to recover when calculating the 5 amount based on all 1,031 employees. A violation rate of two missed meal breaks from all 6 employees every work week is not reflective of Plaintiff’s allegations of missing meals “at times” 7 for “some, but not necessarily all” class members. 8 Defendants have similarly failed to explain their assumption of a 100% violation rate for 9 Plaintiff’s overtime claim. Defendants have not shown that it is more likely than not that every 10 putative class member suffered at least one underlying overtime violation per week for every week 11 of the statute of limitations period. See Opp’n at 14. 12 For Plaintiff’s rest break claim calculation, Defendants assume a substantially more 13 conservative violation rate of 10%. However, Defendants still do not share their reasoning for 14 choosing that rate, or how that rate reflects Plaintiff’s allegations that the rest break violations 15 occurred “at times” for “some, but not necessarily all” class members. Without some explanation, 16 it is not possible for the Court to evaluate the reasonableness of Defendants’ assumptions 17 regarding the amount in controversy for these claims. 18 Additionally, Defendants’ calculations on Plaintiff’s waiting time penalties and wage 19 statement claims are unreasonable. These claims are derivative of Plaintiffs’ other claims. For 20 these calculations, Defendants again assumed a 100% violation rate for every former employee, 21 despite Plaintiff’s allegations that the violations occurred “at times” for “some of, but not 22 necessarily all” of the class. Opp’n at 14-16; see e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 60, 67. For their waiting time 23 penalties calculation, Defendants also failed to explain the basis for their assumption of an eight- 24 hour shift for every former employee. Defendants provided no evidence that all “625 hourly, non- 25 exempt California employees who separated from employment from 2022 through March 23, 26 2025” were either full-time employees, or employees who always worked eight-hour shifts. 27 Opp’n at 15. 1 assessing the amount in controversy requirement, courts consider the “future attorneys’ fees 2 recoverable by statute or contract.” Fritsch v. Swift Transportation Co. of Arizona, LLC, 899 F.3d 3 785, 794 (9th Cir. 2018). “[C]alculation of future attorneys’ fees is limited by the applicable 4 contractual or statutory requirements that allow fee-shifting in the first place.” Id. at 796. Here, 5 Defendants calculate attorneys’ fees as equal to 25 percent of the amount in controversy on 6 Plaintiff’s substantive claims. As an initial matter, it is not reasonable to assume a benchmark 25 7 percent attorneys’ fee in this case. “In reviewing CAFA amount-in-controversy disputes, the 8 Ninth Circuit has expressly declined to adopt a per se rule that the attorneys’ fees should be 9 assumed to equal 25 percent of the estimated damages.” Banuelos v. Dominos Pizza LLC, No. 10 5:24-CV-07085-BLF, 2025 WL 786350, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 12, 2025) (citing Fritsch, 899 F.3d 11 at 794). Defendants appear to acknowledge this and focus instead on arguing that “[t]wenty-five 12 percent of the amount is the ‘benchmark’ for reasonable attorneys’ fees.” Opp’n at 17. However, 13 Defendants’ calculation of attorneys’ fees ignores the applicable statutory requirements that allow 14 fee-shifting in the first place. Fritsch, 899 F.3d at 794. For example, while employees can 15 recover attorneys’ fees in civil actions for “the unpaid balance of . . . minimum wage or overtime 16 compensation,” Cal. Lab. Code § 1194(a), this section does not permit recovery of attorneys’ fees 17 “to employees who prevail on a section 226.7 action for the nonprovision of statutorily mandated 18 rest periods.” Kirby v. Immoos Fire Prot., Inc., 53 Cal. 4th 1244, 1254 (2012). It is therefore not 19 a given that Plaintiff can recover any attorneys’ fees on certain claims, let alone 25% on all claims. 20 Moreover, as explained above, Defendants’ underlying calculations are based on unreasonable 21 assumptions; it is equally unreasonable to rely on those unsupported calculations as the foundation 22 for the attorneys’ fees estimate. 23 “Where a defendant’s assumption is unreasonable on its face without comparison to a 24 better alternative, a district court may be justified in simply rejecting that assumption and 25 concluding that the defendant failed to meet its burden.” Jauregui, 28 F.4th at 996. “District 26 courts in this circuit have thus declined to ‘propose a reasonable violation rate . . . as the Court 27 need only weigh the reasonableness of the removing party’s assumptions, not supply further ] *2 (N.D. Cal. May 29, 2024). Here, Defendants’ assumptions about the amount in controversy for 2 || Plaintiff's claims are unreasonable on their face. Thus, the Court rejects these assumptions and 3 finds that Defendants have not shown by a preponderance of the evidence that the amount in 4 controversy exceeds $5,000,000. 5 IV. REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE 6 Along with the motion to remand, Plaintiff asks the Court to take judicial notice of 26 state 7 || court cases and their contents. Request for Judicial Notice, ECF No 18. The Court declines to 8 || rule on Plaintiffs request, as the Court did not rely on the documents in resolving the present 9 || motion. 10 V. CONCLUSION 11 Because Defendants have not shown by a preponderance of the evidence that the amount in 12 || controversy exceeds $5,000,000, they have not satisfied their burden of establishing jurisdiction 13 || under CAFA. Accordingly, the Court REMANDS this case to the Santa Clara County Superior 14 || Court. IT IS SO ORDERED. a 16 || Dated: October 3, 2025 ,

Noél Wise 18 United States District Judge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28