In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
________________ NO. 09-21-00116-CR NO. 09-21-00117-CR ________________
ROBERT RODRIGUEZ VILLARREAL, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee ________________________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the 128th District Court Orange County, Texas Trial Cause Nos. A190059-R, A190060-R ________________________________________________________________________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury found Robert Rodriguez Villarreal guilty of the second-degree felony
offense of burglary of a habitation and the state jail felony offense of unauthorized
use of a motor vehicle arising from the same incident. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§
30.02(c)(2), 31.07. Villarreal pled true to two enhancements. He was sentenced to
thirty-five years of confinement for burglary of a habitation and 180 days plus a
$2,000 fine for unauthorized use of a motor vehicle. In four issues, Villarreal
1 complains that the trial court: (1) abused its discretion by not allowing the defense
to admit Villarreal’s entire statement to the alleged victim, in violation of the rule of
optional completeness; (2) erred by denying his objections when the State informed
the panel during voir dire of his prior convictions in violation of a motion in limine;
(3) abused its discretion by requiring Villarreal to appear for trial unshaven and
without a haircut in violation of the court’s pretrial order; and (4) erred by not
granting Villarreal credit against his burglary sentence for the entire time he spent
incarcerated since his arrest for criminal trespass of a habitation. For the following
reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgments.
PERTINENT BACKGROUND
In July of 2018, while driving his truck home from vacation in Montana, D.P.1
received a phone call from the automobile dealership where he had purchased the
truck.2 A dealership employee told D.P. that Villarreal was there trying to pick up
D.P.’s truck.3 The dealership’s general manager testified Villarreal arrived with
D.P.’s truck key which still had the dealer’s sticker with the stock number affixed.
Villarreal provided his name and told the dealership he was there to pick up D.P.’s
truck. The general manager decided to call D.P. while Villarreal was at the
1 We identify the complainant by his initials. See Tex. Const. art. I, § 30(a) (granting crime victims “the right to be treated with fairness and with respect for the victim’s dignity and privacy throughout the criminal justice process”). 2 D.P. estimated he purchased the truck in March 2018. 3 Villarreal’s father was D.P.’s neighbor. 2 dealership and let him know what happened. D.P. testified that he had not given
Villarreal permission to retrieve his truck and was driving the truck himself when he
received the call. The general manager advised Villarreal that they did not have the
truck, and Villarreal became agitated. The general manager followed Villarreal
outside and noticed that he left the dealership in a black Scion vehicle. D.P. owned
a black Scion, which he left parked at his residence during his vacation.
D.P. arrived at his home to find Villarreal inside sitting on his couch.
Villarreal addressed D.P. by his first name, and Villarreal told him he would never
hurt him. D.P. then left his home and contacted the police, who located Villarreal in
D.P.’s back yard and arrested him for criminal trespass of a habitation. Upon
inspection, D.P. observed that his Scion vehicle was not parked in the exact location
where he left it, it had less gas in it than when he left it, and a large change jar from
inside his home was moved to the back seat of the Scion and was missing change.
D.P. testified he had not given Villarreal or anyone else permission to be in his home,
retrieve his truck, use his Scion, or remove his keys and change jar.
ISSUE ONE: OPTIONAL COMPLETENESS
In his first issue, Villarreal complains that the trial court abused its discretion
by not allowing the defense to admit Villarreal’s entire statement to D.P. in violation
of Texas Rule of Evidence 107’s optional completeness requirement. See Tex. R.
Evid. 107. We review a trial court’s ruling on the admission of evidence for an abuse
3 of discretion. See Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 217 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). A
trial court abuses its discretion when its decision lies “outside the zone of reasonable
disagreement.” See id. (quoting Apolinar v. State, 155 S.W.3d 184, 186 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2005)).
A hearsay statement is generally inadmissible unless it falls within a
recognized exception to the hearsay rule. See id.; see also Tex. R. Evid. 802 (general
rule against hearsay). Texas Rule of Evidence 107, the optional completeness rule,
is one such exception. See Walters, 247 S.W.3d at 217. That rule provides in part
that
[i]f a party introduces part of an act, declaration, conversation, writing, or recorded statement, an adverse party may inquire into any other part on the same subject. An adverse party may also introduce any other act, declaration, conversation, writing, or recorded statement that is necessary to explain or allow the trier of fact to fully understand the part offered by the opponent. . . .
Tex. R. Evid. 107. The rule’s purpose is “to reduce the possibility of the jury
receiving a false impression from hearing only a part of some act, conversation or
writing.” See Walters, 247 S.W.3d at 218.
D.P. testified that when he discovered Villarreal in his home, Villarreal told
him that he would not hurt him, which D.P. again confirmed during the defense’s
cross-examination. The following exchange occurred:
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And Robert said, “I’d never hurt you, [D.P.].” [D.P.]: Something to that effect, yes. [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And he told you that somebody else - - 4 [PROSECUTOR]: Objection, Your Honor. This goes to hearsay, and it is not with a valid exception. THE COURT: Okay. What is your response? [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Rule of optional completeness, Judge. If they get to tell part of the conversation, we ought to be able to tell the rest of it. THE COURT: That objection is sustained. I do not believe that exception applies to this context.
Villarreal contends that he should have also been allowed to question D.P.
about the remainder of what Villarreal told D.P. In his brief, Villarreal asserts that
he told D.P. someone else broke into his home, which the defense had mentioned
during opening statements. Villarreal argues that the jury only heard part of the
conversation he had with D.P., leaving them with a false impression, and that had
his full statement to D.P. been allowed, it would have explained his presence in the
house and provided exculpatory evidence that someone else had been there and
broken into D.P.’s home. The State counters that D.P. failed to make a proffer
regarding what evidence the remainder of Villarreal’s statement to D.P. contained.
A party seeking admission of evidence must inform the court of the substance
of the excluded evidence by an offer of proof unless the substance is apparent from
the context. Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(2); Mays v. State, 285 S.W.3d 884, 889 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2009). The offer of proof may consist of a concise statement by counsel or be
in question-and-answer form. Mays, 285 S.W.3d at 889. If a statement, the proffer
“must include a reasonably specific summary of the evidence offered and must state
the relevance of the evidence unless the relevance is apparent, so that the trial court 5 can determine whether the evidence is relevant and admissible.” Id. at 889–890
(citation omitted).
When the State raised its hearsay objection to the defense questioning D.P.
about what Villarreal told him, the substance of the excluded statement was not
apparent from the context and there was no proffer. We do not know what Villarreal
told D.P. about “somebody else.” Absent an offer of proof, we decline to speculate
about the nature of D.P.’s excluded testimony. See Watts v. State, 371 S.W.3d 448,
464 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.) (declining to speculate about
the nature of excluded testimony in the absence of an offer of proof). Without
knowing the content of this excluded statement or its context, we cannot determine
whether the trial court erred and if so, whether it was harmful. Villarreal has failed
to preserve this point for our review. See Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(2); Mays, 285 S.W.3d
at 889; Watts, 371 S.W.3d at 463–64.
Villarreal points to the defense’s opening statement to show the content of this
conversation. “The State’s recitation of the evidence it expected to introduce is not
evidence, but is in the nature of an opening statement made prior to the introduction
of any evidence.” Cabrera v. State, 513 S.W.3d 35, 39 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d) (citations omitted). The plain language of Rule 103, notes
that an offer of proof must be made “if the ruling excludes evidence[.]” Tex. R. Evid.
103(a)(2). During opening statements, no ruling had been made excluding the
6 evidence. Thus, it was impossible for an opening statement to show the substance of
evidence the court had not yet excluded. We overrule Villarreal’s first issue.
ISSUE TWO: VOIR DIRE
In his second issue, Villarreal complains the trial court erred by denying his
objections to the State’s comments to the jury panel about his prior convictions
during voir dire. The conduct of the voir dire examination is within the trial court’s
sound discretion. Mendoza v. State, 552 S.W.2d 444, 447 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977).
During voir dire while discussing punishment ranges, the State stated that
“you may also hear evidence of prior criminal convictions for Mr. Villarreal. In the
event that he has one prior felony conviction, the punishment range changes.” The
defense objected and asserted that the State told jurors Villarreal had a prior
conviction then asked the court to instruct the panel to disregard the questioning.
The State countered that it did not specify there were other convictions but instead
there may be, which it contended was a proper line of questioning for determining
whether the jury could consider the full range of punishment. The court admonished
the State to clarify it was not suggesting Villarreal had prior convictions, and then
denied Villarreal’s request for an instruction and mistrial, noting that any instruction
would call extra attention to it. The State proceeded with the following:
Okay. So, there may be evidence that you might hear which can increase the punishment range. Okay? It could be increased up to what they call a first degree felony, which in that case the punishment range would be 5 to life or 99 years. 7 Now, again, without knowing exactly what those facts are, I cannot tell you at this time. Can anybody here not consider the full punishment range of 5 to 99 years for a burglary of a habitation case?
Villarreal’s substantive complaint appears to be that the State improperly informed
the jury panel about Villarreal’s prior convictions during voir dire which denied him
a fair trial.4
“[A] prosecutor may inform the jury panel of the range of punishment
applicable if the State were to prove a prior conviction for enhancement purposes,
but it may not inform the jury of any of the specific allegations contained in the
enhancement paragraph of a particular defendant’s indictment.” Frausto v. State,
642 S.W.2d 506, 509 (Tex. Crim. App. [panel op.] 1982). During voir dire, both
sides have the right to discuss punishment ranges. Barnett v. State, 344 S.W.3d 6,
20 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, pet. ref’d). “The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
has stated repeatedly that both the state and the accused have the right to inform the
jury of the range of punishment applicable to an offense, including a range that is
enhanced, and to qualify the panel on the full range of punishment.” Id. (quoting
Jackson v. State, 285 S.W.3d 181, 183–84 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2009, no pet.)).
4 Although in his brief he raises the motion in limine, Villarreal never advised the trial court that the State’s conduct violated a pretrial ruling on his motion in limine. To the extent he urges a violation of a motion in limine, his complaint on appeal does not comport with the complaint made at trial. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Clark v. State, 365 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (stating that complaint on appeal must comport with objection made at trial). 8 We disagree that the State’s comments, either singly or cumulatively,
informed the panel of Villarreal’s convictions. The State’s comments were couched
in terms of evidence the jury “may also hear” or “might hear” of convictions, and
“in the event that he has one felony conviction” then the punishment range would
change. The State specifically apprised the jury that “without knowing exactly what
those facts are, I cannot tell you at this time.” The prosecutor explained that there
were certain things the jury would not hear during the first phase of the trial, but may
hear during the punishment phase. The prosecutor discussed a general legal principle
during voir dire rather than referencing Villarreal’s specific character traits or
criminal offenses. See Woods v. State, 569 S.W.2d 901, 904 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978)
(explaining that prosecutor’s comment that defendant’s prior criminal record could
be introduced during punishment phase was a correct statement of the law and did
not inform the panel that the defendant had a prior criminal record). The State did
not inform the panel about any specific allegations in the enhancement paragraphs
and was within its rights to question the panel about the full range of punishment
that may be applicable to the case. See Frausto, 642 S.W.2d at 509; Barnett, 344
S.W.3d at 20. We overrule this issue.
ISSUE THREE: DEFENDANT’S APPEARANCE DURING VOIR DIRE
In his third issue, Villarreal argues the trial court abused its discretion by
requiring him to appear for trial unshaven and without a haircut in violation of a
9 pretrial order. In support of his argument, Villarreal cites to Estrelle v. Williams, 425
U.S. 501, 505 (1976), holding it is unfair to try a defendant in prison clothing. The
defense requested that Villarreal be given a haircut and shave before trial, and the
trial court agreed to instruct the jail accordingly. The record reflected that the jail
failed to do so, and Villarreal appeared with a three-inch beard the morning voir dire
commenced. Villarreal’s counsel then requested a recess or continuance to
accomplish the haircut and shave, which the trial court denied. The trial court
explained that she communicated the request to the sheriff’s office, but it was not
fulfilled. The trial court stated Villarreal was dressed in street clothes, his hair was
combed, and he “looks quite nice[.]”
“[T]he inability to shower and shave, by itself, while possibly portraying an
unprofessional appearance, would not badge someone as a criminal in the jury’s eyes
in the same way as wearing a prison uniform or being shackled.” Musgrove v. State,
425 S.W.3d 601, 610 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d) (citing U.S.
v. Casey, 540 F.2d 811, 816–17 (5th Cir. 1976)). The record before us does not
reflect that Villarreal looked disheveled, unkempt, or unclean in front of the jury.
See id. (noting same). In fact, the record indicated the contrary. The record also
shows that before the guilt-innocence phase began, Villarreal received a shave and
haircut. On this record, we cannot conclude that Villarreal’s lack of a haircut or
shave prior to voir dire adversely impacted his appearance before the jury to an
10 extent that would deprive him of a fair trial. See id. (concluding same when appellant
was not allowed to shower or shave before trial). The cases addressing defendants
appearing in prison clothing or shackles reason that they are constant reminders of
guilt and contradict a presumption of innocence in criminal cases, which we find
distinguishable from a lack of haircut or shave. See Casey, 540 F.2d at 816–17
(finding that any prejudice arising from denial of continuance for defendant to
shower and change clothes was harmless and distinguishing case from cases holding
it unfair to try defendants in prison attire, because “no constitutional violation occurs
so long as [the defendant’s] dress does not badge him as a criminal, in the jury’s
eyes, as is the case with prison uniforms”). We overrule this issue.
ISSUE FOUR: CREDIT FOR TIME SERVED
In his final issue, Villarreal asserts the trial court erred by not crediting time
against his burglary sentence for time he had spent incarcerated since his arrest for
criminal trespass of a habitation. In all criminal cases, the trial judge shall give the
defendant credit on his sentence for the time he has spent “in jail for the case . . . and
excluding confinement served as a condition of community supervision, from the
time of his arrest and confinement until his sentence by the trial court[.]” Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.03 § 2(a)(1). Article 42.03 only entitles a defendant to credit
for the time he is incarcerated as to the case in which he is ultimately tried and
convicted. See Collins v. State, 318 S.W.3d 471, 473 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2010,
11 pet. ref’d); see also Bertrand v. State, No. 09-14-00374-CR, 2015 WL 2125266, at
*2 (Tex. App.—Beaumont May 6, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication).
Whenever a defendant can show indisputably that he has been denied jail-time credit for a period of pre-trial incarceration for the identical ‘case’ for which he was convicted and sentenced, he is entitled to relief from the convicting court in the form of a judgment nunc pro tunc and, failing that, by writ of mandamus in the court of appeals.
In re Brown, 343 S.W.3d 803, 805 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citations omitted).
After his conviction, Villarreal filed a Motion for Judgment Nunc Pro Tunc
requesting credit for time served since his probable cause arrest for criminal trespass.
Citing Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 17.033 Villarreal argues that the
Orange County Jail did not have the authority to release him on this charge because
there was no dismissal filed, an acquittal after trial, or the posting of a bond, and
Villarreal has remained incarcerated continuously since his “on-view arrest” for
criminal trespass of a habitation on July 20, 2018. Villarreal contends that because
there was no bond posted, the sheriff did not have the authority to release him.
According to the State, no formal charges had been filed which would explain the
lack of a dismissal, and after the expiration of the statutory period, the Orange
County Sheriff released Villarreal on the criminal trespass when no formal charges
had yet been filed. Villarreal remained in custody, though, because he had
outstanding warrants on unrelated charges from Comal County, Texas and was
12 eventually transported into the custody of the Texas Department of Corrections.
There is nothing in the record to show that Orange County had or placed a hold on
Villarreal during this period. The clerk’s record reveals that a grand jury indicted
Villarreal with the present burglary of a habitation and unauthorized use of a motor
vehicle charges for which a capias issued on February 27, 2019.
Nothing in the record before us establishes that after the expiration of the
probable cause hold for the criminal trespass of a habitation, Villarreal was
incarcerated on the identical charges of burglary of a habitation and unauthorized
use of a motor vehicle as opposed to being incarcerated on the Comal County
charges. When a person having a criminal case in one jurisdiction is confined, either
physically or constructively, by another jurisdiction, he is confined on “said cause”
only if a detainer or “hold” is lodged against him by the first jurisdiction. Ex parte
Bynum, 772 S.W.2d 113, 114 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989).
At the hearing on the Motion for Judgment Nunc Pro Tunc, the State and
defense argued how different statutes applied in this specific case. The purpose of a
nunc pro tunc judgment is to provide the trial court with a method to correct the
record when there is a discrepancy between the judgment pronounced in court and
the judgment reflected in the record. Blanton v. State, 369 S.W.3d 894, 897–98 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2012); Collins v. State, 240 S.W.3d 925, 928 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007);
see Tex. R. App. P. 23.1. Corrections are limited to clerical errors and “are not
13 appropriate for errors involving judicial reasoning.” Blanton, 369 S.W.3d at 898; see
also Ex parte Poe, 751 S.W.2d 873, 876 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). The determination
of whether an error is clerical or judicial is a matter of law, but a nunc pro
tunc judgment is improper if it modifies, changes, or alters the original judgment
pronounced in court, or has the effect of making a new order. See Blanton, 369
S.W.3d at 898 (citing Poe, 751 S.W.2d at 876; Ex parte Dickerson, 702 S.W.2d 657,
658 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986)).
In its ruling the trial court explained,
So, after review of the statute and some relevant cases, the Court is going to deny the motion and give the defendant credit from the time he was arrested until he was released by our jail after the accusation expired and, then, the time credited from the date of the indictment until the date of sentence and, then obviously, he was sentenced to prison. So, then, he would be given credit from the date of sentence forward.
There was not a clerical error that needed correction, i.e., a discrepancy between the
time credited in the sentence pronounced and the written judgment. Rather, the
Motion for Judgment Nunc Pro Tunc asking the court to interpret statutory
provisions and apply them to the facts at hand involved judicial reasoning. See
Collins, 240 S.W.3d at 928. Villarreal failed to indisputably show that he has been
denied jail-time credit for a period of pre-trial incarceration for the identical “case”
for which he was convicted and sentenced. See In re Brown, 343 S.W.3d at 805.
Accordingly, the trial court did not err by denying the Motion for Judgment Nunc
14 Pro Tunc. See id. We overrule this issue. Having overruled all of Villarreal’s issues,
we affirm the judgments of the trial court.
AFFIRMED.
________________________________ W. SCOTT GOLEMON Chief Justice
Submitted on April 4, 2022 Opinion Delivered April 13, 2022 Do Not Publish
Before Golemon, C.J., Kreger and Johnson, JJ.