WISDOM, Circuit Judge.
The narrow question for review is the constitutionality of the Federal Anti-Wagering Law, 18 U.S.C. § 1084,
as applied in the circumstances of this case.
The appellants were convicted for transmitting wagers and wagering information by telephone in interstate commerce — between Houston, Texas and Las Vegas, Nevada. They waived trial by jury and stipulated with government counsel that the factual allegations of count 3 of the indictment were true.
It was also stipulated that all of the telephone calls upon which count was predicated were made
from
Houston
to
Las Vegas. The appellants were convicted upon the stipulated record and appealed to this Court
on the sole issue of the constitutionality of section 1084. We find that section constitutional as applied to the transmission of wagers from Texas to Nevada and thus affirm the judgment of the district court.
* -X- *
This is not the first constitutional attack on section 1084. Without exception, however, the attack has failed. Section 1084 is (1) within the scope of Congressional power under the commerce clause (United States v. Kelley, S.D.N.Y. 1966, 254 F.Supp. 9; United States v. Borgese, S.D.N.Y.1964, 235 F.Supp. 286); (2) not contrary to the First Amendment (United States v. Kelley; United States v. Borgese; United States v. Smith, E.D.Ill.1962, 209 F.Supp. 907); (3) not void for vagueness (United States v. Borgese; United States v. Smith); and (4) not in derogation of the police power reserved to the states through the Tenth Amendment (United States v. Kelley; United States v. Bor-gese). It has been held constitutional even when applied to transmission of wagers between two points in the same state when the transmission crosses state borders. United States v. Yaquinta, N.D.W.Va.1962, 204 F.Supp. 276. In the most recent case involving interpretation of section 1084, its constitutionality was not even challenged. Sagansky v. United States, 1 Cir. 1966, 358 F.2d 195. Furthermore, section 1952, a complementary enactment prohibiting travel or transportation in aid of racketeering enterprises,
uniformly has been upheld throughout various constitutional attacks.
We are here presented with a new thrust: The appellants argue that since they were convicted for transmitting wagers to Nevada, where such wagering is legal, section 1084 is being applied unconstitutionally “to defeat the policies of Nevada while not aiding the enforcement of the laws of any other State.” We find that the contentions upon which this constitutional argument is based are erroneous, misleading, and irrelevant.
I.
There is no denying that Nevada favors legal gambling of almost any kind; gambling represents perhaps its most obvious and pervasive state-fostered institution.
“Nevada’s principal industry, we say is tourism. The tourists come for many reasons to the State of Nevada. * * * Now it would be less than candid to say a great many people do not come into our State because we have some forms of legal gambling that other states do not have. * * * It is- a way of life.” Statement of Governor Grant Sawyer, of Nevada, on NBC Television “White Paper”, Sept. 6, 1966.
Strictly speaking, therefore, any denial of the channels of interstate commerce into or out of Nevada to the wagering world can be considered contrary to the policy of that state.
The appellants’ argument assumes that application of section 1084 in this case does not aid the enforcement of the laws of Texas. The relevant Texas statute provides:
No person in this State shall enter into an agreement with another, either orally, written or implied, whereby either one or both shall bet or wager money or anything of value, or otherwise become a party to any gambling scheme based upon the final result or outcome of any play or portion thereof of a game of baseball or football. Vernon’s Ann.Tex.P.C. art. 646 (1952).
The appellants suggest that this statute apparently would be inapplicable to wagers not concluded in Texas and, since wagers are contracts, United States v. Calamaro, 1957, 354 U.S. 351, 355, 77 S.Ct. 1138, 1 L.Ed.2d 1394, and a contract is made where accepted, the wagers in question were made in Nevada, not Texas. Corbin, Contracts § 79 (1952). Although this logical progression itself may be open to question, we may even assume its validity and yet arrive at a result contrary to that propounded by the appellants. For the Texas statute refers to wagering by a “person in this State”; had the legislature desired the construction asserted by the appellants, the article would have been written to prohibit entering “into an agreement in this State”.
II.
Reference to Nevada’s policies in the context of enforcement of this section is misleading. For it is clear that if the policy of Nevada is not “defeated” in some way, then the policy of every other state that prohibits what Nevada allows could be defeated. As Senator Morrill pointed out in the debate on the 1876 anti-lottery statute:
[I]t is obvious that if thirty-six States were to make the most penal statutes against lotteries, and the mails were open to one that allowed lotteries, the laws of the thirty-six States would be rendered nugatory, because all the people of the thirty-six States could obtain their tickets from this one State as well as though they were authorized from the whole. Therefore if the matter is allowed •to run through the mails, any laws by any State against lottery tickets are entirely valueless.
Furthermore, assistance to the states directly
was only part of the reason for enactment of section 1084. This section was part of an omnibus crime bill that recognized the need for independent federal action to combat interstate gambling operations.
Other sections prohibited interstate transportation of gambling paraphernalia, 18 U.S.C. § 1953, interstate transportation of gambling machines, 15 U.S.C. § 1171, and interstate travel in aid of racketeering, 18 U.S.C. § 1952. Moreover, this series of legislation does not stand alone, but appears as part of an independent federal policy aimed at those who would, in furtherance of any gambling activity, employ any means within direct federal control.
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WISDOM, Circuit Judge.
The narrow question for review is the constitutionality of the Federal Anti-Wagering Law, 18 U.S.C. § 1084,
as applied in the circumstances of this case.
The appellants were convicted for transmitting wagers and wagering information by telephone in interstate commerce — between Houston, Texas and Las Vegas, Nevada. They waived trial by jury and stipulated with government counsel that the factual allegations of count 3 of the indictment were true.
It was also stipulated that all of the telephone calls upon which count was predicated were made
from
Houston
to
Las Vegas. The appellants were convicted upon the stipulated record and appealed to this Court
on the sole issue of the constitutionality of section 1084. We find that section constitutional as applied to the transmission of wagers from Texas to Nevada and thus affirm the judgment of the district court.
* -X- *
This is not the first constitutional attack on section 1084. Without exception, however, the attack has failed. Section 1084 is (1) within the scope of Congressional power under the commerce clause (United States v. Kelley, S.D.N.Y. 1966, 254 F.Supp. 9; United States v. Borgese, S.D.N.Y.1964, 235 F.Supp. 286); (2) not contrary to the First Amendment (United States v. Kelley; United States v. Borgese; United States v. Smith, E.D.Ill.1962, 209 F.Supp. 907); (3) not void for vagueness (United States v. Borgese; United States v. Smith); and (4) not in derogation of the police power reserved to the states through the Tenth Amendment (United States v. Kelley; United States v. Bor-gese). It has been held constitutional even when applied to transmission of wagers between two points in the same state when the transmission crosses state borders. United States v. Yaquinta, N.D.W.Va.1962, 204 F.Supp. 276. In the most recent case involving interpretation of section 1084, its constitutionality was not even challenged. Sagansky v. United States, 1 Cir. 1966, 358 F.2d 195. Furthermore, section 1952, a complementary enactment prohibiting travel or transportation in aid of racketeering enterprises,
uniformly has been upheld throughout various constitutional attacks.
We are here presented with a new thrust: The appellants argue that since they were convicted for transmitting wagers to Nevada, where such wagering is legal, section 1084 is being applied unconstitutionally “to defeat the policies of Nevada while not aiding the enforcement of the laws of any other State.” We find that the contentions upon which this constitutional argument is based are erroneous, misleading, and irrelevant.
I.
There is no denying that Nevada favors legal gambling of almost any kind; gambling represents perhaps its most obvious and pervasive state-fostered institution.
“Nevada’s principal industry, we say is tourism. The tourists come for many reasons to the State of Nevada. * * * Now it would be less than candid to say a great many people do not come into our State because we have some forms of legal gambling that other states do not have. * * * It is- a way of life.” Statement of Governor Grant Sawyer, of Nevada, on NBC Television “White Paper”, Sept. 6, 1966.
Strictly speaking, therefore, any denial of the channels of interstate commerce into or out of Nevada to the wagering world can be considered contrary to the policy of that state.
The appellants’ argument assumes that application of section 1084 in this case does not aid the enforcement of the laws of Texas. The relevant Texas statute provides:
No person in this State shall enter into an agreement with another, either orally, written or implied, whereby either one or both shall bet or wager money or anything of value, or otherwise become a party to any gambling scheme based upon the final result or outcome of any play or portion thereof of a game of baseball or football. Vernon’s Ann.Tex.P.C. art. 646 (1952).
The appellants suggest that this statute apparently would be inapplicable to wagers not concluded in Texas and, since wagers are contracts, United States v. Calamaro, 1957, 354 U.S. 351, 355, 77 S.Ct. 1138, 1 L.Ed.2d 1394, and a contract is made where accepted, the wagers in question were made in Nevada, not Texas. Corbin, Contracts § 79 (1952). Although this logical progression itself may be open to question, we may even assume its validity and yet arrive at a result contrary to that propounded by the appellants. For the Texas statute refers to wagering by a “person in this State”; had the legislature desired the construction asserted by the appellants, the article would have been written to prohibit entering “into an agreement in this State”.
II.
Reference to Nevada’s policies in the context of enforcement of this section is misleading. For it is clear that if the policy of Nevada is not “defeated” in some way, then the policy of every other state that prohibits what Nevada allows could be defeated. As Senator Morrill pointed out in the debate on the 1876 anti-lottery statute:
[I]t is obvious that if thirty-six States were to make the most penal statutes against lotteries, and the mails were open to one that allowed lotteries, the laws of the thirty-six States would be rendered nugatory, because all the people of the thirty-six States could obtain their tickets from this one State as well as though they were authorized from the whole. Therefore if the matter is allowed •to run through the mails, any laws by any State against lottery tickets are entirely valueless.
Furthermore, assistance to the states directly
was only part of the reason for enactment of section 1084. This section was part of an omnibus crime bill that recognized the need for independent federal action to combat interstate gambling operations.
Other sections prohibited interstate transportation of gambling paraphernalia, 18 U.S.C. § 1953, interstate transportation of gambling machines, 15 U.S.C. § 1171, and interstate travel in aid of racketeering, 18 U.S.C. § 1952. Moreover, this series of legislation does not stand alone, but appears as part of an independent federal policy aimed at those who would, in furtherance of any gambling activity, employ any means within direct federal control.
III.
The appellants’ reference to state policy constitutes a challenge to Congressional power under the commerce clause to enact legislation that may contravene Nevada policy. It is in this constitutional context that reference to state policy becomes irrelevant.
The power of Congress under the commerce clause has been amply and ably discussed in legal literature.
That power clearly extends to an absolute prohibition, regardless of state public policy, Champion v. Ames, 1903, 188 U.S. 321, 23 S.Ct. 321, 47 L.Ed. 492, just as it does to an absolute absence of regulation, Brown v. Houston, 1885, 114 U.S. 622, 5 S.Ct. 1091, 29 L.Ed. 257. Congress has exercised that power to regulate — or prohibit, as the case may be — transportation of various articles, transmissions of various sorts, and travel of persons for various purposes in interstate commerce.
These regulations and prohibitions have been uniformly upheld.
Just as Congress has the power to prohibit all interstate shipments of intoxicants, Clark Distilling Co. v. Western Md. Ry., 242 U.S. 311, 37 S.Ct. 180, 61 L.Ed. 326, it also has the power to prohibit
all
interstate transmission of wagers. It cannot follow, therefore, that Congress does not have the power to prohibit
some
interstate transmission of wagers. Clark Distilling Co. v. Western Md. Ry., supra. In United States v. Fabrizio, 1966, 385 U.S. 263, 87 S.Ct. 457, 17 L.Ed.2d 351, the Supreme Court upheld section 1953 as applied to paraphernalia related to a legal lottery, specifically, the state-run New Hampshire lottery. Despite New Hampshire’s efforts, as amicus, to have the statute limited only to
illegal
lotteries, the Court recognized that this limitation would defeat one of the principal purposes of the section in that it would allow New Hampshire lottery acknowledgments to pass freely into states with local laws against lottery. 87 S.Ct. 457, 17 L.Ed.2d at 357.
Surely this decision is in many
ways in derogation of New Hampshire’s policy to promote its lottery.
Similarly, of course, the repercussion in states with no (or a low) minimum wages and hours laws did not inhibit Congress from constitutionally prohibiting from interstate commerce material produced in nonconforming conditions. United States v. Darby, 1941, 312 U.S. 100, 61 S.Ct. 451, 85 L.Ed. 609. As the Supreme Court had earlier pointed out:
The power of Congress under the commerce clause of the Constitution is the ultimate determining question. If the statute be a valid exercise of that power, how it may affect persons or states is not material to be considered. It is the supreme law of the land, and persons and states are subject to it. Hoke v. United States, 1913, 227 U.S. 308, 33 S.Ct. 281, 57 L.Ed. 523.
In short, Section 1084 is valid as applied to the facts of this case. The appellants’ convictions must stand. The judgment of the district court is affirmed.