In the Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-22-00149-CR
ROBERT JAMES WALLEN, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 354th District Court Hunt County, Texas Trial Court No. 33909CR
Before Stevens, C.J., van Cleef and Rambin, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Stevens MEMORANDUM OPINION
A Hunt County jury convicted Robert James Wallen of continuous sexual abuse of a
young child1 and sentenced him to imprisonment for life. On appeal, Wallen contends that the
trial court erred by not including instructions in the jury charge pursuant to Articles 38.21 and
38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure that allowed the jury (1) to evaluate the
voluntariness of his recorded statement and (2) to evaluate any warnings required by state law
and Miranda v. Arizona2 that were given him before he gave his statement. Because, under the
facts of this case, such instructions were not required, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
I. Background
Wallen’s complaints concern a recorded statement that he gave to Hunt County Sheriff’s
Office (HCSO) Investigator Julie Banasiak. After Banasiak watched the forensic interviews of
the three minor victims, she contacted Wallen, who agreed to meet her at the HCSO. Wallen’s
audio/video-recorded statement was introduced in evidence without objection and played for the
jury. The recording does not show that Wallen was given any of the warnings required by
Article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure before the statement was given. After
Wallen was seated and stated that he wondered if he should talk to an attorney, Banasiak
(1) informed him that he was not under arrest and that a report had been made,3 (2) stated that he
had come voluntarily on his own accord, and (3) assured him that the door was not locked. She
1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(b) (Supp.). 2 384 U.S. 436 (1966). 3 Banasiak did not inform Wallen of any of the details of the report until Wallen completed his statement. 2 then stated that, if at any time he did not want to talk to her, he was to tell her and she would
show him out. The record shows that Wallen did not file a motion to suppress his recorded
statement and that he did not contend by any other motion, objection, or other means in the trial
court that the statement was not voluntary or that he was in custody when he gave the statement.
The record also shows that he did not request that the complained-of instructions be included in
the jury charge or object to their absence from the jury charge.
II. Standard of Review
“We employ a two-step process in our review of alleged jury-charge error.” Murrieta v.
State, 578 S.W.3d 552, 554 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2019, no pet.) (citing Abdnor v. State, 871
S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)). “Initially, we determine whether error occurred and
then evaluate whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require reversal.” Id. (quoting
Wilson v. State, 391 S.W.3d 131, 138 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012, no pet.)).
“[T]he jury is the exclusive judge of the facts, but it is bound to receive the law from the
court and be governed thereby.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.
ANN. art. 36.13). “A trial court must submit a charge setting forth the ‘law applicable to the
case.’” Id. (quoting Lee v. State, 415 S.W.3d 915, 917 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, pet. ref’d)
(quoting TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14). “The purpose of the jury charge . . . is to
inform the jury of the applicable law and guide them in its application. It is not the function of
the charge merely to avoid misleading or confusing the jury: it is the function of the charge to
lead and prevent confusion.” Id. (quoting Lee, 415 S.W.3d at 917).
3 III. Analysis
Although it is not entirely clear, we construe Wallen’s brief to assert that the trial court
erred (1) by not sua sponte including a jury instruction pursuant to Section 6 of Article 38.224 to
allow the jury to evaluate whether his recorded statement was voluntary and (2) by not sua
sponte including a jury instruction pursuant to Section 7 of Article 38.225 to allow the jury to
evaluate any warnings required by state law and Miranda that were given him before he gave his
statement.
Because Wallen did not request those instructions at trial, “in order to obtain a reversal of
his conviction for the trial court’s failure to sua sponte provide these instructions, [he] must show
that they are ‘law applicable to the case’ and that he was ‘egregiously harmed’ by their absence.”
Estrada v. State, 313 S.W.3d 274, 299 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing Oursbourn v. State, 259
S.W.3d 159, 174–76 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g)). Further, “[t]he trial judge has an absolute sua sponte duty to
prepare a jury charge that accurately sets out the law applicable to the specific offense charged.”
Delgado v. State, 235 S.W.3d 244, 249 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Doyle v. State, 631
S.W.2d 732, 738 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982) (plurality op.) (op. on reh’g)).
4 Section 6 of Article 38.22 provides that, after the trial court finds that a defendant’s statement was voluntary, “evidence pertaining to such matter may be submitted to the jury and it shall be instructed that unless the jury believes beyond a reasonable doubt that the statement was voluntarily made, the jury shall not consider such statement for any purpose nor any evidence obtained as a result thereof.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 6. 5 Section 7 of Article 38.22 provides that, “[w]hen the issue is raised by the evidence, the trial judge shall appropriately instruct the jury, generally, on the law pertaining to such statement.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 7. 4 A. The Law Applicable to the Case Did Not Include a Section 6 Voluntariness Instruction
Generally, a defendant’s statement, whether custodial or non-custodial, “may be used in
evidence against him if it appears that the same was freely and voluntarily made without
compulsion or persuasion.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.21. Because Section 6 of
Article 38.22 “provides that only ‘voluntary’ statements may be admitted,” it “applies to both an
accused’s custodial and non-custodial statements.” Oursbourn v. State, 259 S.W.3d 159, 171
(Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (citing State v. Terrazas, 4 S.W.3d 720, 727 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)).
As the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has explained, under Section 6, raising a question “as to
the voluntariness of a statement” of the defendant, TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 6,
sets in motion “a chain of other requirements” under that statute that “culminate[s] in the
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In the Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-22-00149-CR
ROBERT JAMES WALLEN, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 354th District Court Hunt County, Texas Trial Court No. 33909CR
Before Stevens, C.J., van Cleef and Rambin, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Stevens MEMORANDUM OPINION
A Hunt County jury convicted Robert James Wallen of continuous sexual abuse of a
young child1 and sentenced him to imprisonment for life. On appeal, Wallen contends that the
trial court erred by not including instructions in the jury charge pursuant to Articles 38.21 and
38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure that allowed the jury (1) to evaluate the
voluntariness of his recorded statement and (2) to evaluate any warnings required by state law
and Miranda v. Arizona2 that were given him before he gave his statement. Because, under the
facts of this case, such instructions were not required, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
I. Background
Wallen’s complaints concern a recorded statement that he gave to Hunt County Sheriff’s
Office (HCSO) Investigator Julie Banasiak. After Banasiak watched the forensic interviews of
the three minor victims, she contacted Wallen, who agreed to meet her at the HCSO. Wallen’s
audio/video-recorded statement was introduced in evidence without objection and played for the
jury. The recording does not show that Wallen was given any of the warnings required by
Article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure before the statement was given. After
Wallen was seated and stated that he wondered if he should talk to an attorney, Banasiak
(1) informed him that he was not under arrest and that a report had been made,3 (2) stated that he
had come voluntarily on his own accord, and (3) assured him that the door was not locked. She
1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(b) (Supp.). 2 384 U.S. 436 (1966). 3 Banasiak did not inform Wallen of any of the details of the report until Wallen completed his statement. 2 then stated that, if at any time he did not want to talk to her, he was to tell her and she would
show him out. The record shows that Wallen did not file a motion to suppress his recorded
statement and that he did not contend by any other motion, objection, or other means in the trial
court that the statement was not voluntary or that he was in custody when he gave the statement.
The record also shows that he did not request that the complained-of instructions be included in
the jury charge or object to their absence from the jury charge.
II. Standard of Review
“We employ a two-step process in our review of alleged jury-charge error.” Murrieta v.
State, 578 S.W.3d 552, 554 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2019, no pet.) (citing Abdnor v. State, 871
S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)). “Initially, we determine whether error occurred and
then evaluate whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require reversal.” Id. (quoting
Wilson v. State, 391 S.W.3d 131, 138 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012, no pet.)).
“[T]he jury is the exclusive judge of the facts, but it is bound to receive the law from the
court and be governed thereby.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.
ANN. art. 36.13). “A trial court must submit a charge setting forth the ‘law applicable to the
case.’” Id. (quoting Lee v. State, 415 S.W.3d 915, 917 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, pet. ref’d)
(quoting TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14). “The purpose of the jury charge . . . is to
inform the jury of the applicable law and guide them in its application. It is not the function of
the charge merely to avoid misleading or confusing the jury: it is the function of the charge to
lead and prevent confusion.” Id. (quoting Lee, 415 S.W.3d at 917).
3 III. Analysis
Although it is not entirely clear, we construe Wallen’s brief to assert that the trial court
erred (1) by not sua sponte including a jury instruction pursuant to Section 6 of Article 38.224 to
allow the jury to evaluate whether his recorded statement was voluntary and (2) by not sua
sponte including a jury instruction pursuant to Section 7 of Article 38.225 to allow the jury to
evaluate any warnings required by state law and Miranda that were given him before he gave his
statement.
Because Wallen did not request those instructions at trial, “in order to obtain a reversal of
his conviction for the trial court’s failure to sua sponte provide these instructions, [he] must show
that they are ‘law applicable to the case’ and that he was ‘egregiously harmed’ by their absence.”
Estrada v. State, 313 S.W.3d 274, 299 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing Oursbourn v. State, 259
S.W.3d 159, 174–76 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g)). Further, “[t]he trial judge has an absolute sua sponte duty to
prepare a jury charge that accurately sets out the law applicable to the specific offense charged.”
Delgado v. State, 235 S.W.3d 244, 249 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Doyle v. State, 631
S.W.2d 732, 738 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982) (plurality op.) (op. on reh’g)).
4 Section 6 of Article 38.22 provides that, after the trial court finds that a defendant’s statement was voluntary, “evidence pertaining to such matter may be submitted to the jury and it shall be instructed that unless the jury believes beyond a reasonable doubt that the statement was voluntarily made, the jury shall not consider such statement for any purpose nor any evidence obtained as a result thereof.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 6. 5 Section 7 of Article 38.22 provides that, “[w]hen the issue is raised by the evidence, the trial judge shall appropriately instruct the jury, generally, on the law pertaining to such statement.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 7. 4 A. The Law Applicable to the Case Did Not Include a Section 6 Voluntariness Instruction
Generally, a defendant’s statement, whether custodial or non-custodial, “may be used in
evidence against him if it appears that the same was freely and voluntarily made without
compulsion or persuasion.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.21. Because Section 6 of
Article 38.22 “provides that only ‘voluntary’ statements may be admitted,” it “applies to both an
accused’s custodial and non-custodial statements.” Oursbourn v. State, 259 S.W.3d 159, 171
(Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (citing State v. Terrazas, 4 S.W.3d 720, 727 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)).
As the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has explained, under Section 6, raising a question “as to
the voluntariness of a statement” of the defendant, TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 6,
sets in motion “a chain of other requirements” under that statute that “culminate[s] in the
defendant’s right to a [voluntariness] jury instruction:”
(1) a party notifies the trial judge that there is an issue about the voluntariness of the confession (or the trial judge raises the issue on his own); (2) the trial judge holds a hearing outside the presence of the jury; (3) the trial judge decides whether the confession was voluntary; (4) if the trial judge decides that the confession was voluntary, it will be admitted, and a party may offer evidence before the jury suggesting that the confession was not in fact voluntary; (5) if such evidence is offered before the jury, the trial judge shall give the jury a voluntariness instruction.
Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 175 (footnote omitted). “Consequently, a Section 6 instruction
becomes ‘law applicable to the case’ . . . only if the parties actually litigate a Section 6
voluntariness issue before the trial judge.” Id. (quoting Posey v. State, 966 S.W.2d 57, 60 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1998)).
5 Wallen does not contend, and the record does not show, that he notified the trial court
that there was an issue about the voluntariness of his recorded statement, that the trial court
raised the issue on its own, or that the parties actually litigated a Section 6 voluntariness issue in
the trial court. Because the parties did not litigate a Section 6 voluntariness issue in the trial
court, a Section 6 voluntariness instruction did not become law applicable to the case. See
Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 175. As a result, the trial court did not have a sua sponte duty to
include a Section 6 voluntariness instruction in its jury charge. Therefore, we find that the trial
court did not err by not including a Section 6 voluntariness instruction in its jury charge. We
overrule this issue.
B. The Recorded Statement Was Non-Custodial
Wallen also complains that the trial court erred by not sua sponte including a jury
instruction pursuant to Section 7 of Article 38.22 to allow the jury to evaluate any warnings
required by state law and Miranda6 that were given to him before he gave his statement.
For a defendant’s recorded oral statement “made as a result of custodial interrogation” to
be admissible at trial, Section 3(a) of Article 38.22 requires, among other things, that “prior to
the statement but during the recording the accused is given the warning in Subsection (a) of
Section 2 [of Article 38.22] and the accused knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waives any
rights set out in the warning.”7 TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 3(a)(2). The rights
6 Wallen acknowledges that the warnings required by Sections 2(a) and 3(a) of Article 38.22 incorporate the requirements of Miranda. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, §§ 2(a), 3(a); Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 172. Further, “the appropriate vehicle for obtaining a jury instruction regarding a purported violation of Miranda” is Article 38.22. Contreras v. State, 312 S.W.3d 566, 583 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). 7 Section 2(a) requires that: 6 under Sections 2 and 3, as well as the rights under Miranda, only apply to custodial-interrogation
statements. Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 170, 172.
“If the defendant made his statement as the result of custodial interrogation, he is also
entitled—when the issue is raised by the evidence—to have the jury decide whether he was
adequately warned of his rights and knowingly and intelligently waived these rights.” Id. at 176.
This is accomplished by the trial court including a Section 7 instruction in its jury charge. Id.
(citing TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 7). Conversely, if Wallen’s recorded
statement was not a product of a custodial interrogation, then he was not entitled to a Section
7 instruction.
“A custody determination requires two inquiries: the circumstances surrounding the
interrogation and whether a reasonable person in those circumstances would have felt that she
was not free to leave.” Wexler v. State, 625 S.W.3d 162, 167 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021) (citing
Thompson v. Keohane, 516 U.S. 99, 112 (1995)). “The ultimate inquiry is whether, under the
circumstances, a reasonable person would have believed that her freedom of movement was
(a) the accused, prior to making the statement, either received from a magistrate the warning provided in Article 15.17 of this code or received from the person to whom the statement is made a warning that: (1) he has the right to remain silent and not make any statement at all and that any statement he makes may be used against him at his trial; (2) any statement he makes may be used as evidence against him in court; (3) he has the right to have a lawyer present to advise him prior to and during any questioning; (4) if he is unable to employ a lawyer, he has the right to have a lawyer appointed to advise him prior to and during any questioning; and (5) he has the right to terminate the interview at any time[.]
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 2(a). 7 restricted to the degree associated with a formal arrest.” Id. (citing Stansbury v. California, 511
U.S. 318, 322 (1994) (per curiam)).
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has recognized four instances that may arise to
custody:
(1) the suspect is physically deprived of her freedom of action in any significant way, (2) a law enforcement officer tells the suspect that she cannot leave, (3) law enforcement officers create a situation that would lead a reasonable person to believe her freedom of movement has been significantly restricted, or (4) there is probable cause to arrest, and law enforcement officers do not tell the suspect that she is free to leave.
Id. at 167–68 (citing Dowthitt v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 255 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)). In the
first three instances, the suspect’s freedom of movement must be restricted “to the degree
associated with an arrest.” Id. at 168 (citing Dowthitt, 931 S.W.2d at 255). Wallen does not
contend, and the record does not show, that his freedom of movement was restricted during the
recorded statement. Rather, the undisputed testimonial and recorded evidence was (1) that
Wallen voluntarily came to the sheriff’s office to give his statement, (2) that Banasiak told him
he was not under arrest, (3) that he could stop talking to her at any time, and (4) that, if he said
he wanted to leave, she would show him out. Also, there is no evidence that the circumstances
surrounding the statement were such that Wallen felt, or that any reasonable person would have
felt, that he was not free to leave.
For custody to be established in the fourth instance, “the officer’s knowledge of probable
cause must be manifested to the suspect,” and that manifestation, “combined with other
circumstances, would lead a reasonable person to believe she is under restraint to a degree
associated with an arrest.” Id. (citing Dowthitt, 931 S.W.2d at 255). The testimonial and video 8 evidence showed that Banasiak informed Wallen that a report had been made, but she did not
disclose any of the details of that report to him before he gave his statement. She also did not
disclose by her words or deed what she believed about Wallen’s potential culpability. See
Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 325 (1994) (per curiam). As a result, the evidence does
not show that a reasonable person would believe he was not free to leave.
Because the evidence shows that Wallen’s recorded statement was not a product of a
custodial interrogation, the warnings required under Sections 2 and 3 of Article 38.22 and
Miranda were not required to be given him before his statement. See Wexler, 625 S.W.3d at
167. As a result, he was not entitled to have the jury decide whether he was adequately warned
of his rights. See Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 176. We, therefore, find that the trial court did not
err by not including a Section 7 instruction in its jury charge. We overrule this issue.8
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Scott E. Stevens Chief Justice
Date Submitted: June 26, 2023 Date Decided: June 27, 2023
Do Not Publish
8 Wallen also argues in his brief that the trial court’s failure to submit instructions under Sections 6 and 7 of Article 38.22 was unassigned error and constitutional or structural error. Because we find that the trial court did not err by failing to submit those instructions, it is not necessary to address those arguments. 9