MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Nov 16 2020, 8:36 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE David W. Stone IV Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Anderson, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Samuel J. Dayton Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
Shannon Keating Certified Legal Intern
Alexis Sizemore Certified Legal Intern
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Robert James Plato, Jr., November 16, 2020 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 20A-CR-475 v. Appeal from the Madison Circuit Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Andrew R. Hopper Appellee-Plaintiff Trial Court Cause No. 48C03-1805-F5-1294
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-475 | November 16, 2020 Page 1 of 15 Altice, Judge.
Case Summary [1] Robert James Plato, Jr., appeals from the revocation of his probation. On
appeal, Plato argues that the evidence is insufficient to support revocation and
that the trial court abused its discretion in revoking his four-year suspended
sentence.
[2] We affirm.
Facts & Procedural History [3] On March 3, 2014, Plato was sentenced to the Indiana Department of
Correction (DOC) for eight years for robbery under Cause No. 68C01-1308-FB-
580 (FB-580). On April 2, 2018, Plato was charged with attempted robbery as a
Level 5 felony under Cause No. 48C03-1805-F5-1294 (F5-1294). On August
24, 2018, Plato pled guilty as charged under F5-1294 and was subsequently
sentenced to a four-year suspended sentence. The court ordered the sentence be
served consecutively to the sentence in FB-580.
[4] On July 17, 2019, the State charged Plato with intimidation as a Level 6 felony
under Cause No. 48C03-1907-F6-1715 (F6-1715). This charge stemmed from
an April 14, 2019 letter that Plato sent to Madison County Sheriff Scott
Mellinger in which he made statements threatening physical harm to Detective
LeeAnn Dwiggins of the Madison County Drug Task Force (DTF). Thereafter,
Sheriff Mellinger received a second letter from Plato dated October 10, 2019, in
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-475 | November 16, 2020 Page 2 of 15 which Plato made threats to physically harm Sheriff Mellinger. Plato was
incarcerated when he sent the letters.
[5] On November 12, 2019, the State filed a notice of violation of suspended
sentence in F5-1294, alleging that Plato violated the terms of his probation by
(1) committing a criminal act as alleged in F6-1715 and by (2) “[f]ail[ing] to
behave well in society” by committing a new criminal offense of intimidation
on or about October 10, 2019. Appellant’s Appendix at 103.
[6] On December 18, 2019, the State charged Plato with intimidation as a Level 6
felony under Cause No. 48C03-1912-F6-3009 (F6-3009) 1 based on threats he
made in the October letter. On January 21, 2020, the State amended the notice
of violation of suspended sentence to reference the filing of the charging
information in F6-3009. The court held an evidentiary and sanctions hearing
on February 5, 2020.
[7] During the hearing, Sheriff Mellinger testified that he received a handwritten
letter in April 2019 from Plato in which Plato indicated that he was “extremely
angry” with members of the DTF, including Detective Dwiggins. Transcript at
11. Plato specifically accused Dwiggins of stealing his laptop computer, which
was seized pursuant to a lawful search warrant issued as part of the attempted
1 The charging information under F6-3009 is not in the record before us.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-475 | November 16, 2020 Page 3 of 15 robbery investigation, and believed he was owed $1200 to cover the value
thereof. In the letter, which was admitted as State’s Exhibit 1, Plato stated:
I mailed you a letter requesting a meeting to be held between you and I in an attempt to resolve our issue. By your lack of response, you basicall[y] said “Go F*ck Yourself.” You should not have done that Scott. I’ve tried to deal with and handle this situation with a cool clear head but that isnt [sic] working.
***
So, until you and your department reimburses [sic] me for all my property that was stolen directly by your deputies or that they caused to be stolen, a new arrangement will take effect.
I will not in any way, shape, form or fashion harm any Madison County Deputy unless they come at me armed which will be treated as an act of aggression.
Each and every Madison County Sheriffs vehicle, both marked and unmarked, where ever [sic] they will be found, will receive a Hornady 750 gr. A Max .50 BMG through its grill and engine block.
You decide to take your panties off and let your balls drop so we can talk about and resolve this issue, you know where I’m at (but wont [sic] be here to [sic] much longer, you need to hurry).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-475 | November 16, 2020 Page 4 of 15 P.S. You need to resolve this issue with my computer right away. Dwiggins is nothing more than a common thief not a DTF deputy and the very first time I see that thief, I will not treat her as a deputy of Madison County but as a thief, and will beat the breaks off that b*tch. McDonalds, Walmart, dont [sic] matter where I ever see her, she will be beat like a thief!
Exhibits at 4-6 (underlining in original).
[8] On May 5, 2019, Plato was interviewed by a law enforcement officer. Plato
agreed to record the conversation, and he was advised of his rights. While the
officer was setting up the recording instrument and preparing a waiver of rights,
Plato stated, “I’m a violent man, a very violent man!” Appellant’s Appendix Vol.
II at 109. During the interview, Plato was asked about the threats of shooting
police cars, and Plato said he was not going to do it. He stated, however, that
although he did not have a gun, there were still ways he could obtain one.
Plato assured the officer that he was not going to shoot up police cars, but,
according to the officer, Plato “was very firm in his conviction about
committing battery against Detective Dwiggins.” Id. at 110.
[9] Sheriff Mellinger also testified about and read excerpts from a second
handwritten letter he received from Plato in October 2019, which was admitted
as State’s Exhibit 2. In this letter, Plato referred to Sheriff Mellinger’s “band of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-475 | November 16, 2020 Page 5 of 15 thieves” and stated that he had reached “the highest point of pisstivity.”
Exhibits at 7. After indicating that he was soon to be released, 2 Plato continued:
I am about to return to Anderson with my blood boiling! I told you that I am not going to just drop this or let it go.
So now, you have a very volatile situation on your hands that needs to be delt [sic] with and resolved right f*cking now! I can return to Anderson in a state of peace or on a path of total destruction and all out war.
Id. at 7-8 (underlining in original). Plato also stated:
Dwiggins, Anderson, and Boynton would rather blow their own brains out with their duty Glocks, over f*cking with me about the flag and my mothers [sic] ashes. That is a promise I am betting my life on! All in!
I’ve got the motive, the means, and the opportunity is just mere days away!
Id. at 9-10 (underlining in original). He continued,
I’m giving you my word that if you, Dwiggins, Anderson and Boynton don’t fix this and right f*cking now, you will most definitely be held accountable for your actions.
So, how are we going to fix this Scott? I promise you that if we don’t resolve this Scott, the very first time we meet face to face,
2 Sheriff Mellinger testified that when he received the October letter, Plato was set to be released from incarceration in less than two months.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-475 | November 16, 2020 Page 6 of 15 on my very life, I’m going to knock your f*cking teeth so far down your throat, your [sic] going to have to stick your toothbrush up your *ss just to brush your teeth.
I dont [sic] care if your [sic] with your family out eating a meal, you’ve got this coming.
So, in closing, you only have days to set up a meeting and make things right Scott. I dont [sic] have one thing to loose [sic] or even care to live for and my record speaks for its self [sic]. I’m all in and it’s your turn to deal.
Id. at 10-13 (underlining in original). Sheriff Mellinger also testified to receiving
a third letter 3 after the October letter in which Plato used a different tone and
apologized for writing the April and October letters.
[10] Plato did not present any evidence on his behalf but in cross-examining Sheriff
Mellinger, suggested that he was merely exercising his First Amendment right
to free speech to complain about police conduct. In closing, Plato argued to the
court that his threats were “outrageous” and “totally implausible” and, as
evidenced by his subsequent letter apologizing for writing the threatening
letters, he did not have “any real intentions of carrying out any of those
threats.” Transcript Vol. II at 29.
3 This letter was not admitted into evidence.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-475 | November 16, 2020 Page 7 of 15 [11] After considering the evidence and the parties’ arguments, the court found that
Plato violated the terms of his suspended sentence and ordered him to serve his
entire four-year sentence in the DOC. Plato now appeals. Additional facts will
be provided as necessary.
Discussion & Decision 1. Sufficiency
[12] Plato argues that the trial court erred in finding that he violated his probation.
A probation revocation hearing is civil in nature, and the alleged violation must
be proven by the State by a preponderance of the evidence. Mateyko v. State,
901 N.E.2d 554, 558 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied. When reviewing a
claim of insufficient evidence to support a trial court’s decision to revoke
probation, we consider only the evidence most favorable to the judgment, and
we neither reweigh the evidence nor judge the credibility of witnesses. Id.
Revocation is appropriate if there is substantial evidence of probative value to
support the trial court’s conclusion that the probationer has violated the terms
of probation. Lightcap v. State, 863 N.E.2d 907, 911 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007).
[13] The underlying probation violations were that Plato had committed two
criminal acts of intimidation—one against Detective Dwiggins and one against
Sheriff Mellinger. To affirm the court’s revocation of Plato’s suspended
sentence, the trial court need only have found by a preponderance of the
evidence that Plato committed one act of intimidation. See Luke v. State, 51
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-475 | November 16, 2020 Page 8 of 15 N.E.3d 401, 421 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (noting a single violation of probation is
sufficient to support revocation of probation).
[14] Plato asserts that the statements he made in his April and October letters were
protected by the First Amendment and thus, not punishable as acts of
intimidation. He maintains that he was expressing frustration over the loss of
personal property and that his statements did not constitute a true threat in that
they were not “a serious expression of intent to commit unlawful violence.”
Appellant’s Brief at 7. He also asserts that to the extent his statements constituted
threats, they were conditioned on his dispute over seized items not being
resolved.
[15] As our Supreme Court has noted, “The United States and Indiana constitutions
afford sweeping protections to speech about public officials or issues of public
or general concern, even if the speech is intemperate or caustic. But there is no
such protection for ‘true threats’—including veiled or implied threats, when the
totality of the circumstances shows that they were intended to put the victims in
fear for their safety.” Brewington v. State, 7 N.E.3d 946, 953 (Ind. 2014). “True
threats” of violence are provided no protection under the First Amendment and
are unlawful under Ind. Code § 35-45-2-1(d). Id. at 963. A “true threat” is a
“statement[] where the speaker means to communicate a serious expression of
an intent to commit an act of unlawful violence to a particular individual or
group of individuals.” Id. (quoting Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343, 365 (2003)).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-475 | November 16, 2020 Page 9 of 15 [16] Indiana has implemented this authority by defining “threat” for purposes of
intimidation, in pertinent part, as follows:
(d) “Threat” means an expression, by words or action, of an intention to:
(1) unlawfully injure the person threatened or another person, or damage property;
(3) commit a crime.
I.C. § 35-45-2-1(d). “A person who communicates a threat with the intent . . .
that another person be placed in fear of retaliation for a prior lawful act”
commits intimidation as a Class A misdemeanor. I.C. § 35-45-2-1(a)(1). A
threat is “communicated” by an individual when he or she “knows or has good
reason to know the statement will reach the victim.” E.B. v. State, 89 N.E.3d
1087, 1092 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017) (citing Ajabu v. State, 677 N.E.2d 1035, 1043
(Ind. Ct. App. 1997), trans. denied). “The ‘intent’ that matters is not whether the
speaker really means to carry out the threat, but only whether he intends it to
‘plac[e] the victim in fear of bodily harm or death.’” Brewington, 7 N.E.3d at
963 (citing Black, 538 U.S. at 359-60). In assessing intent, courts must look to
the context surrounding the statement(s). Id.
[17] Prior to the letters at issue here, Plato had sent Sheriff Mellinger several other
letters while he was incarcerated, the tone of which did not present any concern
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-475 | November 16, 2020 Page 10 of 15 to Sheriff Mellinger. Plato also filed a civil suit for the return of his property
that was ultimately dismissed. After things did not go his way, Plato sent the
April letter to Sheriff Mellinger. As set out above, Plato expressed his extreme
displeasure with Sheriff Mellinger, Detective Dwiggins, and others with regard
to their role in the seizure of some of his personal property, which he claims
was beyond the scope of the search warrant. Plato stated that he “tried to deal
with and handle this situation with a cool clear head but that isn’t working.”
State’s Exhibits at 3. He then warned that if he was not reimbursed for his
“stolen” property, “a new arrangement [would] take effect.” Id. at 4. He
explained that if he was approached by an armed officer, he would treat such as
an “act of aggression” and also detailed how he would shoot through the grill
and engine block of each Madison County Sheriff’s vehicle, “both marked and
unmarked.” Id. at 4-5. Following his signature, Plato included a postscript
directed at Detective Dwiggins. He stated that the “very first time” he saw her
after his release, he would “not treat her as a Detective of Madison County but
as a thief,” and that he would “beat the breaks off that b*tch.” Id. at 6. He
continued that it “don’t matter where I ever see her, she will be beat like a
thief.” Id.
[18] In the October 10, 2019 letter, Plato again launched threats at Sheriff Mellinger
and others. He stated that he was “sick and tired of going through the
‘appropriate channels’ and getting absof*ckinglutely nowhere.” State’s Exhibits
at 7. He claimed that he had reached the highest level of “pisstivity” and that
he found himself “within mere days” from his release and was going to return
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-475 | November 16, 2020 Page 11 of 15 with his “blood boiling.” Id. Plato wrote that he could return to Anderson “in
a state of peace or on a path of total destruction and all out war.” Id. at 8. He
warned that he had “the motive, the means, and the opportunity is just mere
days away.” Id. at 9-10. He then threatened physical harm to Sheriff
Mellinger, stating, “I promise you that if we don’t resolve this Scott, the very
first time we meet face to face, on my very life, I’m going to knock your f*cking
teeth so far down your throat, your [sic] going to have to stick your toothbrush
up your *ss just to brush your teeth.” Id. at 10. Plato followed this statement
with, “I dont [sic] care if your [sic] with your family out eating a meal, you’ve
got this coming.” Id.
[19] The language Plato used in his letters, together with the context in which they
were made, demonstrates that Plato intended for them to be true threats. Plato
was angry that certain personal items had been seized and with the lack of what
he believed to be an appropriate response to his demands. He described the
situation as “volatile” and repeatedly expressed how he was done with being
civil and ready to resort to violence, including specific threats to shoot at police
cars, “beat the breaks off” of Detective Dwiggins, and knock Sheriff Mellinger’s
teeth out. Id. at 7, 6. See also Fleming v. State, 85 N.E.3d 626, 629 (Ind. Ct. App.
2017) (holding that a defendant’s threat to “beat [someone’s] ass” while angry
showed that the defendant intended his communication to put his target in fear
for his safety). Further, aside from directly threatening Sheriff Mellinger, Plato
had good reason to know that his threats to physically harm Detective
Dwiggins would be communicated to her.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-475 | November 16, 2020 Page 12 of 15 [20] To the extent he claims his threats were conditioned on his dispute not being
resolved, his argument fails. Plato’s use of conditional language does not
diminish the credibility of his threats. As we have before noted, “[t]hreats are,
by definition, expressions of an intention to do a future thing, and, thus, to
some degree, all threats are conditional.” Roar v. State, 52 N.E.3d 940, 943
(Ind. Ct. App. 2016), adopted in relevant part by Roar v. State, 54 N.E.3d 1001,
1002 (Ind. 2016) (citing I.C. 35-45-2-1(d)). While conditional language of the
threat may be considered as evidence of the defendant’s intent, it is not
dispositive. Id.
[21] Here, the alleged condition upon which Plato’s threats were based was
resolution of his dispute in his favor, including return of personal items he
claims were seized outside the scope of a search warrant and a random demand
for nearly two million dollars. Aside from the fact that it is unlikely that Plato’s
demands will be resolved to his satisfaction, it remains that his threats were
more likely intended to place his victims in fear for a prior lawful act. The
evidence establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that Plato committed,
at the very least, one act of intimidation. A condition of Plato’s suspended
sentence was that he “[o]bey all municipal, state, and federal laws, and behave
well in society.” Appellant’s Appendix Vol. II at 99. By writing letters threatening
physical harm to Sheriff Mellinger and Detective Dwiggins, Plato clearly
violated a condition of his suspended sentence. The evidence is sufficient to
support he trial court’s revocation of Plato’s suspended sentence.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-475 | November 16, 2020 Page 13 of 15 2. Abuse of Discretion
[22] Plato also argues that the trial court’s decision to revoke his four-year
suspended sentence in F5-1294 was an abuse of discretion. We review a trial
court’s sentencing decision in a probation revocation proceeding for an abuse of
discretion. Jones v. State, 838 N.E.2d 1146, 1148 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). An
abuse of discretion occurs if the decision is against the logic and effect of the
facts and circumstances before the court. Prewitt v. State, 878 N.E.2d 184, 188
(Ind. 2007). Moreover, “[o]nce a trial court has exercised its grace by ordering
probation rather than incarceration, the judge should have considerable leeway
in deciding how to proceed.” Id. “If the court finds the defendant has violated
a condition of his probation at any time before the termination of the
probationary period, and the petition to revoke is filed within the probationary
period, then the court may order execution of the sentence that had been
suspended.” Gosha v. State, 873 N.E.2d 660, 664 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007); see also
Ind. Code § 35-38-2-3(h).
[23] Plato threatened to physically harm Detective Dwiggins. When confronted and
interviewed on May 1, 2019, Plato had the opportunity to recant his threats.
Plato, however, repeated several times during the interview that he intended to
beat up Detective Dwiggins. In fact, Plato “was very firm in his conviction
about his desire to commit battery against Detective Dwiggins.” Appellant’s
Appendix Vol. II at 110. After being charged with intimidation, Plato responded
by writing the October letter, which was rife with derogatory comments,
profanity, and threats of violence directed at Sheriff Mellinger and others. With
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-475 | November 16, 2020 Page 14 of 15 his threatening letters, Plato demonstrated that he is not a good candidate for
probation. We cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in revoking
Plato’s four-year suspended sentence.
[24] Judgment affirmed.
Riley, J. and May, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-475 | November 16, 2020 Page 15 of 15