McCLENDON, P. J.
The controlling question in the application is whether the Court of Civil Appeals had the power to reverse the judgment of the trial court for error not assigned. The following statement of the case will sufficiently make clear that issue:
The action, which was to recover two tracts of land, referred to as tracts 1 and 2, was brought by Mrs. Annie Hughes and Mrs. Mollie Pye, the only children and heirs at law of Mrs. Emma L. Moore, who was the first wife of plaintiffs’ father, J. W. Moore, against the children and heirs of deceased children of J. W. Moore by two subsequent marriages. Plaintiffs sought by their suit to have the land adjudged the separate property of their mother, upon the allegations that tract No. 1 was paid for entirely with her separate property, and that tract No. 2 was purchased with the proceeds of the sale of a small portion of tract No. 1, as originally acquired by their father. They prayed that the entire title to both tracts be decreed to them as heirs of their mother. Three-of the defendants, holding the interest of one child by each of the second and third marriages, filed separate answers, in which, besides a general denial, they alleged that tract No. 1 was purchased with community funds of’all three communities. The remaining defendants, besides a general denial, pleaded specially that tract No. 1 was wholly paid for with funds of the last community.
The facts, which were undisputed, except as to the manner in which the land in controversy was paid for, were:
J. W. Moore was married three times: First, in 1856 to Emma L. Vann, who died in , 1867; second, in 1867 to Augusta Vann, who died in 1875; and third, in 1877 to Elizabeth Stovall, who died in 1918. J. W. Moore died in 1910. Excepting those who died in infancy, there were eight children born of these marriages — two (plaintiffs) of the first, and three each of the second and third. Tract No. 1, originally containing 182 acres, was conveyed by J. J. Flinn to J. W. Moore by deed dated September 14, 1867, acknowledged in 1895, and reciting a consideration of $300 paid. On January 11, 1873, J. W. Moore and wife, Augusta, conveyed 12.8 acres of tract No. 1 for the recited consideration of $120 paid.' Tract No. 2 was conveyed to J. W. Moore on March 24, 1874, for the recited consideration of $30 paid.
The only testimony tending to establish plaintiffs’ allegation that tract No. 1 was purchased with property of their mother was given by plaintiffs themselves and was stricken out on motion of defendants. Alleged error predicated upon that action of the trial court has been eliminated, since no complaint is made in the Supreme Court of the action of the Court of Civil Appeals in overruling assignments of error relating to that ruling. The trial court found as a fact that tract No. 1 was paid for equally with community funds of the second and third marriages, and upon that finding concluded, as a matter of law, that the title to that tract was vested equally in those communities. Judgment was rendered accordingly; one-sixteenth interest in each tract being awarded to each of the plaintiffs as heirs of their father, and the remaining interest in each tract being decreed in defendants. The evidence upon which this finding of fact was based will be. given below.
Plaintiffs alone appealed from that judgment, urging 24 assignments of error, 22 of which complained of the' exclusion or admission of evidence, and the other 2 complained of the findings of fact that no part of the consideration for tract No. 1 was paid with funds of the first community, and that that tract was paid for with funds of the second and third communities. Those two assignments are based upon the recitals in the deed to tract No. 1 that the consideration was $300 paid.
The Court of Civil Appeals overruled all assignments of error, but reversed the judgment and remanded the cause for further • trial’ upon the holding that, under the finding of fact that tract No. 1 was acquired during the first marriage, title thereto vested, as a matter of law, in the first community, subject to the right in the other communities to be reimbursed for the funds used to discharge the purchase-money obligation. 214 S. W. 946. Writ of error was granted, because the error upon which the trial court’s judgment was reversed was not assigned.
[1] From the foregoing statement it will be seen that none of the assignments question the correctness of the trial court’s conclusion of law that the title to tract No. 1 vested in the second and third communities because it was paid for with funds of those communities. The Court of Civil Appeals is a court of review, and its jurisdiction to review rulings of the trial court is limited by statute. For the purposes of this case, that jurisdiction authorizes review of only two [736]*736classes of error: First, error assigned in the; manner prescribed by law; and, second, er-; ror of law apparent upon the face of the rec-, ord, which latter has been defined as “sucd error as is fundamental in character, or one determining a question upon which the very right of the case depends, or such an error as being readily seen lies at the base and foundation of the proceeding and necessarily affects the judgment” (Wilson v. Johnson, 94 Tex. 276, 60 S. W. 242; Houston Oil Co. v. Kimball, 103 Tex. 103, 122 S. W. 533, 124 S. W. 85), and, again, as “such manifest error as when removed destroys the foundation of the judgment” (Oar v. Davis, 105 Tex. 484, 151 S. W. 794). ; j
[2] The question presented resolves itself, therefore, into the further inquiry whether the error of the trial court in holding that tract No. 1 was the property of the second and third communities, under the finding of fact that it was paid for with funds of those communities, constituted fundamental error, or error of law apparent upon the face of the record. We think, under the holding of Oar v. Davis, above, that question) must necessarily be determined in the negative. That suit was brought against the wife and her second husband, by her children by her first husband, to cancel a deed which the children had made to their stepfather, conveying lands which were the separate property of their father. The children sued for the entire title to the land as sole heirs of their father, upon the allegation that the land was by mistake included in a deed by which they conveyed other lands to their stepfather. The mother was made a party defendant, upon the allegation that she asserted homestead rights in the property. The trial court found that the land was the separate property of plaintiffs’ father, and was included by mistake in the deed to the stepfather, and that the mother had abandoned her homestead rights in the property. .Upon these findings of fact the trial court concluded as a matter of law that the children (plaintiffs) acquired by inheritance from _ their father the entire title to the property, and rendered judgment in their favor accordingly. The mother urged upon motion for rehearing in the Court of Civil Appeals, for the first time, that under the finding of the trial court that the property was the separate estate of her first husband she as a matter of law, under our statutes of descent and distribution, inherited a life estate in an undivided one-third interest therein, and that the trial court erred in not awarding her such interest.
It was contended that this error was fundamental, and should be considered by the appellate court, even though not assigned.
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McCLENDON, P. J.
The controlling question in the application is whether the Court of Civil Appeals had the power to reverse the judgment of the trial court for error not assigned. The following statement of the case will sufficiently make clear that issue:
The action, which was to recover two tracts of land, referred to as tracts 1 and 2, was brought by Mrs. Annie Hughes and Mrs. Mollie Pye, the only children and heirs at law of Mrs. Emma L. Moore, who was the first wife of plaintiffs’ father, J. W. Moore, against the children and heirs of deceased children of J. W. Moore by two subsequent marriages. Plaintiffs sought by their suit to have the land adjudged the separate property of their mother, upon the allegations that tract No. 1 was paid for entirely with her separate property, and that tract No. 2 was purchased with the proceeds of the sale of a small portion of tract No. 1, as originally acquired by their father. They prayed that the entire title to both tracts be decreed to them as heirs of their mother. Three-of the defendants, holding the interest of one child by each of the second and third marriages, filed separate answers, in which, besides a general denial, they alleged that tract No. 1 was purchased with community funds of’all three communities. The remaining defendants, besides a general denial, pleaded specially that tract No. 1 was wholly paid for with funds of the last community.
The facts, which were undisputed, except as to the manner in which the land in controversy was paid for, were:
J. W. Moore was married three times: First, in 1856 to Emma L. Vann, who died in , 1867; second, in 1867 to Augusta Vann, who died in 1875; and third, in 1877 to Elizabeth Stovall, who died in 1918. J. W. Moore died in 1910. Excepting those who died in infancy, there were eight children born of these marriages — two (plaintiffs) of the first, and three each of the second and third. Tract No. 1, originally containing 182 acres, was conveyed by J. J. Flinn to J. W. Moore by deed dated September 14, 1867, acknowledged in 1895, and reciting a consideration of $300 paid. On January 11, 1873, J. W. Moore and wife, Augusta, conveyed 12.8 acres of tract No. 1 for the recited consideration of $120 paid.' Tract No. 2 was conveyed to J. W. Moore on March 24, 1874, for the recited consideration of $30 paid.
The only testimony tending to establish plaintiffs’ allegation that tract No. 1 was purchased with property of their mother was given by plaintiffs themselves and was stricken out on motion of defendants. Alleged error predicated upon that action of the trial court has been eliminated, since no complaint is made in the Supreme Court of the action of the Court of Civil Appeals in overruling assignments of error relating to that ruling. The trial court found as a fact that tract No. 1 was paid for equally with community funds of the second and third marriages, and upon that finding concluded, as a matter of law, that the title to that tract was vested equally in those communities. Judgment was rendered accordingly; one-sixteenth interest in each tract being awarded to each of the plaintiffs as heirs of their father, and the remaining interest in each tract being decreed in defendants. The evidence upon which this finding of fact was based will be. given below.
Plaintiffs alone appealed from that judgment, urging 24 assignments of error, 22 of which complained of the' exclusion or admission of evidence, and the other 2 complained of the findings of fact that no part of the consideration for tract No. 1 was paid with funds of the first community, and that that tract was paid for with funds of the second and third communities. Those two assignments are based upon the recitals in the deed to tract No. 1 that the consideration was $300 paid.
The Court of Civil Appeals overruled all assignments of error, but reversed the judgment and remanded the cause for further • trial’ upon the holding that, under the finding of fact that tract No. 1 was acquired during the first marriage, title thereto vested, as a matter of law, in the first community, subject to the right in the other communities to be reimbursed for the funds used to discharge the purchase-money obligation. 214 S. W. 946. Writ of error was granted, because the error upon which the trial court’s judgment was reversed was not assigned.
[1] From the foregoing statement it will be seen that none of the assignments question the correctness of the trial court’s conclusion of law that the title to tract No. 1 vested in the second and third communities because it was paid for with funds of those communities. The Court of Civil Appeals is a court of review, and its jurisdiction to review rulings of the trial court is limited by statute. For the purposes of this case, that jurisdiction authorizes review of only two [736]*736classes of error: First, error assigned in the; manner prescribed by law; and, second, er-; ror of law apparent upon the face of the rec-, ord, which latter has been defined as “sucd error as is fundamental in character, or one determining a question upon which the very right of the case depends, or such an error as being readily seen lies at the base and foundation of the proceeding and necessarily affects the judgment” (Wilson v. Johnson, 94 Tex. 276, 60 S. W. 242; Houston Oil Co. v. Kimball, 103 Tex. 103, 122 S. W. 533, 124 S. W. 85), and, again, as “such manifest error as when removed destroys the foundation of the judgment” (Oar v. Davis, 105 Tex. 484, 151 S. W. 794). ; j
[2] The question presented resolves itself, therefore, into the further inquiry whether the error of the trial court in holding that tract No. 1 was the property of the second and third communities, under the finding of fact that it was paid for with funds of those communities, constituted fundamental error, or error of law apparent upon the face of the record. We think, under the holding of Oar v. Davis, above, that question) must necessarily be determined in the negative. That suit was brought against the wife and her second husband, by her children by her first husband, to cancel a deed which the children had made to their stepfather, conveying lands which were the separate property of their father. The children sued for the entire title to the land as sole heirs of their father, upon the allegation that the land was by mistake included in a deed by which they conveyed other lands to their stepfather. The mother was made a party defendant, upon the allegation that she asserted homestead rights in the property. The trial court found that the land was the separate property of plaintiffs’ father, and was included by mistake in the deed to the stepfather, and that the mother had abandoned her homestead rights in the property. .Upon these findings of fact the trial court concluded as a matter of law that the children (plaintiffs) acquired by inheritance from _ their father the entire title to the property, and rendered judgment in their favor accordingly. The mother urged upon motion for rehearing in the Court of Civil Appeals, for the first time, that under the finding of the trial court that the property was the separate estate of her first husband she as a matter of law, under our statutes of descent and distribution, inherited a life estate in an undivided one-third interest therein, and that the trial court erred in not awarding her such interest.
It was contended that this error was fundamental, and should be considered by the appellate court, even though not assigned. The opinion of the Supreme Court is well considered, and reviews the previous adjudications of that court upon the much-discussed ; question of what constitutes fundamental er-j ror. The conclusion that the error thus , raised was not fundamental is stated in the following quotation:
“If the error complained of is one of law, it neither lies at the base and foundation of plaintiffs’ cause of action, nor is it such an error of law as is apparent upon the face of the record. To determine whether it be an error of law at all depends upon the issue of title made by the pleadings and the evidence adduced to sustain or deny the respective rights of the parties. In the absence of any claim on the part of Mrs. Oar in her pleadings, or in the presentation of her claim to any part of the land in controversy, other than that claimed through the deed to her husband and the right of the homestead, which', claims were litigated, the court might well presume that, if she was entitled to a one-third life interest in the land, she had waived such claim. Whether this view be sound or not, there is no phase of the law under which we can treat the supposed error of law as one of a fundamental character. As suggested by Judge Talbot, if a claim had been made by Mrs. Oar to the land by virtue of inheritance, plaintiffs might have shown by reason of some conveyance or other arrangement she had parted with such interest. We therefore think the Court of Civil Appeals was right under the circumstances in refusing to consider the assignment of error.”
[3] The analogy in principle between that case and the case before us is so complete as to require little discussion. Plaintiffs made no claim in their pleadings to tract No. 1, other than that it was the separate property of their mother, by virtue of having been purchased with her separate estate. So far as the record shows, the only controverted issues of fact were those which bore upon the time and manner of payment of the consideration. Conceding that the legal title to tract No. 1 vested in the first community, still—
“Nothing is clearer in our law, as declared both by statute and by repeated decisions of this court, than that the community property of the husband and wife is subject to the payment of the debts contracted by either of them during the marriage, * ⅞ * and that the heirs of the wife, on her death, are entitled, not to one-half of the community property as it may then exist, but to one-half of what may remain, after the discharge of the debts to which such property is liable. Articles 4027, 3592, Rev. Stats.; Jones v. Jones, 15 Tex. 147; Carter v. Conner, 60 Tex. 60.” Stone v. Jackson, 109 Tex. 387, 210 S. W. 953.
The powers of the community survivor to deal with community property are very broad. Among those powers is that of discharging community debts, and appropriating community property in reimbursement. It will readily be seen, therefore, that had the issue been made that the title vested in the first community, and that plaintiffs inherited their mother’s interest therein, evi[737]*737dence might have been presented which would have required a vesting of that interest in a manner not inconsistent with the judgment of the trial court. The question presented is, we think, clearly ruled by the decision in Oar v. Davis.
[4, 5] Defendants in error, plaintiffs below, .present' in the form of counter propositions two cross-assignments of’ error, complaining of the action of the Court of Civil Appeals in the following particulars:
First, it is urged that the trial court erred in permitting in evidence two notes purporting to have been given by J. W. Moore in 1872 and 1874 in payment of tract No. 1; and, second, that the evidence was not sufficient as a matter of law to overcome the presumption that consideration for that tract was paid when the deed was executed, in view of the recital in the deed of a consideration of “$300 paid.” These cross-assignments call for a statement of the evidence upon which was based the trial court’s finding that tract No. 1 was paid for with funds of the second and third communities. They are so nearly related that we will consider them together.
One of the defendants testified that, after the death of J. W. Moore, she and her mother, the third wife, found among J. W. Moore’s papers the original deed to tract No. 1, and with it the two notes mentioned above. The 1872 note reads as follows:
“By the 24th, day of December next I promise to pay to J. J. Flynn, or bearer, the sum of two hundred ninety-six and /ioo dollars, in gold, with ten per cent, interest from date until paid, for land sold and deeded to me by him on the Lafata league, Smith county, Texas, on the 14th day of September, 1867, it being for value received.
“1S72.
‘Witness: A. G. Tommie. [No signature; the note being tom where signature should appear.]”
A. 6. Tommie, the subscribing witness to the 1872 note, testified in substance that he was well acquainted with J. W. Moore, having known him in Troupe county, Ga., before Moore moved to Texas in 1866; that he knew Flynn well, and worked for him 4 years; that upon the occasion of the execution of the 1872 note, which witness identified as having been executed by Moore and witnessed by himself, Flynn had sent him to Moore to make a trade for a wagon and yoke of oxen as a credit on a note that Moore had originally given for tract No. 1. The trade was made, and the agreed amount, which figured a little more than the interest on the original note, was credited thereon, and the 1872 note executed by Moore for the balance. His testimony is based upon personal knowledge gained at the time the 1872 note was made; he having seen the ■origins! note given for tract No. 1, which, when the 1872 note was made, was almost “out of date.” He further testified to a custom in those times of receipting a paid note by tearing off the signature of the maker. The 1874 note was dated January 1 of that year, payable to order of J. J. Flynn, for $324.97, and recited the same consideration as the 1872/note. The signature to this note was also torn off. It bore indorsements of payment as follows: $7.25 in 1879, and “one hundred [torn] four and 52/100” in 1874.
[6] We need not notice the evidence which, it is urged, tends to discredit the testimony of the witness Tommie, since it is within our province only to determine whether there be any evidence of sufficient probative force to support the trial court’s findings. That the foregoing testimony was sufficient to support that court’s finding that tract No. 1 was bought entirely on credit, and was paid for in 1872 and subsequent years, seems to us too clear to admit of serious doubt or call for discussion. The only question regarding the testimony which we think deserves mention is the admissibility of the declaration in the 1872 and 1874 notes that they were given to pay for the land.- These notes were executed by the husband after the death of the first wife, and the question arises as to the competency of the husband’s admission or acknowledgment of a community debt in a proceeding seeking to charge community property with that debt. Under the broad principles laid down in Stone v. Jackson, above, and the authorities therein reviewed, we think these notes were properly admitted in evidence. The precise question w.as decided in Word v. Colley, 143 S. W. 257, in which a deed to community realty was upheld, which was made under deed of trust by the surviving husband to pay a community debt, the only evidence of which was the written declaration of the husband made after the death of his wife. Writ of error was refused in that case. In the present case the written declarations of the surviving husband are corroborated by the testimony of the witness Tommie to the effect that he saw the original purchase-money note at the time of the first, renewal in 1872.
We conclude that the judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals should be reversed, and that of the District Court affirmed.
PHILLIPS, C. J.
The judgment recommended in the report of the Commission of Appeals is adopted, and will be entered as the judgment of the Supreme Court.