IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS 444444444444 NO. 18-0925 444444444444
ROBBIE LESA HAMES HORTON, PETITIONER,
V.
KIMBERLY A. STOVALL, RESPONDENT
4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
PER CURIAM
Rather than disposing of appeals based on harmless procedural defects, “appellate courts
should reach the merits of an appeal whenever reasonably possible.” Perry v. Cohen, 272 S.W.3d
585, 587 (Tex. 2008). In this breach-of-contract case, a divided court of appeals affirmed summary
judgment, not on the merits, but based on remediable record-citation errors in the appellant’s brief.
___ S.W.3d ___ (Tex. App.—Dallas 2018). The court’s disposition conflicts with the rules of
appellate procedure and our briefing-waiver precedent. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.9, 44.3. The
appellate issues were preserved in the trial court, identified in a timely appeal, and supported by
evidence in the record; the record-citation errors should not have been fatal to the appeal absent a
reasonable opportunity to cure the defects. We reverse and remand. The acrimonious dissolution of Robbie Lesa Hames Horton and Kimberly Stovall’s personal
and business relationship culminated in the filing of several highly contentious lawsuits, including
this one. Through amendment, nonsuit, and severance, a multitude of claims in the underlying
litigation were ultimately winnowed to a dispute over the performance of a handwritten contract
Horton and Stovall executed to settle their interests in specific real and personal property. The
parties dispute the agreement’s continuing effect but not its formation. Horton alleges she was
entitled to and did in fact cancel the contract based on Stovall’s alleged prior material breach.
In a series of partial summary judgments, the trial court granted Stovall relief on her
breach-of-contract claim, rendered judgment in her favor on Horton’s declaratory-judgment
counterclaim, and awarded attorney’s fees to her as the prevailing party. These interlocutory orders
became final and appealable when the trial court signed an order of nonsuit on Stovall’s
declaratory-judgment action and severed Horton’s remaining counterclaim.
Horton’s appeal challenged the severance order and all three summary judgments. In six
issues, Horton asserted that material fact issues precluded summary judgment, the award of
attorney’s fees was improper because evidence of presentment and damages was lacking, and the
trial court improperly severed a compulsory counterclaim.
In a split decision, the court of appeals affirmed. ___ S.W.3d at ___. The court held that
severance was not improper because Horton’s counterclaim was pending in another lawsuit when
she asserted it in this case. Id. at ___ (quoting TEX. R. CIV. P. 97). The court further held that
Horton did not demonstrate that summary judgment was improper and, in fact, had “not presented
anything for [the court] to review” because the documents she cited as raising a fact issue were not
2 part of the summary-judgment record. Id. at ___, ___. The court primarily faulted Horton for citing
to documents in the appendix of her appellate brief instead of providing citations to the clerk’s
record. Id. But rather than allowing Horton an opportunity to rectify that briefing defect, the court
treated Horton’s citations to her appendix as citations to the portion of the appellate record indicated
on each appendix document. Id. Unfortunately, the ostensible leeway the court afforded proved to
be Horton’s undoing.
As it happens, Horton correctly identified the documents she was relying on to support her
appellate issues and those documents were actually offered in opposition to Stovall’s
summary-judgment motions, but the appendix instead cited to those same documents where they
were attached to Horton’s motion for continuance and motion for new trial. Right documents,
wrong record citations. These citation errors led the court to conclude that the evidence Horton
relied on to raise a fact issue was outside the summary-judgment record—a claim Stovall had
(and has) never made.
Horton also admittedly failed to provide pinpoint citations to three emails Stovall had relied
on to support her attorney’s fee claim. Horton’s brief argued that the emails were insufficient to
meet the presentment requirement, but she cited to the first page of the motion to which they were
attached rather than to the specific emails. Although Stovall’s brief had supplied the specific record
references in refuting Horton’s argument, the court said that “Horton was obligated to cite the
appellate record, not her appendix, and [the court was] not obligated to search the eight volumes of
the clerk’s record to locate these presentment emails.” Id. at ___.
3 One panel member dissented, asserting the majority’s refusal to address the merits of
Horton’s claims was erroneous because (1) Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure 38.9 and 44.3
require a reasonable opportunity to correct formal defects even if flagrant and (2) “pieces of
evidence the majority says were not in the record and were not properly before the trial court
actually were.” Id. at ____. Employing minimal efforts to verify that the documents Horton had
described—and had attached to her brief—were in fact part of the summary-judgment record, the
dissent found the briefs sufficient to decide the case on the merits. Id. at ___ (“[A] simple search
of our electronic record for the word ‘cancellation,’ which is in the subject line of the letter, locates
the document in [six] places in the Clerk’s Record.”). But the dissent argued that even if that were
not the case, Horton was entitled to a reasonable opportunity to correct the defects before the court
affirmed summary judgment based on those errors. Id. Relying on rules 38.9 and 44.3 and our
directive that appellate courts should resolve cases on the merits whenever reasonably possible, the
dissent opined: “[W]hen we see citations to an appendix rather than the record, we do not have to
end our inquiry and declare that there is nothing for us to review. Nor should we.” Id. (citing
Perry, 272 S.W.3d at 587).
When the opinion issued and Horton was alerted to the citation errors, she filed a motion for
rehearing with corrected citations. The court of appeals overruled the motion.
We agree with Horton that, at a minimum, she was entitled to a reasonable opportunity to
correct the defective record citations in her appendix documents, which the appeals court knew were
actually included in the summary-judgment record. When relevant evidence has been properly
presented to the trial court and included in the record for appellate review, but a court is aware that
4 a litigant’s brief or appendix incorrectly indicates the location of that evidence in the record,
rules 38.9 and 44.3 require the court to apprise the parties and allow an opportunity for correction
if the citation errors thwart a merits-based disposition.
“[Appellate] briefs are meant to acquaint the court with the issues in a case and to present
argument that will enable the court to decide the case.” TEX. R. APP. P. 38.9. Accordingly, briefs
are to be liberally, but reasonably, construed so that the right to appeal is not lost by waiver. Id.; see
Perry, 272 S.W.3d at 587.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS 444444444444 NO. 18-0925 444444444444
ROBBIE LESA HAMES HORTON, PETITIONER,
V.
KIMBERLY A. STOVALL, RESPONDENT
4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
PER CURIAM
Rather than disposing of appeals based on harmless procedural defects, “appellate courts
should reach the merits of an appeal whenever reasonably possible.” Perry v. Cohen, 272 S.W.3d
585, 587 (Tex. 2008). In this breach-of-contract case, a divided court of appeals affirmed summary
judgment, not on the merits, but based on remediable record-citation errors in the appellant’s brief.
___ S.W.3d ___ (Tex. App.—Dallas 2018). The court’s disposition conflicts with the rules of
appellate procedure and our briefing-waiver precedent. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.9, 44.3. The
appellate issues were preserved in the trial court, identified in a timely appeal, and supported by
evidence in the record; the record-citation errors should not have been fatal to the appeal absent a
reasonable opportunity to cure the defects. We reverse and remand. The acrimonious dissolution of Robbie Lesa Hames Horton and Kimberly Stovall’s personal
and business relationship culminated in the filing of several highly contentious lawsuits, including
this one. Through amendment, nonsuit, and severance, a multitude of claims in the underlying
litigation were ultimately winnowed to a dispute over the performance of a handwritten contract
Horton and Stovall executed to settle their interests in specific real and personal property. The
parties dispute the agreement’s continuing effect but not its formation. Horton alleges she was
entitled to and did in fact cancel the contract based on Stovall’s alleged prior material breach.
In a series of partial summary judgments, the trial court granted Stovall relief on her
breach-of-contract claim, rendered judgment in her favor on Horton’s declaratory-judgment
counterclaim, and awarded attorney’s fees to her as the prevailing party. These interlocutory orders
became final and appealable when the trial court signed an order of nonsuit on Stovall’s
declaratory-judgment action and severed Horton’s remaining counterclaim.
Horton’s appeal challenged the severance order and all three summary judgments. In six
issues, Horton asserted that material fact issues precluded summary judgment, the award of
attorney’s fees was improper because evidence of presentment and damages was lacking, and the
trial court improperly severed a compulsory counterclaim.
In a split decision, the court of appeals affirmed. ___ S.W.3d at ___. The court held that
severance was not improper because Horton’s counterclaim was pending in another lawsuit when
she asserted it in this case. Id. at ___ (quoting TEX. R. CIV. P. 97). The court further held that
Horton did not demonstrate that summary judgment was improper and, in fact, had “not presented
anything for [the court] to review” because the documents she cited as raising a fact issue were not
2 part of the summary-judgment record. Id. at ___, ___. The court primarily faulted Horton for citing
to documents in the appendix of her appellate brief instead of providing citations to the clerk’s
record. Id. But rather than allowing Horton an opportunity to rectify that briefing defect, the court
treated Horton’s citations to her appendix as citations to the portion of the appellate record indicated
on each appendix document. Id. Unfortunately, the ostensible leeway the court afforded proved to
be Horton’s undoing.
As it happens, Horton correctly identified the documents she was relying on to support her
appellate issues and those documents were actually offered in opposition to Stovall’s
summary-judgment motions, but the appendix instead cited to those same documents where they
were attached to Horton’s motion for continuance and motion for new trial. Right documents,
wrong record citations. These citation errors led the court to conclude that the evidence Horton
relied on to raise a fact issue was outside the summary-judgment record—a claim Stovall had
(and has) never made.
Horton also admittedly failed to provide pinpoint citations to three emails Stovall had relied
on to support her attorney’s fee claim. Horton’s brief argued that the emails were insufficient to
meet the presentment requirement, but she cited to the first page of the motion to which they were
attached rather than to the specific emails. Although Stovall’s brief had supplied the specific record
references in refuting Horton’s argument, the court said that “Horton was obligated to cite the
appellate record, not her appendix, and [the court was] not obligated to search the eight volumes of
the clerk’s record to locate these presentment emails.” Id. at ___.
3 One panel member dissented, asserting the majority’s refusal to address the merits of
Horton’s claims was erroneous because (1) Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure 38.9 and 44.3
require a reasonable opportunity to correct formal defects even if flagrant and (2) “pieces of
evidence the majority says were not in the record and were not properly before the trial court
actually were.” Id. at ____. Employing minimal efforts to verify that the documents Horton had
described—and had attached to her brief—were in fact part of the summary-judgment record, the
dissent found the briefs sufficient to decide the case on the merits. Id. at ___ (“[A] simple search
of our electronic record for the word ‘cancellation,’ which is in the subject line of the letter, locates
the document in [six] places in the Clerk’s Record.”). But the dissent argued that even if that were
not the case, Horton was entitled to a reasonable opportunity to correct the defects before the court
affirmed summary judgment based on those errors. Id. Relying on rules 38.9 and 44.3 and our
directive that appellate courts should resolve cases on the merits whenever reasonably possible, the
dissent opined: “[W]hen we see citations to an appendix rather than the record, we do not have to
end our inquiry and declare that there is nothing for us to review. Nor should we.” Id. (citing
Perry, 272 S.W.3d at 587).
When the opinion issued and Horton was alerted to the citation errors, she filed a motion for
rehearing with corrected citations. The court of appeals overruled the motion.
We agree with Horton that, at a minimum, she was entitled to a reasonable opportunity to
correct the defective record citations in her appendix documents, which the appeals court knew were
actually included in the summary-judgment record. When relevant evidence has been properly
presented to the trial court and included in the record for appellate review, but a court is aware that
4 a litigant’s brief or appendix incorrectly indicates the location of that evidence in the record,
rules 38.9 and 44.3 require the court to apprise the parties and allow an opportunity for correction
if the citation errors thwart a merits-based disposition.
“[Appellate] briefs are meant to acquaint the court with the issues in a case and to present
argument that will enable the court to decide the case.” TEX. R. APP. P. 38.9. Accordingly, briefs
are to be liberally, but reasonably, construed so that the right to appeal is not lost by waiver. Id.; see
Perry, 272 S.W.3d at 587. “[S]ubstantial compliance” with the briefing rules “is sufficient,” except
that for substantive defects and “flagrant[]” formal defects, the rules authorize appellate courts to
require supplemental or corrected filings. TEX. R. APP. P. 38.9.
Rule 38.9’s discretionary language is tempered by the mandate in rule 44.3 that “[a] court
of appeals must not affirm or reverse a judgment or dismiss an appeal for formal defects or
irregularities in appellate procedure without allowing a reasonable time to correct or amend the
defects or irregularities.” TEX. R. APP. P. 44.3; Inpetco, Inc. v. Tex. Am. Bank/Houston N.A.,
729 S.W.2d 300, 300 (Tex. 1987) (reading rule 38’s predecessor in conjunction with rule 44’s
predecessor). Nevertheless, it is “settled” that “an appellate court has some discretion to choose
between deeming a point waived and allowing amendment or rebriefing” and “whether that
discretion has been properly exercised depends on the facts of the case.” Fredonia State Bank v.
Gen. Am. Life Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d 279, 284 (Tex. 1994); compare Inpetco, 729 S.W.2d at 300
(appellate court erred in affirming based on briefing inadequacies without first ordering rebriefing
but affirmance was correct on the merits), with Davis v. City of San Antonio, 752 S.W.2d 518, 521
(Tex. 1988) (refusing to remand when respondent failed to include an argument seeking remand in
5 its supreme court briefing or to even raise the issue until after oral argument). Under the
circumstances presented here, the court of appeals abused its discretion in affirming based on
record-citation defects the court knew were readily correctable.
We have admonished appellate courts to “reach the merits of an appeal whenever reasonably
possible” and cautioned that “disposing of appeals for harmless procedural defects is disfavored.”
Perry, 272 S.W.3d at 587. The interests of justice and fair play demand that cases be decided on the
merits when technical deficiencies in appellate briefs “can be easily corrected.” Silk v. Terrill,
898 S.W.2d 764, 766 (Tex. 1995). When a case ripe for decision is resolved based on a procedural
technicality, “[j]udicial economy is not served.” Id.
If Horton’s citations to the appendix, rather than the clerk’s record, truly prevented
consideration of the merits, an opportunity for correction was required. Horton’s citation to the
appendix was easily correctable. Horton’s inclusion of documents in the appendix with the wrong
record citation was also correctable and was not, as the court of appeals stated, a failure of proof.
In some circumstances, it may be unclear whether a missing or wayward record citation is
a formal defect or something more substantive, like a proof or preservation problem. Courts are not
required to comb through the record to find evidence to support a party’s appellate issues, but
nothing prevents courts from undertaking reasonable efforts to locate evidence described in a party’s
brief—a task made less burdensome when the record is filed electronically. The dissenting justice
did so here.
Employing a self-described “simple search” of the electronic record, the dissent confirmed
that the summary-judgment record included the documents Horton had described, made that fact
6 known to the panel, and urged the panel to either decide the case on the merits or provide Horton
a reasonable opportunity to supplement, amend, or clarify her brief. The court should have made
some effort to reach the merits of Horton’s appeal, because it was reasonably possible to do so.
Perry, 272 S.W.3d at 587; see TEX. R. APP. P. 38.9, 44.3. While preservation of error is required
and flagrant violations need not be tolerated, “a party should not lose its right to appeal based on an
unduly technical application of procedural rules.” Willis v. Donnelly, 199 S.W.3d 262, 270 (Tex.
2006) (footnote omitted).
Prompt resolution of disputes is important, but must be balanced against the need to achieve
a just disposition. In this case, the court of appeals relied on a non-merits ground for affirmance that
was neither briefed nor argued by Stovall. Given the dissent’s review of the record, which
confirmed the defect was one of form—not substance—and easily remedied, the court abused its
discretion in rendering judgment without allowing Horton a reasonable opportunity to cure. We
therefore reverse the court of appeals’ judgment and remand the case to that court for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 59.1.
OPINION DELIVERED: December 20, 2019.