ROSS, C. J.
The controversy is over the custody of one Julia Fidencia Rizo, a female child about eight years old. The rival claimants are the father, Epigmenio Rizo, and Pastor Burruel and Francisca Burruel, in whose care the child has been since 1915. In January, 1921, the father, who is the appellant here, instituted in' the superior court of Yuma county habeas corpus proceedings to recover the possession of Julia from appellee Pastor Burruel. In his petition he bases his right to the custody of the child on the ground that he is her father, and alleges that he has requested Pastor Burruel, an unfit person to have her care, to let him take the child, but that the request has been refused, and the child is unlawfully detained and restrained of her liberty. Pastor, in his return to the writ, alleges that in 1914 he and his wife, the other appellee, came into the possession of the child, she having been deserted and abandoned by her-father, and ever since that date he and his wife have maintained and supported the child, and provided her' with the necessities of life. He alleges that the father is unfit to have the care and custody of the child, and asserts Ms willingness, readiness, and ability competently to care for, educate and support the child, and that it will be to her best interests to be left in their care and control.
[139]*139On the date set for the hearing of the application for a writ of habeas corpus the appellees filed in the same court their petition for leave to adopt Julia Fidencia Bizo, and in said petition alleged that'in 1914, Julia Fidencia Bizo was abandoned by her father and delivered into the care and custody of the petitioners, husband and wife, who were then, and for a long time prior thereto had been, actual, continuous, and bona fide residents of Yuma county, Arizona; allege that said child at the time she came into their care was the age of three years, and needed care and attention; that the father and all of the relatives of the said child had willfully deserted her, neglected to provide proper care and maintenance for her, and’that said desertion and failure to provide had continued since 1914.
The hearing upon the application for the writ and the petition for leave to adopt came on to be heard on February 15, 1921, and upon an order of the court the cases were consolidated and heard together. On the fifteenth day of February the appellant filed his plea in abatement to the petition to adopt, in which he set up that he was a citizen of the Bepublic of Mexico and that he had appeared before the superior court of Yum'a county, Arizona, for the sole and only purpose of determining a writ of habeas corpus for the possession of his child, and that, while present in said court, he was served with petition for adoption. Hfe further alleges that the minor child, Julia, and the petitioners are citizens of Mexico, and prays that the petition be dismissed for those reasons. This, plea in abatement was the only pleading filed by the appellant. No answer was made to the petition to adopt. The plea in abatement was overruled. A trial was had before'the court. An order and decree of adoption as prayed for by appellees was made and entered, and the writ of habeas corpus was denied. The, father appeals from both judgments.
[140]*140The first error assigned is the order of the court overruling the appellant’s plea in abatement. It is said that the appellant, being a citizen of Mexico, and having come to Yuma county for the sole purpose of prosecuting a writ of habeas corpus for the possession of his child, could not be, against his consent, made a party defendant in another action. In a very recent case-this immunity from being sued is stated as follows, quoting from the syllabus:
“Suitors, whether plaintiff or defendant, from a foreign jurisdiction are exempt from the service of civil process while attending court and for such reasonable time before and after trial as may enable them to go from and return to their homes.” Sofge v. Lowe, 131 Tenn. 626, L. R. A. 1916A, 734, 176 S. W. 106.
The reason for the adoption of this rule is based upon grounds of public policy, and relates, as the above court has said—
“to a matter of supreme importance — the administration of justice. In order that causes may be fully heard and a just result reached, and that an orderly and unhampered administration of justice may be assured, the law has announced the rule of exemption. If parties to a pending case,- or their witnesses, are liable to be thus sued, they may be intimidated and prevented from complying with the foreign court’s mandate, if actually summoned or subpoenaed, or from attending voluntarily, as is their privilege. It is against public policy to permit them to be deterred by fear of being subjected to suit while attending, or so going or returning.”
While most of the courts have been careful to protect foreign litigants in the matter of their privilege to claim immunity from being sued generally, we think that no case will be found that would limit the adversary party to the particular method of presenting the question involved selected by such foreign litigant. In the present case, for instance, the question involved [141]*141is the status of the infant child, Julia, and we cannot see wherein the privileges or immunities of the father have been invaded, whether that status is determined in the application for writ of habeas corpus or in the petition for leave to adopt. Practically the same question is involved in both cases. In Livengood v. Ball, 63 Okl. 93, L. R. A. 1917C, 905, 162 Pac. 768, it" was held that nonresident plaintiffs who voluntarily brought an action in the courts of Oklahoma against a citizen thereof were not exempt from service of summons in an action by the defendants seeking relief connected with the subject of the litigation commenced by them. In Tiedemann v. Tiedemann, 35 Nev. 259, 129 Pac. 313, the court held that immunity from being sued could not be claimed by a nonresident “when within the jurisdiction on matters affecting the same correlated subject matter, and the action is brought in good faith and calls for the adjudication of substantial rights.” The facts in that case were that the father, a resident of Connecticut, had applied to the courts of Nevada to obtain the possession of his minor child from its mother. His petition being denied, the mother thereupon brought suit for divorce, asking for the custody of the child and a division of property.
Some of the courts have gone so far as to hold that the rule of immunity from being sued does not apply to a nonresident plaintiff who voluntarily goes into a state and brings suit therein. Guynn v. McDaneld, 4 Idaho, 606, 95 Am. St. Rep. 158, 43 Pac. 74; Baldwin v. Emerson, 16 R. I. 304, 27 Am. St. Rep. 741, 15 Atl. 83; Mullen v. Sanborn, 79 Md. 364, 47 Am. St. Rep. 421, 25 L. R. A. 721, 29 Atl. 522; Baisley v. Baisley, 113 Mo. 544, 35 Am. St. Rep. 726, 21 S. W. 29; 21 R. C. L. 1305, §§ 50, 51; 32 Cyc. 492. In view of the facts in this case, it is not necessary that we determine at this time which rule of immunity would be enforced in this jurisdiction in a proper ease.
[142]*142It is claimed by appellant that,
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
ROSS, C. J.
The controversy is over the custody of one Julia Fidencia Rizo, a female child about eight years old. The rival claimants are the father, Epigmenio Rizo, and Pastor Burruel and Francisca Burruel, in whose care the child has been since 1915. In January, 1921, the father, who is the appellant here, instituted in' the superior court of Yuma county habeas corpus proceedings to recover the possession of Julia from appellee Pastor Burruel. In his petition he bases his right to the custody of the child on the ground that he is her father, and alleges that he has requested Pastor Burruel, an unfit person to have her care, to let him take the child, but that the request has been refused, and the child is unlawfully detained and restrained of her liberty. Pastor, in his return to the writ, alleges that in 1914 he and his wife, the other appellee, came into the possession of the child, she having been deserted and abandoned by her-father, and ever since that date he and his wife have maintained and supported the child, and provided her' with the necessities of life. He alleges that the father is unfit to have the care and custody of the child, and asserts Ms willingness, readiness, and ability competently to care for, educate and support the child, and that it will be to her best interests to be left in their care and control.
[139]*139On the date set for the hearing of the application for a writ of habeas corpus the appellees filed in the same court their petition for leave to adopt Julia Fidencia Bizo, and in said petition alleged that'in 1914, Julia Fidencia Bizo was abandoned by her father and delivered into the care and custody of the petitioners, husband and wife, who were then, and for a long time prior thereto had been, actual, continuous, and bona fide residents of Yuma county, Arizona; allege that said child at the time she came into their care was the age of three years, and needed care and attention; that the father and all of the relatives of the said child had willfully deserted her, neglected to provide proper care and maintenance for her, and’that said desertion and failure to provide had continued since 1914.
The hearing upon the application for the writ and the petition for leave to adopt came on to be heard on February 15, 1921, and upon an order of the court the cases were consolidated and heard together. On the fifteenth day of February the appellant filed his plea in abatement to the petition to adopt, in which he set up that he was a citizen of the Bepublic of Mexico and that he had appeared before the superior court of Yum'a county, Arizona, for the sole and only purpose of determining a writ of habeas corpus for the possession of his child, and that, while present in said court, he was served with petition for adoption. Hfe further alleges that the minor child, Julia, and the petitioners are citizens of Mexico, and prays that the petition be dismissed for those reasons. This, plea in abatement was the only pleading filed by the appellant. No answer was made to the petition to adopt. The plea in abatement was overruled. A trial was had before'the court. An order and decree of adoption as prayed for by appellees was made and entered, and the writ of habeas corpus was denied. The, father appeals from both judgments.
[140]*140The first error assigned is the order of the court overruling the appellant’s plea in abatement. It is said that the appellant, being a citizen of Mexico, and having come to Yuma county for the sole purpose of prosecuting a writ of habeas corpus for the possession of his child, could not be, against his consent, made a party defendant in another action. In a very recent case-this immunity from being sued is stated as follows, quoting from the syllabus:
“Suitors, whether plaintiff or defendant, from a foreign jurisdiction are exempt from the service of civil process while attending court and for such reasonable time before and after trial as may enable them to go from and return to their homes.” Sofge v. Lowe, 131 Tenn. 626, L. R. A. 1916A, 734, 176 S. W. 106.
The reason for the adoption of this rule is based upon grounds of public policy, and relates, as the above court has said—
“to a matter of supreme importance — the administration of justice. In order that causes may be fully heard and a just result reached, and that an orderly and unhampered administration of justice may be assured, the law has announced the rule of exemption. If parties to a pending case,- or their witnesses, are liable to be thus sued, they may be intimidated and prevented from complying with the foreign court’s mandate, if actually summoned or subpoenaed, or from attending voluntarily, as is their privilege. It is against public policy to permit them to be deterred by fear of being subjected to suit while attending, or so going or returning.”
While most of the courts have been careful to protect foreign litigants in the matter of their privilege to claim immunity from being sued generally, we think that no case will be found that would limit the adversary party to the particular method of presenting the question involved selected by such foreign litigant. In the present case, for instance, the question involved [141]*141is the status of the infant child, Julia, and we cannot see wherein the privileges or immunities of the father have been invaded, whether that status is determined in the application for writ of habeas corpus or in the petition for leave to adopt. Practically the same question is involved in both cases. In Livengood v. Ball, 63 Okl. 93, L. R. A. 1917C, 905, 162 Pac. 768, it" was held that nonresident plaintiffs who voluntarily brought an action in the courts of Oklahoma against a citizen thereof were not exempt from service of summons in an action by the defendants seeking relief connected with the subject of the litigation commenced by them. In Tiedemann v. Tiedemann, 35 Nev. 259, 129 Pac. 313, the court held that immunity from being sued could not be claimed by a nonresident “when within the jurisdiction on matters affecting the same correlated subject matter, and the action is brought in good faith and calls for the adjudication of substantial rights.” The facts in that case were that the father, a resident of Connecticut, had applied to the courts of Nevada to obtain the possession of his minor child from its mother. His petition being denied, the mother thereupon brought suit for divorce, asking for the custody of the child and a division of property.
Some of the courts have gone so far as to hold that the rule of immunity from being sued does not apply to a nonresident plaintiff who voluntarily goes into a state and brings suit therein. Guynn v. McDaneld, 4 Idaho, 606, 95 Am. St. Rep. 158, 43 Pac. 74; Baldwin v. Emerson, 16 R. I. 304, 27 Am. St. Rep. 741, 15 Atl. 83; Mullen v. Sanborn, 79 Md. 364, 47 Am. St. Rep. 421, 25 L. R. A. 721, 29 Atl. 522; Baisley v. Baisley, 113 Mo. 544, 35 Am. St. Rep. 726, 21 S. W. 29; 21 R. C. L. 1305, §§ 50, 51; 32 Cyc. 492. In view of the facts in this case, it is not necessary that we determine at this time which rule of immunity would be enforced in this jurisdiction in a proper ease.
[142]*142It is claimed by appellant that, inasmuch as he, his child, and the petitioners to adopt are all citizens of Mexico, the court has no jurisdiction, under chapter 17, title 6, Civil Code of 1913, entitled “Adoption,” to decree an adoption; it being contended that the provisions of said chapter do not apply to alien residents, in Arizona. We find no such limitation expressed in said chapter, nor are we aware of any good reason why the power of the courts of the state should not extend to the protection, care, and disposition of minor children of foreign birth as well as native born.
It is claimed by appellant" that the petition for adoption did not state facts sufficient to authorize the court to hear the same, the particular point made being, as we understand it, that there is no allegation in the petition that the child, Julia, was a resident of Yuma county. The statute (paragraph 1188) provides that the superior court of the county in which the child resides has jurisdiction of a petition to adopt such child. But the statute does not require that the petition shall expressly set forth that the child is a resident of the county where the petition is filed. Of course, it is necessary that that fact be made to appear somewhere in the record, and a petition failing clearly and definitely to set forth the residence would doubtless be subject to demurrer. The appellant did not demur to the petition in this case. Besides, we think the petition did, in effect, set forth that the child was residing in Yuma county at the time of the institution of the proceedings herein. It is alleged that it was left with the appellees in 1914, and that they had cared for it ever since, and that they had resided continuously in Yuma county for twenty years. The evidence clearly shows that the child had been kept by appellees at their home at Palomas, Yuma county, continuously from the time it was left with them until February, 1921, the date of the hearing.
[143]*143Lastly it is contended by appellant that tbe evidence shows that the best interests of the child would be subserved by turning its custody over to him. In that connection he insists that the appellees are not qualified or fit to have the custody, care, and education of his child, and that he is. He also contends that there is no evidence supporting the allegation that he had deserted his child. These were questions upon which the court took evidence, and resolved them against appellant’s contention. The finding of the court in that regard is as follows:
“ . . . About the month of November, 1915, Epigmenio Rizo, the father of said minor child, brought said minor child to Palomas, Yuma county, Arizona, and left her at the residence of Pastor Burruel and Francisca Burruel, the petitioners herein, without consulting them, and without making any arrangement or provision whatever for the keeping, care, maintenance, support, or schooling of said minor child, did there desert and abandon said minor child and return to the Republic of Mexico, and ever since said time and until the filing of the petition herein, and for the period of more than five years prior to the filing thereof, the said father of said minor child has continued to willfully and wholly desert and abandon said minor child to the care and custody and control of the said petitioners, and the said father has wholly and willfully failed and neglected to provide said minor child with the common necessaries of life or with any support whatever.”
The court concludes:
“That from all the facts before the court in evidence the judge of this court considers that the interests of said child will be promoted by its adoption by the petitioners.”
As to whether the father intended to abandon and desert his child when he left her with the appellees or not, the evidence was in sharp conflict, but we think the findings of the court on that question are fairly [144]*144well supported. However, aside from that question, under our law, the interests and welfare of the child are of the highest consideration, and in a proceeding of adoption the court may ignore the natural rights of a parent if in doing so the child’s welfare is promoted. Paragraph 1193, Civil Code, states the law:
“An adoption may be decreed without the consent of the parent, guardian, next of kin, or next friend where the judge considers that the interests of the child will be promoted thereby.”
Notwithstanding this provision of the statute, we think the natural rights of the parent should not be lightly passed over; bht, if the judge, after a careful investigation, comes to the conclusion that it would be better for the child and society for it to be taken from its natural parent and placed in the care of others, the statute gives him that right. As was said in Stearns v. Allen, 183 Mass. 404, 97 Am. St. Rep. 441, 67 N. E. 349:
“Adoption involves a change of status. So far as the adopting parents are concerned, the change cannot be made without their consent. .So far as an infant child is concerned, the state, as his protector, may make the change for him. The natural parents of the child should be considered, and their natural rights should be carefully guarded, but their rights are subject to regulation by the state, and, if these come into conflict with the paramount interests-of the child, it is in the power of the state, by legislation, to separate children from their parents when their interests and the welfare.of the community require it.”
"We do not corisider that the appellant’s objection to the consolidation of the two suits, involving, as they did, the same question, to wit, the status of the minor child, was error. Practically the same question was involved in both cases between the same parties, and evidence applicable to the issue in one case would be relevant and material in the other. We think para[145]*145graph 690 of the Civil Code, providing for consolidation of suits between the same parties, authorized the court to hear the cases together.
The decree of adoption appealed from is affirmed. This necessarily affirms the order of the court denying the writ of habeas corpus.
McALISTER and FLANIGAN, JJ., concur.