After stating the facts,
MiNee, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
1. The Telluride Power Transmission Company and L. L. Nunn, the appellants, filed a petition to remove the case to the Federal Court, alleging diversity of citizenship. This petition was denied by the district court, and after transfer to the Federal Court on a transcript of the proceedings, the case was remanded to the district court. The appellants now object to the jurisdiction of the state courts to hear or try the case, -and ask this court to review the order of the United States Court in remanding the case to the district court of the State. This we can not do. From such an order no appeal lies to this court. The order remanding the case is final, and this court [33]*33bas no authority to review, on appeal, tbe order of tbe Eederal court remanding tbe case to tbe state court. Murray v. Lockhart, 123 U. S. 56; Richmond & Danville Railroad Co. v. Thoubron, 134 U. S. 45; In re Pennsylvania Co., 137 U. S. 451; Telluride Power Co. v. R. G. W. Ry. Co., 175 U. S. 639.
2. Many of tbe questions involved in this case were passed upon by this court in tbe case of tbe Rio Grande Wes. Ry. Co. v. Telluride Power Company et al., 16 Utah 125. In that case tbe court held, in substance, that respondent was such a railroad corporation as was contemplated by section 2358, C. L. U. 1888; that its articles were such as were contemplated by it, and that it was .entitled to ten years from tbe time it duly filed them within which to finish tbe road and put it in full operation; that it sufficiently appeared from tbe record that tbe plaintiff bad located its right of way upon the land in dispute under section 1 of an act granting railroads the right of way through tbe public lands of tbe United States, found in eighteenth Statute at Large, page 482, part 3; that the plaintiff has duly filed its articles of incorporation, and due proof of its organization thereunder, with the Secretary of the Interior, and that it surveyed and located its right of way over the land in dispute (being along tbe same line in question here) about the first day of July, 1896; that tbe plaintiff’s location of its right of way over tbe land, and its possession thereof was lawful; that under subdivision 4 of tbe same act (18 Stat. at Large, 483) the land in question being unsurveyed land of the United States, tbe plaintiff had twelve months after tbe land was surveyed by tbe government within which to file with the Register of the proper land office a profile of its road; that under tbe laws of this State, and section 2339, Revised Statutes United States, the defendants never had the title, possession, or right of possession to tbe [34]*34land in question, or acquired any vested right in accordance with tbe laws or customs of tbe country, or any right to flow or otherwise occupy said land or prevent the use and occupation thereof by the plaintiff railroad company, and that their adverse claim to the land in question as against the plaintiff was unfounded, and that plaintiff was entitled to judgment; that the defendants (if properly organized) might have obtained 'a valid right to any unappropriated water'of Provo river for the purpose of operating machinery, for irrigation, or other useful purpose, under the laws of this State and under section 2339, Revised Statutes United States. This section reads as follows, in part: “Wherever by priority of possession, rights to. the usé of water for mining, agricultural, manufacturing, or other purposes have accrued, and the same are recognized and acknowledged by the local customs, laws and decisions of courts, the possessors and owners of such vested right shall be maintained and protected in the same; and the right of way for the construction of ditches and canals for the purpose herein specified is acknowledged and confirmed;” that such right was not unrestricted however; that it must be exercised within a reasonable time; that while dams and reservoirs may be erected, they must be kept within reasonable limits; that defendants’ dam to a height of fifteen feet would not interfere with the use of the highway in the canyon, or with the use for other legitimate purposes; that the defendants had not appro- - priated the land in dispute, and that neither of the defendants was in actual possession of the land when the plaintiff located his right of way, took possession and engaged in grading it.
3. On the trial of this case the judgment "roll of the former case referred to, was placed in evidence, under objection. The complaint was a common complaint to quiet title to an easement under the act of Congress, and the possession of .a strip» of land adjoining Eerguson’s strip on the north[35]*35east, extending along tbe canyon to Hanging Eock and Middle Eock to appellant’s alleged diverting dam. Tbe defendants were tbe same, except Eerguson, and 'tbe answer was about tbe same. Holbrook disclaimed, as bere. Tbe identity of tbe land was admitted. Tbe issue in tbe case was left between tbe appellants and the plaintiff as bere on tbis appeal, and practically on tbe same questions. Appellants objected to tbe introduction of the judgement roll in evidence, because it was not pleaded. The evidence was admitted, but no assignment of error was made upon its reception. . Tbe question is what effect does tbe evidence have.
In tbe present case tbe plaintiff does not base bis cause of action upon tbe judgment. No counterclaim was put in by tbe defendants, and there was no opportunity to plead it to tbe answer. Besides tbe judgment was not rendered or decision reached in tbe Supreme Court until tbe issues were made in tbis case. Tbe judgment in “such eases should be pleaded if tbe plaintiff bases any right upon it, and there is an opportunity to plead it. As a plea tbe judgment is a bar, as 'evidence, it is conclusive on tbe point decided between tbe sanje parties.
In 1 Herman on Estoppel, section 107, it is said: “But when tbe same matter is directly in question in another suit and the judgment of tbe former suit is directly in point, it will be as a plea, a bar, as evidence, conclusive.”
In section 784 Black on Judgments, it is said: “A former recovery in which tbe same matter was tried and determined upon tbe merits, may be given in evidence without being specially pleaded, whenever tbe party, plaintiff or defendant, bad no opportunity to plead tbe judgment specially, and its effect, in such case, is equally conclusive as if it bad been pleaded.”
"While it is a general rule that estoppel by a former judg[36]*36ment must be plead, tbe rule does not apply to cases where no opportunity to plead tbe estoppel is given, and when tbe judgment is admitted as evidence, where there is no opportunity to plead it, both the preponderance of authority in this country and the weight of sound legal reason sustain the doctrine that a former judgment, if admissible under the general issue is just as conclusive when so presented as if it had been pleaded. 2 Black on Judgments, secs. 784, 787, and cases cited.
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After stating the facts,
MiNee, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
1. The Telluride Power Transmission Company and L. L. Nunn, the appellants, filed a petition to remove the case to the Federal Court, alleging diversity of citizenship. This petition was denied by the district court, and after transfer to the Federal Court on a transcript of the proceedings, the case was remanded to the district court. The appellants now object to the jurisdiction of the state courts to hear or try the case, -and ask this court to review the order of the United States Court in remanding the case to the district court of the State. This we can not do. From such an order no appeal lies to this court. The order remanding the case is final, and this court [33]*33bas no authority to review, on appeal, tbe order of tbe Eederal court remanding tbe case to tbe state court. Murray v. Lockhart, 123 U. S. 56; Richmond & Danville Railroad Co. v. Thoubron, 134 U. S. 45; In re Pennsylvania Co., 137 U. S. 451; Telluride Power Co. v. R. G. W. Ry. Co., 175 U. S. 639.
2. Many of tbe questions involved in this case were passed upon by this court in tbe case of tbe Rio Grande Wes. Ry. Co. v. Telluride Power Company et al., 16 Utah 125. In that case tbe court held, in substance, that respondent was such a railroad corporation as was contemplated by section 2358, C. L. U. 1888; that its articles were such as were contemplated by it, and that it was .entitled to ten years from tbe time it duly filed them within which to finish tbe road and put it in full operation; that it sufficiently appeared from tbe record that tbe plaintiff bad located its right of way upon the land in dispute under section 1 of an act granting railroads the right of way through tbe public lands of tbe United States, found in eighteenth Statute at Large, page 482, part 3; that the plaintiff has duly filed its articles of incorporation, and due proof of its organization thereunder, with the Secretary of the Interior, and that it surveyed and located its right of way over the land in dispute (being along tbe same line in question here) about the first day of July, 1896; that tbe plaintiff’s location of its right of way over tbe land, and its possession thereof was lawful; that under subdivision 4 of tbe same act (18 Stat. at Large, 483) the land in question being unsurveyed land of the United States, tbe plaintiff had twelve months after tbe land was surveyed by tbe government within which to file with the Register of the proper land office a profile of its road; that under tbe laws of this State, and section 2339, Revised Statutes United States, the defendants never had the title, possession, or right of possession to tbe [34]*34land in question, or acquired any vested right in accordance with tbe laws or customs of tbe country, or any right to flow or otherwise occupy said land or prevent the use and occupation thereof by the plaintiff railroad company, and that their adverse claim to the land in question as against the plaintiff was unfounded, and that plaintiff was entitled to judgment; that the defendants (if properly organized) might have obtained 'a valid right to any unappropriated water'of Provo river for the purpose of operating machinery, for irrigation, or other useful purpose, under the laws of this State and under section 2339, Revised Statutes United States. This section reads as follows, in part: “Wherever by priority of possession, rights to. the usé of water for mining, agricultural, manufacturing, or other purposes have accrued, and the same are recognized and acknowledged by the local customs, laws and decisions of courts, the possessors and owners of such vested right shall be maintained and protected in the same; and the right of way for the construction of ditches and canals for the purpose herein specified is acknowledged and confirmed;” that such right was not unrestricted however; that it must be exercised within a reasonable time; that while dams and reservoirs may be erected, they must be kept within reasonable limits; that defendants’ dam to a height of fifteen feet would not interfere with the use of the highway in the canyon, or with the use for other legitimate purposes; that the defendants had not appro- - priated the land in dispute, and that neither of the defendants was in actual possession of the land when the plaintiff located his right of way, took possession and engaged in grading it.
3. On the trial of this case the judgment "roll of the former case referred to, was placed in evidence, under objection. The complaint was a common complaint to quiet title to an easement under the act of Congress, and the possession of .a strip» of land adjoining Eerguson’s strip on the north[35]*35east, extending along tbe canyon to Hanging Eock and Middle Eock to appellant’s alleged diverting dam. Tbe defendants were tbe same, except Eerguson, and 'tbe answer was about tbe same. Holbrook disclaimed, as bere. Tbe identity of tbe land was admitted. Tbe issue in tbe case was left between tbe appellants and the plaintiff as bere on tbis appeal, and practically on tbe same questions. Appellants objected to tbe introduction of the judgement roll in evidence, because it was not pleaded. The evidence was admitted, but no assignment of error was made upon its reception. . Tbe question is what effect does tbe evidence have.
In tbe present case tbe plaintiff does not base bis cause of action upon tbe judgment. No counterclaim was put in by tbe defendants, and there was no opportunity to plead it to tbe answer. Besides tbe judgment was not rendered or decision reached in tbe Supreme Court until tbe issues were made in tbis case. Tbe judgment in “such eases should be pleaded if tbe plaintiff bases any right upon it, and there is an opportunity to plead it. As a plea tbe judgment is a bar, as 'evidence, it is conclusive on tbe point decided between tbe sanje parties.
In 1 Herman on Estoppel, section 107, it is said: “But when tbe same matter is directly in question in another suit and the judgment of tbe former suit is directly in point, it will be as a plea, a bar, as evidence, conclusive.”
In section 784 Black on Judgments, it is said: “A former recovery in which tbe same matter was tried and determined upon tbe merits, may be given in evidence without being specially pleaded, whenever tbe party, plaintiff or defendant, bad no opportunity to plead tbe judgment specially, and its effect, in such case, is equally conclusive as if it bad been pleaded.”
"While it is a general rule that estoppel by a former judg[36]*36ment must be plead, tbe rule does not apply to cases where no opportunity to plead tbe estoppel is given, and when tbe judgment is admitted as evidence, where there is no opportunity to plead it, both the preponderance of authority in this country and the weight of sound legal reason sustain the doctrine that a former judgment, if admissible under the general issue is just as conclusive when so presented as if it had been pleaded. 2 Black on Judgments, secs. 784, 787, and cases cited.
So, a successful defense to one of a series of actions founded upon the same transaction or subject matter, if it goes to the merits of the whole, is a complete estoppel to any subsequent action between the same parties. This rule is based upon the principle that a judgment is final as to all points and questions actually litigated and determined by it. The estoppel operates only in regard to matters in issue between the same parties and upon the determination of which the judgment was rendered, and if the second action is upon a different claim or demand, the judgment in the prior suit operates as an estoppel only as to those matters in issue or controverted, upon the determination of which the final judgment was rendered. Black on Judgments, secs. 750, 751, 755; Oregon R. R. Co. v. O. R. & N. Co., 27 Fed. 277; Roberts v. U. P. R. R. Co., 158 U. S. 1.
• The principles announced in the former decision, so far as pertinent in the present case, must be considered as determining the questions adversely to the appellants, if the parties were the same. But the parties are not the same. Ferguson was not a party in the former suit. The former decision must be treated as authority, and as determining the law in this case, in so far as it decided the same questions involved in the present case.
4. The record shows that the San Miguel Gold Mining Company was organized- in Colorado, February 7, 1891, with [37]*37a capital of $15,000,000, and was authorized to acquire by-purchase, lease, or otherwise, mining property, together with water rights, power, ways, mills and mill sites; to develop, mine, work and utilize the same, and to carry on a general mining business. Its principal office is in Telluride, Colorado, and its principal business is to be done in Colorado, and its articles provide that part of its business may be done in Boston, Mass., and its principal office kept there. The stock is non-assessable, and no requirements for payments of subscription are incorporated in it. In February, 1896, an amendment of its articles was made and filed with the Secretary of State in Colorado changing the name of the company to the Telluride Power Transmission Company. Appellant Nunn was its manager. >'
Section 427, p. 614, 1 Col. Stat. 1893, among other matters provides that “When said corporation shall be created under the laws of this State for the purpose of carrying on part of its business beyond the limits thereof, such certificate shall state that fact.” Subdivision 2 of this section provides that the object for which the company is created shall be stated. Section 498, authorizes Colorado corporations authorized to do business out of the State, to accept the laws of the other states and there exercise its franchise.
So it appears that the appellant company is a mining corporation organized in Colorado, without complying with the statute and with no other powers to do business as such in this State. Without complying with the Constitution and laws of this State with respect to foreign corporations, it unlawfully assumes to appropriate both land and water within this State. This must be so, because under section 2 article 12 of the Constitution of this State, no corporation in existence in this State when the Constitution is adopted shall have the benefit of its laws, without filing with the Secretary of State [38]*38' an acceptance of the provisions of the constitution; and under section 6, no corporation organized out of the State shall be allowed to transact business in this State on conditions more favorable than those prescribed by law for similár corporations organized under the laws of the State. Under section 9, no corporation is allowed to do business in this State without having one or more places of business therein, with an agent upon whom process may be served, nor without first filing a certified copy of. its articles of incorporation with the Secretary of State. Section 10 provides that no corporation shall engage in any business other than that expressly authorized in its charter or articles of incorporation.
Section 2293, C. L. U. 1888, as amended in 1896, and sections 351 and 352, Revised Statutes 1898, expressly embody these provisions of the Constitution, and prohibit foreign corporations from doing business in this State, unless they have complied with these requirements of the law; and any corporation failing to so comply with the provisions of the law is not entitled to the benefits of the law of this State relating to corporations.
The appellant corporation did not comply with the laws of this State, and has no power to engage in its business of mining, or to acquire any water rights under the laws of this State. A corporation of Colorado coming into this State can not bring with it powers with which it is not endowed in Colorado. It can only have an existence under the express laws of the State where it is created, and can exercise no power which is not granted by its charter or some legislative act. The appellant corporation never filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Utah, a copy of its articles of incorporation, by either name under which it was incorporated, and never accepted the laws or Constitution of Utah, nor has it appointed any agent or fixed any place of business within the State as required by law. The [39]*39defendant corporation, therefore, is not entitled to the benefit of the laws of this State, with reference to corporations. State v. So. Pac. Co., 28 So. Rep. 372; Oregon Ry. Co. v. Oregonian Ry. Co., 130 U. S. 1; Barse Live Stock Co. v. Range Valley Cattle Co., 50 Pac. 630 Utah.
Under section 2339, Revised Statutes, even if priority of possession of tbe property in question was shown in the defendant corporation, still its right to locate and u'se the water or land is not recognized or acknowledged by the laws of this State,' and it was not in a position to question the right of the plaintiff in the premises.
5. Appellant Nunn was a resident of Colorado, the general manager, and in charge of the business of the defendant corporation, both in Colorado and Utah. The chief engineer, hydraulic engineer, and officers of the defendant corporation, including the president and attorneys, consulted with and acted with him with respect to the acts performed with reference to the appropriation of water and in making the improvements discussed by them at Hanging Rock, but no plan for a dam at Hanging Rock was ever actually made, and no dam was constructed there. Throughout the whole procedure the board of• the defendant corporation was the controlling authority for, and with whom Nunn acted. If Nunn had any right, it was with reference to the smaller power located below. The dam at Hanging Rock was to be a larger power, and was talked about in the project, but it was not constructed, and the ownership, if in anyone, was in the defendant company, which was incapable of acquiring such ownership.
While the testimony is very uncertain, it sufficiently appears that whatever was done by Nunn in the appropriation of water, was done for the irse and benefit of the defendant company, and he can not be treated as a personal claimant and owner of the easement and right of way in controversy as [40]*40against tbe right of way as acquired by respondent.
6. It appears that Mr. Ferguson bad settled upon one hundred and sixty acres of unsurveyed government land situated in tbe canyon in question above Hanging Rock, and resided there in 1895. In August, 1896, defendant Nunn entered into a contract to purchase said land after Ferguson should thereafter acquire a homestead title. In December, 1896, pending this action, Ferguson conveyed to Nunn whatever title he had in the land, and Ferguson occupied the land until his death in February, 1891, and his family afterwards succeeded to its occupation, and were made or became parties to the action to condemn. So far as appears defendant Nunn was never in occupation of the land, or any land above Hanging-Rock. Under this conveyance, Nunn, not being a bona, fide settler, nor in possession of the land, would take no right, except, possibly, the improvements, as against the right of way of the respondent.
Ferguson’s deed to Nunn divested Ferguson of whatever possessory right he had in the land. If the Ferguson heirs thereafter entered thereon in their own right, their possession only dated from the death of their father in February, 1897, long after the respondent’s right.of way was acquired. The Ferguson heirs could not occupy the government land in their own right and for Ferguson or Nunn, nor could Nunn homestead this land by proxy. A homestead or squatter’s right is a personal right, and the possession under it must be personal. Not having obtained any right by contract or deed until 1896, after the commencement of this suit, and after the grant to the respondent had vested subject to the payment of damages to the rightful party in possession, if any, and not having possession, or the fight of á bona fide settler under the Act of Congress, Nunn, under his deed, at most, simply had the right to enter upon the land and take the improvements. Having no title or [41]*41possession Nunn was not entitled to damages.
As held in Conlan v. Quimby, 104 U. S. 420, a party settling upon unsuryeyed government land wbo in good faitb complies with tbe statutory requirements, is entitled, as against subsequent settlers to pre-empt tbe land, but would derive no right thereto by purchasing the claim of a prior settler, unless by actual entry at the proper office he had acquired some right thereto.
In the present case Nunn had made no entry at tjie proper •office, and had no possession of the land or right of possession against the respondent. Frisbie v. Whitney, 9 Wall. 187; Yosemite Valley Case, 15 Wall. 77; Buxton v. Traver, 130 U. S. 232; Moore v. Besse, 43 Cal. 511; Sproat v. Durland, 35 Pac. 682.
Whether any damages accrued to the Eerguson heirs at the time the summons were served in September, 1896, under section 3599, C. L. U. 1888, and Roberts v. U. P. Ry. Co., 158 U. S. 1, we are not called upon to decide. The damages have been assessed by the jury and paid, and no appeal has been taken therefrom.
The appellants assign many errors upon the refusal of the •court to instruct the jury as requested, upon the instructions ■given to the jury, and upon the facts found by the court. Under the view taken these questions become unimportant as neither of the appellants were injured in their rights; nor were either entitled to any damages under the facts shown in this case. The instructions were, at least, as favorable to the appellants as they had a right to expect.
Upon the whole record we find no reversible error. The judgment of the district court is affirmed, with costs.
Bartch, O. J., and Baslrin, J., concur.