Ridenour v. Nevada Bell Telephone Co.

• Court: District Court, D. Nevada
• Decided: August 5, 2022
• Docket: 3:22-cv-00004
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

4 DISTRICT OF NEVADA

5 * * *

6 STEVEN RIDENOUR, Case No. 3:22-cv-00004-MMD-CSD

7 Plaintiff, ORDER v. 8 NEVADA BELL TELEPHONE CO., 9 d/b/a AT&T NEVADA, et al.,

10 Defendants.

11 12 I. SUMMARY 13 Pro se Plaintiff Steven Ridenour brings this action against Defendant Nevada 14 Bell Telephone Company (“AT&T”) for the alleged sexual harassment he endured from 15 his supervisor and Defendant Communications Workers of America Union Local 9413 16 (the “Union”) for its alleged mishandling of his sexual harassment grievance. (ECF No. 17 1-2.) Before the Court are AT&T and the Union’s1 motions to dismiss under Federal 18 Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).2 (ECF Nos. 19, 24.) Because Ridenour has failed to 19 plead facially plausible claims, and as further explained below, the Court will grant 20 AT&T’s motion but will allow Ridenour to amend some of his claims. Because 21 Ridenour’s claims against the Union are barred by the statute of limitations, and as 22 further explained below, the Court will grant the Union’s motion. 23 /// 24 /// 25 /// 26

27 1The Union filed a prior motion to dismiss (ECF No. 13), which the Court denies as moot because it has been replaced by the Union’s amended motion (ECF No. 19). 28 2Ridenour only filed a response to AT&T’s motion. (ECF No. 31.) 2 Ridenour was formerly a technician at AT&T and was represented by the Union.4 3 (ECF No. 1-2 at 4, 10.) He alleges that his direct manager, Edinar “Eddy” Copeland, 4 sexually harassed him on two separate occasions. (Id. at 4-5.) Ridenour claims that 5 Copeland sent him flirtatious messages asking him out for drinks on the evenings of 6 November 21, 2017, and December 14, 2017. (Id.) Ridenour did not respond to her 7 messages. (Id.) Copeland subsequently exhibited a “complete 180 degree change in 8 tone, attitude, [and] any sense of friendliness.” (Id. at 6.) Despite previously praising 9 Ridenour’s work, Copeland began initiating investigations against Ridenour in January 10 2018 for violating company policy, customer mistreatment, and failure to perform his 11 duties. (Id. at 5-7.) Ridenour also heard from a coworker that Copeland was “butt-hurt” 12 from his rejection and was “trying to get [Ridenour] in trouble.” (Id. at 8.) Following these 13 investigations, Ridenour was suspended several times. (Id. at 7.) 14 Ridenour filed two grievances on January 29, 2018, regarding his suspensions. 15 (Id. at 9.) He also had a three-hour phone conversation on January 30 with Union 16 employee, Petula Vierja, and reported the inappropriate text messages from Copeland 17 to her. (Id. at 10.) Vierja allegedly told Ridenour that Copeland “crossed the line,” that 18 his job was safe, that he would be receiving backpay plus a 50K “special package,” and 19 that Copeland’s job was in jeopardy. (Id.) She also informed Ridenour that another 20 Union employee, Jose Ruiz, would be handling his case. (Id. at 10-11.) Ridenour 21 subsequently spoke to Ruiz and forwarded him Copeland’s text messages. (Id. at 11.) 22 During their conversation, Ruiz disclosed that Copeland was a family friend but 23 reassured Ridenour that the relationship would not impact his investigation. (Id.) 24 25

26 3The following allegations are adapted from the Complaint unless otherwise indicated. (ECF No. 1-2.) 27 4The Court notes that Ridenour’s arguments and allegations are, at times, 28 difficult to follow and require the Court to construe them as stated herein. 2 to impose additional stipulations on Ridenour regarding where he could be dispatched 3 and whether he was allowed to go home for lunch, and then continued his suspension 4 because “they need[ed] more time to investigate.” (Id. at 11-12.) Ridenour was finally 5 allowed to return to work in late February. (Id. at 13.) Copeland was eventually 6 transferred to another location and replaced by managers Steve France and Greg 7 DeFehr. (Id. at 15.) DeFehr allegedly launched yet another investigation against 8 Ridenour for being “out of route without previous manager approval,” which Ridenour 9 alleges was a cover-up and retaliation for the “moral hazard created by manager 10 Copeland’s sole actions.” (Id. at 15-16, 21.) The new managers then fired Ridenour on 11 March 22, 2018. (Id. at 17.) Ridenour contacted Ruiz immediately following his firing, 12 but Ruiz informed Ridenour that he was on his own. (Id. at 18.) Ridenour suggests that 13 Ruiz's personal relationship with Copeland and offense taken by Ruiz regarding 14 Ridenour's allegedly derogatory comments about Mexican individuals resulted in the 15 lack of necessary intervention. (Id. at 18-20.) 16 Ridenour allegedly filed a charge of discrimination with the Nevada Equal Rights 17 Commission (“NERC”), which was closed in July 2021, and a charge with the U.S. 18 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), which was closed around 19 August 2021.5 (ECF Nos. 24 at 10, 31 at 2.) Ridenour then filed a lawsuit in the Second 20 Judicial District Court of the State of Nevada against AT&T and the Union, asserting the 21 following claims in his Complaint: (1) sexual harassment (AT&T); (2) fraud (AT&T); (3) 22 breach of duty of fair representation (the Union); and (4) breach of contract (AT&T). 23 (ECF No. 1-2 at 20-24.) Defendants removed this action. (ECF No. 1.) 24 /// 25 26 5Although not explicitly raised in Ridenour’s Complaint, details regarding 27 Ridenour’s EEOC and NERC claims were introduced in AT&T’s motion to dismiss and Ridenour’s response. (ECF Nos. 24, 31.) For the purposes of this order, the Court only 28 takes the facts in the Complaint as true, but also considers these clarifying details when deciding whether leave to amend should be granted. 2 A court may dismiss a plaintiff’s complaint for “failure to state a claim upon which 3 relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A properly pleaded complaint must 4 provide “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to 5 relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). 6 While Rule 8 does not require detailed factual allegations, it demands more than “labels 7 and conclusions” or a “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” 8 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). “Factual 9 allegations must be enough to rise above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 10 555. Thus, to survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual 11 matter to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 12 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). 13 In Iqbal, the Supreme Court of the United States clarified the two-step approach 14 district courts are to apply when considering motions to dismiss. First, a district court 15 must accept as true all well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint; however, legal 16 conclusions are not entitled to the assumption of truth. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Mere 17 recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported only by conclusory statements, 18 do not suffice. See id. Second, a district court must consider whether the factual 19 allegations in the complaint allege a plausible claim for relief. See id. at 679. A claim is 20 facially plausible when the plaintiff’s complaint alleges facts that allow a court to draw a 21 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the alleged misconduct. See id. at 22 678. 23 Where the complaint does not permit the Court to infer more than the mere 24 possibility of misconduct, the complaint has “alleged—but it has not show[n]—that the 25 pleader is entitled to relief.” Id. at 679 (alteration in original) (quotation marks and 26 citation omitted). That is insufficient. When the claims in a complaint have not crossed 27 the line from conceivable to plausible, the complaint must be dismissed. See Twombly, 28 550 U.S. at 570. Dismissal of a complaint without leave to amend is only proper when it 2 Ariz. Bd. of Regents, 824 F.3d 858, 871 (9th Cir. 2016); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 3 15(a)(2) (instructing district courts to “freely give leave” to amend). 4 IV. DISCUSSION 5 The Court will first dismiss Ridenour’s sexual harassment claims, including his 6 Title VII hostile work environment and quid pro quo claims, and his state law claim, 7 because they are insufficiently pled and may not be cured by amendment. The Court 8 will then address Ridenour’s allegations of retaliation and provide him with the 9 governing legal standard, to the extent he wishes to assert a claim for retaliation in the 10 amended complaint. Next, the Court will dismiss Ridenour’s fraud claim because it is 11 not pleaded with the requisite particularity, but the Court will grant him leave to cure the 12 deficiency. The Court will finally dismiss Ridenour’s section 301 hybrid claim because 13 Ridenour failed to file a response and because it is time-barred. 14 A. Title VII Hostile Work Environment and Quid Pro Quo Claims & State Law Sexual Harassment Claim 15 To start, Ridenour failed to plead a facially plausible claim for hostile work 16 environment under Title VII. AT&T argues, in part, that dismissal is proper because 17 Copeland’s text messages “had no sexual connotations and merely mentioned alcohol 18 consumption,” which fell “well short of being severe or pervasive enough to alter the 19 conditions of [Ridenour’s] employment.” (ECF No. 24 at 6-7.) Ridenour counters, in part, 20 that Copeland’s actions were sufficiently pervasive or severe because they were the 21 sole reason for his firing and accuses AT&T of victim-shaming him. (ECF No. 31 at 3-4.) 22 The Court agrees with AT&T. 23 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in the workplace 24 on the basis of sex, and “[s]exual harassment is a species of gender discrimination.” 25 Brooks v. City of San Mateo, 229 F.3d 917, 923 (9th Cir. 2000) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 26 2000e-2(a)(1)). Sexual harassment generally “falls into two major categories: hostile 27 work environment and quid pro quo.” See id. (citation omitted). To show that he was 28 subjected to a hostile work environment because of sex, the plaintiff must allege that 2 was unwelcome; and (3) the conduct was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the 3 conditions of employment and create an abusive working environment.” Fried v. Wynn 4 Las Vegas, LLC, 18 F.4th 643, 647 (9th Cir. 2021) (citation omitted). A hostile work 5 environment “must be both objectively and subjectively offensive, one that a reasonable 6 person would find hostile or abusive, and one that the victim in fact did perceive to be 7 so.” Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 787 (1998) (citation omitted). When 8 determining whether an environment is sufficiently hostile, the Court “must consider all 9 the circumstances, including frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; 10 whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and 11 whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee's work performance.” Christian v. 12 Umpqua Bank, 984 F.3d 801, 809 (9th Cir. 2020) (citations and quotation marks 13 omitted). 14 Accepting his allegations as true, Ridenour premises his hostile work 15 environment claim on two separate incidents where Copeland sent him flirtatious text 16 messages in the evening. (ECF No. 1-2 at 4-5.) On November 21, 2017, Copeland 17 texted Ridenour from her work cell phone asking what they were doing for the evening, 18 followed by several martini glass emojis. (Id. at 4.) According to Ridenour, Copeland 19 sent these texts “in rapid succession in under 1 minute.” (Id.) She texted Ridenour again 20 on December 14, 2017, when Ridenour was completing a repair job and Copeland was 21 off the clock, asking Ridenour how it was going, telling him she only knew one person at 22 the party she was attending, and saying that her “#1 thing” was food. (Id. at 5.) Ridenour 23 alleges that Copeland’s text messages made him feel uncomfortable, and he did not 24 respond to her advances. (Id. at 4-5.) 25 Even assuming Copeland’s actions were sexual in nature and unwelcome, the 26 Court finds that the conduct here is not sufficiently pervasive to violate Title VII. See id. 27 The alleged harassment was limited to two isolated instances that were weeks apart 28 and were of short duration. (Id.) Ridenour does not allege that Copeland made any 2 and he admits that her texts on both evenings were short and quick, sent in “rapid 3 succession” within minutes. (Id.) See Kortan v. Cal. Youth Auth., 217 F.3d 1104, 1110- 4 11 (9th Cir. 2000) (offensive comments “mainly made in a flurry” on one day do not 5 constitute a hostile work environment); Alioto v. Assoc. Exch. Inc., 482 F. App’x 222, 6 223 (9th Cir. 2012) (conduct that is “episodic at best” is “insufficient to establish a prima 7 facie case” for hostile work environment). Hence, Ridenour failed to plausibly allege that 8 Copeland’s conduct was pervasive enough to violate Title VII. 9 Because there were only two isolated incidents, they must be extremely severe 10 to support a claim for hostile work environment. See Fried, 18 F.4th at 648 (noting that 11 “for a single incident to suffice, it must be extremely severe”) (citations and quotation 12 marks omitted); Ellison v. Brady, 924 F.2d 872, 878 (9th Cir. 1991) (explaining that “the 13 required showing of severity or seriousness of the harassing conduct varies inversely 14 with the pervasiveness or frequency of the conduct”) (citations omitted). Even construed 15 liberally due to Ridenour’s pro se status, Copeland’s text messages, while inappropriate 16 between a supervisor and subordinate, fall short of this threshold. At most, Copeland’s 17 text messages suggest that she wanted to have drinks with Ridenour on November 18 21—there was no physically threatening contact, abusive language, explicit sexual 19 propositions, or overtly sexual advances by Copeland. (ECF Nos. 1-2 at 4-5, 24 at 5-9.) 20 See Christian, 984 F.3d at 809 (citations omitted). 21 Copeland’s messages are more akin to an offensive utterance or offhand 22 comment, which the Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit have held to be insufficient to 23 violate Title VII. See Faragher, 524 U.S. at 788 (noting that “simple teasing . . . offhand 24 comments, and isolated incidents (unless extremely serious) will not amount to 25 discriminatory changes in the terms and conditions of employment”) (citations and 26 quotation marks omitted); EEOC v. Prospect Airport Servs., Inc., 621 F.3d 991, 998 (9th 27 Cir. 2010) (“A violation is not established merely by evidence showing sporadic use of 28 abusive language, gender-related jokes, and occasional teasing”) (citations and 2 impacted his work performance because Copeland initiated investigations against him, 3 the two instances of text messages nevertheless fall within the type of isolated conduct 4 that is insufficient to be severe or pervasive. (ECF Nos. 1-2 at 6-7, 24 at 6.) Thus, when 5 viewed under the totality of the circumstances, Ridenour failed to sufficiently allege 6 conduct that was severe or pervasive enough to violate Title VII and his hostile work 7 environment claim must be dismissed with prejudice. See Christian, 984 F.3d at 809. 8 The Court likewise dismisses Ridenour’s Title VII quid pro quo claim with 9 prejudice because the conduct that he relies on—the text messages—do not convey or 10 even suggest that Copeland ever explicitly or implicitly demanded a sexual favor in 11 exchange for job advancement or the absence of a job detriment at AT&T. (ECF Nos. 1- 12 2 at 4-21, 24 at 9.) See Holly D. v. Cal. Inst. of Tech., 339 F.3d 1158, 1169 n.15 (9th 13 Cir. 2003); Craig v. M&O Agencies, Inc., 496 F.3d 1047, 1054 (9th Cir. 2007). As 14 explained above, at most, the text messages reveal that Copeland wanted to go out for 15 drinks with Ridenour and nothing more. (ECF Nos. 1-2 at 4-5, 24 at 9.) 16 It is unclear from the Complaint whether Ridenour is asserting a claim for sexual 17 harassment/discrimination under Nevada law. (ECF No. 1-2.) See NRS § 613.330. To 18 the extent Ridenour relies on Nevada law, his state sexual harassment/discrimination 19 claims fail for the same reasons.6 The Nevada Supreme Court has held that the state 20 anti-discrimination statute, NRS § 613.330, is “almost identical” to Title VII, and that 21 courts should apply the same analysis to the statutes. See Apeceche v. White Pine 22 Cnty., 615 P.2d 975, 977 (Nev. 1980); Pope v. Motel 6, 114 P.3d 277, 280 (Nev. 2005); 23 Complete Care Med. Ctr. v. Beckstead, 466 P.3d 538 (Nev. 2020). Because the 24 allegations supporting Ridenour’s sexual harassment and discrimination claims, 25 accepting them as true, do not establish a violation of Title VII, his analogue state law 26 claims are similarly deficient as a matter of law. 27 6Because the Court dismisses the state law sexual harassment/discrimination 28 claim, the Court declines to address AT&T’s argument that this claim is barred by the statute of limitations. (ECF No. 24 at 9-10.) 2 Throughout the Complaint, Ridenour mentions that he was retaliated against by 3 Copeland and the new managers who replaced her. (ECF No. 1-2.) For instance, 4 Ridenour alleges that a coworker told him Copeland was “butt-hurt” from his rejection 5 and trying to get him in trouble. (Id. at 8.) However, Ridenour does not expressly plead 6 a claim for retaliation under his causes of action in the Complaint. (Id. at 20-25.) The 7 Court grants Ridenour leave to amend7 if he wishes to assert a claim for retaliation in 8 the amended complaint. 9 Because of Ridenour’s pro se status, the Court will briefly explain the laws 10 governing retaliation in the employment context. Title VII makes it unlawful for an 11 employer to discriminate against any employee “because [the employee] has opposed 12 any practice made an unlawful employment practice by [Title VII], or because he has 13 made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, 14 proceeding, or hearing.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). If Ridenour believes he suffered 15 retaliation in violation of Title VII, he must allege that (1) he engaged in a protected 16 activity, (2) he suffered an adverse employment action, and (3) there is a causal link 17 between the protected activity and the adverse employment action. See Brooks, 229 18 F.3d at 928. The opposed practice need not actually be unlawful or violate Title VII, as 19 long as Ridenour had a reasonable belief that the conduct was unlawful. See Trent v. 20 Valley Elec. Ass'n Inc., 41 F.3d 524, 526 (9th Cir. 1994) (citations omitted); Maner v. 21 Dignity Health, 9 F.4th 1114, 1127 (9th Cir. 2021). 22 Similarly, Nevada law prohibits retaliation. NRS § 613.340(1) makes it “an 23 unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against any of his or her 24 employees . . . because the employee . . . has opposed any practice made an unlawful 25 employment practice . . . or because he or she has made a charge, testified, assisted or 26 27 7In his response, Ridenour requests leave to amend his Complaint if the Court 28 deems it proper or necessary. (ECF No. 31 at 4.) 2 claim that Ridenour asserts in an amended complaint should be clear and should 3 indicate which law he is alleging that AT&T violated. 4 C. Fraud 5 Next, AT&T argues, in part, that dismissal is appropriate for Ridenour’s fraud 6 claim because he fails to meet the heightened pleading standard under Rule 9(b). (ECF 7 No. 24 at 10-11.) The Court agrees with AT&T. 8 Rule 9(b) provides that when a party alleges fraud, the party must “state with 9 particularity the circumstances constituting fraud.” The party must include the “the who, 10 what, when, where, and how of the misconduct charged.” Becerra v. Dr. Pepper/Seven 11 Up, Inc., 945 F.3d 1225, 1228 (9th Cir. 2019) (citation omitted); see also Depot, Inc. v. 12 Caring for Montanans, Inc., 915 F.3d 643, 668 (9th Cir. 2019) (noting that “the complaint 13 must include an account of the time, place, and specific content of the false 14 representations as well as the identities of the parties to the misrepresentations”) 15 (citations and quotation marks omitted). 16 Construed liberally, Ridenour alleges that Copeland used a repair job on 17 December 14th as a “knock-out punch” to commit fraud a month later, on January 15th. 18 (ECF No. 1-2 at 22.) Ridenour claims that Copeland signed off on the resolution of a 19 job, he followed her directive and closed out the job, and she “then denied any 20 connection to the record.” (Id.) Ridenour alleges that she later accused him of customer 21 mistreatment a month later and suspended him for five days, which caused loss of 22 income and a mark on his record. (Id. at 23.) However, Ridenour fails to specify where 23 8The Court notes that Ridenour’s Complaint is difficult to follow because he 24 primarily lists case law under many of his causes of action and condenses all of his factual allegations in the general background section. (ECF No. 1-2.) In the amended 25 complaint, Ridenour must include, under each cause of action, all relevant factual allegations supporting each claim. The Court cautions Ridenour to abide by Rule 8’s 26 requirements, where the pleading must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing [Ridenour] is entitled to relief,” and exclude unnecessary information, in order 27 to avoid dismissal. See Knapp v. Hogan, 738 F.3d 1106, 1109 (9th Cir. 2013), cert. denied, 574 U.S. 815 (2014); see also McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 1179-80 (9th 28 Cir. 1996). 2 repair job to commit fraud. See Becerra, 945 F.3d at 1228. For instance, it is unclear 3 what Ridenour meant when he claimed that the December 14 repair job was a “knock- 4 out punch,” and he fails to explain how the December 14 repair job was used to 5 suspend him. (Id. at 22-23.) See id. It is also unclear what the connection is between 6 the December 14 job and Copeland’s subsequent accusation of customer mistreatment 7 against Ridenour. (Id.) See id. If Ridenour chooses to file an amended complaint, he 8 must clarify these ambiguities for the claim to proceed. (Id.) The Court therefore 9 dismisses Ridenour’s fraud claim without prejudice and with leave to amend. 10 D. Section 301 Hybrid Claim 11 Finally, the Union contends that the Court should dismiss Ridenour’s breach of 12 duty of fair representation claim against it because the claim is barred by the statute of 13 limitations and because Ridenour failed to file a response to the motion. (ECF Nos. 19, 14 33.) The Court agrees. 15 Ridenour appears to be bringing a hybrid claim under section 301 of the Labor 16 Management Relations Act (“LMRA”) against the Union for breach of duty of fair 17 representation and against AT&T for breach of contract. (ECF No. 1-2 at 23-25.) See 29 18 U.S.C. § 185(a). To prevail in a hybrid action, the plaintiff must prove that both “the 19 employer breached the collective bargaining agreement” and the “labor union breached 20 its duty of fair representation.” Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 987 21 (9th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). The claims against the employer and the union are 22 “inextricably interdependent.” DelCostello v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 462 U.S. 151, 164 23 (1983) (citations omitted). The statute of limitations for a hybrid action is six months and 24 “the six-month period generally begins to run when an employee knows or should know 25 of the alleged breach of duty of fair representation by a union.” Galindo v. Stoody Co., 26 793 F.2d 1502, 1509 (9th Cir. 1986) (citations omitted). 27 To start, the Court finds that dismissal of Ridenour’s claim against the Union is 28 proper because he never filed a response to the Union’s motion to dismiss. See LR 7- 2 motion, except a motion under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 or a motion for attorney’s fees, 3 constitutes a consent to the granting of the motion”). But even if Ridenour had 4 responded, dismissal would still be proper because the Union correctly noted that 5 Ridenour’s duty of fair representation claim exceeded the statute of limitations. (ECF 6 No. 19 at 3.) 7 Ridenour alleges that the Union mishandled his sexual harassment grievance by 8 failing to intervene and allowing him to be continuously sexually harassed and retaliated 9 against by Copeland and the other managers at AT&T. (ECF No. 1-2 at 23-25.) It is 10 apparent from the face of the Complaint that Ridenour knew or should have known 11 about the Union’s breach some time in 2018—when the Union steward sat quietly and 12 “offered no resistance” when Copeland and DeFehr badgered Ridenour during a 13 suspension meeting, when Ruiz informed Ridenour of his personal friendship with 14 Copeland, when Ruiz failed to give Ridenour a clear response when he asked for 15 updates on the sexual harassment investigation, or at the very latest, when Ruiz 16 informed Ridenour that he was on his own after his firing. (Id. at 9, 11, 13, 18.) See 17 Jablon, 614 F.2d at 682; Galindo, 793 F.2d at 1509. However, Ridenour did not file his 18 lawsuit until November 2021, which is more than three years after he first knew or 19 should have known about the alleged breach by the Union, and which exceeds the six- 20 month statute of limitations. (Id. at 2.) See Galindo, 793 F.2d at 1509. 21 The Court therefore dismisses Ridenour’s breach of duty of fair representation 22 claim against the Union with prejudice. Since the claims against the Union and AT&T 23 are “inextricably interdependent” in a hybrid action, the Court must also dismiss 24 Ridenour’s breach of contract claim against AT&T. (Id. at 23-25.) See DelCostello, 462 25 U.S. at 164; see also Tapia v. Local 11 Hotel Emps. & Rest. Emps. Union, AFL-CIO, 11 26 F. App'x 941 (9th Cir. 2001) (finding that the employee’s claim against the company will 27 fail because he could not state a timely claim against his union). 28 /// 2 Although the Court grants Ridenour leave to amend, it does not grant him leave 3 to amend in any way that he sees fit. Ridenour has leave to amend only his fraud and 4 retaliation claims. 5 If Ridenour chooses to file an amended complaint, he is advised that the 6 amended complaint supersedes (replaces) the original Complaint and, thus, must be 7 complete in itself. See Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 8 1542, 1546 (9th Cir. 1989). Ridenour’s amended complaint must contain all claims, 9 Defendants, and factual allegations that he wishes to pursue in this lawsuit. Ridenour 10 may not rely on any information in the original Complaint that he later omits from the 11 amended complaint. 12 VI. CONCLUSION 13 The Court notes that the parties made several arguments and cited to several 14 cases not discussed above. The Court has reviewed these arguments and cases and 15 determines that they do not warrant discussion as they do not affect the outcome of the 16 issues before the Court. 17 It is therefore ordered that Defendant Nevada Bell Telephone Company’s motion 18 to dismiss (ECF No. 24) is granted. However, the Court gives Ridenour leave to amend 19 to assert claims only as to Defendant Nevada Bell Telephone Company as discussed 20 herein. If Ridenour decides to file an amended complaint—to the extent he is able to 21 cure the deficiencies discussed herein—he must do so within 30 days of the date of 22 entry of this order. Ridenour’s failure to file an amended complaint within 30 days will 23 result in dismissal of this action with prejudice. 24 It is further ordered that Defendant Communications Workers of America Union 25 Local 9413’s amended motion to dismiss (ECF No. 19) is granted. 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 It is further ordered that Defendant Communications Workers of America Union 2 || Local 9413’s original motion to dismiss (ECF No. 13) is denied as moot. 3 DATED THIS 5" Day of August 2022. 4 , 5 4 (Shr MIRANDA M. DU 6 CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28