NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 17 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
RICKIE LEE FOWLER, No. 18-56647
Petitioner-Appellant, D.C. No. 5:15-cv-02529-R
v. MEMORANDUM* RONALD DAVIS, Warden,
Respondent-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Manuel L. Real, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted December 7, 2020** Pasadena, California
Before: OWENS and LEE, Circuit Judges, and EZRA,*** District Judge.
Rickie Lee Fowler appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ
of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The district court granted a certificate of
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable David A. Ezra, United States District Judge for the District of Hawaii, sitting by designation. appealability on three issues. As the parties are familiar with the facts, we do not
recount them here, except as necessary to provide context for our ruling. We have
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253, and we affirm.
To obtain habeas relief under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty
Act of 1996 (AEDPA), a petitioner must demonstrate that the state court’s decision
(1) was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established
federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States, or (2) was
based on an unreasonable determination of the facts. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). In other
words, the state court’s ruling must be “so lacking in justification that there was an
error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for
fairminded disagreement.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011).
We review de novo the district court’s denial of a habeas petition. See Hurles
v. Ryan, 752 F.3d 768, 777 (9th Cir. 2014). To do so, we look to the “last reasoned
[state court] decision that finally resolve[d] the claim at issue.” Amado v. Gonzalez,
758 F.3d 1119, 1130 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 804
(1991)) (internal quotation marks omitted). When a state court denies a petitioner’s
claim without comment, we “must determine what arguments or theories . . . could
have supported the state court’s rejection of the federal claim, and then give
deference to those arguments or theories under AEDPA.” Id. at 1131 (quoting
Harrington, 562 U.S. at 102) (internal quotation marks omitted).
2 1. Fowler challenges the California Court of Appeal’s decision denying his
Brady claim regarding the undisclosed evidence of John Doe 2’s mental
incompetence. A Brady violation has three elements: (1) “[t]he evidence at issue
must be favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or because it is
impeaching,” (2) “that evidence must have been suppressed by the State, either
willfully or inadvertently,” and (3) “prejudice must have ensued.” Strickler v.
Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281–82 (1999). To show prejudice, the suppressed evidence
must be material — there must be a “reasonable probability that, had the evidence
been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.” United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682 (1985).
The state court identified the proper legal standard under Brady v. Maryland,
373 U.S. 83 (1963), and its progeny. As it correctly recognized, the undisclosed
evidence of Doe 2’s incompetence was favorable to Fowler, and the prosecution
should have disclosed it. The sole issue is thus whether the state court reasonably
determined that the nondisclosure did not prejudice Fowler’s case. Fowler has not
demonstrated that the state court acted unreasonably.
First, the state court reasonably concluded that Doe 2’s incompetence was not
material impeachment evidence, as the jury was already sufficiently aware of Doe
2’s mental health issues. Impeachment evidence is not material when it fails to
“provide the defense with a new and different ground of impeachment.” Barker v.
3 Fleming, 423 F.3d 1085, 1097 (9th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted);
see also United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 114 (1976) (holding that there is no
Brady violation when nondisclosed evidence is “largely cumulative” of other
evidence). At Fowler’s trial, Doe 2 testified while wearing an “unbalanced lock
down” jumpsuit, denoting mental health issues and possibly violent behavior. He
repeatedly denied that Fowler had sodomized him, engaged in aggressive and erratic
behavior, and admitted to attempting suicide on several occasions. The jury was
thus on notice of Doe 2’s questionable credibility, so the state court was reasonable
in holding that further mental health evidence would not have affected the jury’s
decision.
Second, the state court’s materiality analysis was reasonable because Doe 2’s
testimony was not critical to the outcome. See, e.g., Strickler, 527 U.S. at 294
(holding that impeachment evidence was not material when the record supported
conviction even if the witness had been impeached). There was sufficient evidence
to convict Fowler even in the absence of Doe 2’s testimony. John Doe 1’s testimony
gave a detailed account of the assaults, the physical evidence was consistent with
“blunt force penetration trauma,” and Fowler demonstrated consciousness of guilt
by offering shifting stories when faced with allegations of sodomy. Given this
evidence, the state court reasonably concluded that impeachment or even omission
of Doe 2’s testimony would not have “undermine[d] confidence in the outcome.”
4 Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 434 (1995).
2. Fowler also challenges the California Court of Appeal’s decision denying
him an evidentiary hearing on the issue of Doe 2’s incompetence. A state court need
not hold an evidentiary hearing for every factual dispute. See Schriro v. Landrigan,
550 U.S. 465, 474 (2007). And under AEDPA, we review a state court’s factfinding
process for unreasonableness. See Hibbler v. Benedetti, 693 F.3d 1140, 1146–47
(9th Cir.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 17 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
RICKIE LEE FOWLER, No. 18-56647
Petitioner-Appellant, D.C. No. 5:15-cv-02529-R
v. MEMORANDUM* RONALD DAVIS, Warden,
Respondent-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Manuel L. Real, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted December 7, 2020** Pasadena, California
Before: OWENS and LEE, Circuit Judges, and EZRA,*** District Judge.
Rickie Lee Fowler appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ
of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The district court granted a certificate of
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable David A. Ezra, United States District Judge for the District of Hawaii, sitting by designation. appealability on three issues. As the parties are familiar with the facts, we do not
recount them here, except as necessary to provide context for our ruling. We have
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253, and we affirm.
To obtain habeas relief under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty
Act of 1996 (AEDPA), a petitioner must demonstrate that the state court’s decision
(1) was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established
federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States, or (2) was
based on an unreasonable determination of the facts. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). In other
words, the state court’s ruling must be “so lacking in justification that there was an
error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for
fairminded disagreement.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011).
We review de novo the district court’s denial of a habeas petition. See Hurles
v. Ryan, 752 F.3d 768, 777 (9th Cir. 2014). To do so, we look to the “last reasoned
[state court] decision that finally resolve[d] the claim at issue.” Amado v. Gonzalez,
758 F.3d 1119, 1130 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 804
(1991)) (internal quotation marks omitted). When a state court denies a petitioner’s
claim without comment, we “must determine what arguments or theories . . . could
have supported the state court’s rejection of the federal claim, and then give
deference to those arguments or theories under AEDPA.” Id. at 1131 (quoting
Harrington, 562 U.S. at 102) (internal quotation marks omitted).
2 1. Fowler challenges the California Court of Appeal’s decision denying his
Brady claim regarding the undisclosed evidence of John Doe 2’s mental
incompetence. A Brady violation has three elements: (1) “[t]he evidence at issue
must be favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or because it is
impeaching,” (2) “that evidence must have been suppressed by the State, either
willfully or inadvertently,” and (3) “prejudice must have ensued.” Strickler v.
Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281–82 (1999). To show prejudice, the suppressed evidence
must be material — there must be a “reasonable probability that, had the evidence
been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.” United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682 (1985).
The state court identified the proper legal standard under Brady v. Maryland,
373 U.S. 83 (1963), and its progeny. As it correctly recognized, the undisclosed
evidence of Doe 2’s incompetence was favorable to Fowler, and the prosecution
should have disclosed it. The sole issue is thus whether the state court reasonably
determined that the nondisclosure did not prejudice Fowler’s case. Fowler has not
demonstrated that the state court acted unreasonably.
First, the state court reasonably concluded that Doe 2’s incompetence was not
material impeachment evidence, as the jury was already sufficiently aware of Doe
2’s mental health issues. Impeachment evidence is not material when it fails to
“provide the defense with a new and different ground of impeachment.” Barker v.
3 Fleming, 423 F.3d 1085, 1097 (9th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted);
see also United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 114 (1976) (holding that there is no
Brady violation when nondisclosed evidence is “largely cumulative” of other
evidence). At Fowler’s trial, Doe 2 testified while wearing an “unbalanced lock
down” jumpsuit, denoting mental health issues and possibly violent behavior. He
repeatedly denied that Fowler had sodomized him, engaged in aggressive and erratic
behavior, and admitted to attempting suicide on several occasions. The jury was
thus on notice of Doe 2’s questionable credibility, so the state court was reasonable
in holding that further mental health evidence would not have affected the jury’s
decision.
Second, the state court’s materiality analysis was reasonable because Doe 2’s
testimony was not critical to the outcome. See, e.g., Strickler, 527 U.S. at 294
(holding that impeachment evidence was not material when the record supported
conviction even if the witness had been impeached). There was sufficient evidence
to convict Fowler even in the absence of Doe 2’s testimony. John Doe 1’s testimony
gave a detailed account of the assaults, the physical evidence was consistent with
“blunt force penetration trauma,” and Fowler demonstrated consciousness of guilt
by offering shifting stories when faced with allegations of sodomy. Given this
evidence, the state court reasonably concluded that impeachment or even omission
of Doe 2’s testimony would not have “undermine[d] confidence in the outcome.”
4 Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 434 (1995).
2. Fowler also challenges the California Court of Appeal’s decision denying
him an evidentiary hearing on the issue of Doe 2’s incompetence. A state court need
not hold an evidentiary hearing for every factual dispute. See Schriro v. Landrigan,
550 U.S. 465, 474 (2007). And under AEDPA, we review a state court’s factfinding
process for unreasonableness. See Hibbler v. Benedetti, 693 F.3d 1140, 1146–47
(9th Cir. 2012). Failure to hold an evidentiary hearing is not unreasonable if the
“state court could have reasonably concluded that the evidence already adduced was
sufficient to resolve the factual question.” Id. at 1147.
Here, the state court did not act unreasonably in denying Fowler an
evidentiary hearing. Both the trial court and the Court of Appeal accepted as true
Doe 2’s incompetence before conducting the Brady analysis. Fowler has not pointed
to any additional facts that would have affected the Brady analysis, nor is there any
factual issue requiring further record development. Furthermore, the trial court’s
ability to assess firsthand the credibility of the witnesses supports our conclusion
that the state factfinding process was not deficient. See Williams v. Ryan, 623 F.3d
1258, 1266 (9th Cir. 2010) (emphasizing that credibility issues should be determined
by an in-court hearing rather than written declarations). There is nothing to indicate
that “an evidentiary hearing would have affected the determination of the state
court.” Perez v. Rosario, 459 F.3d 943, 951 (9th Cir. 2006).
5 3. The California Supreme Court reasonably applied clearly established
federal law in denying Fowler’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Since the
state court denied the claim without comment, we presume that it adjudicated the
claim on the merits. See Harrington, 562 U.S. at 99. An ineffective assistance claim
requires proving that (1) counsel’s representation “fell below an objective standard
of reasonableness,” and (2) there is a reasonable probability that “but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694 (1984). “The standards created
by Strickland and [AEDPA] are both highly deferential, and when the two apply in
tandem, review is doubly so.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 105 (cleaned up).
Fowler asserts that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to
declare a doubt as to his competence to stand trial. The focus of a competency
inquiry is “a defendant’s present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable
degree of rational understanding and a factual understanding of the proceedings
against him.” Maxwell v. Roe, 606 F.3d 561, 568–69 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Dusky
v. United States, 362 U.S. 402, 402 (1960)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, the only evidence Fowler offers to support his claim of incompetence is his
“chronic mental illness.” But even considering Fowler’s mental health issues, he
has not demonstrated that those issues affected his ability to understand or participate
in his trial. See United States v. Neal, 776 F.3d 645, 656 (9th Cir. 2015) (explaining
6 that a defendant’s receipt of psychiatric help alone “cannot be said to create a bona
fide doubt of [his] capacity to participate intelligently in the proceedings facing
him”).
Additionally, nothing in the record indicates that trial counsel was aware of
any issue regarding Fowler’s competency to stand trial. Counsel is in the best
position to judge his client’s ability to understand the proceedings and participate in
his defense. See Medina v. California, 505 U.S. 437, 450 (1992). And without any
evidence to the contrary, the state court could have reasonably concluded that
counsel adequately assessed Fowler’s competence.1
4. We decline to expand the certificate of appealability to include either of
Fowler’s uncertified claims, as he has not made a “substantial showing of the denial
of a constitutional right.” Dixon v. Ryan, 932 F.3d 789, 808 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting
28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2); Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 483 (2000)).
First, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying leave to amend
based on futility. Fowler’s proposed amendments either rest on the same grounds
as his certified claims or are purely speculative. Second, Fowler has not shown that
his constitutional rights under Strickland were violated by trial counsel’s failure to
1 Though Fowler’s 18-month old competency determination cannot prove his competence at trial, see Maxwell, 606 F.3d at 575, it remains relevant here. Trial counsel participated in the earlier competency proceedings and was thus in the best position to assess whether Fowler’s competency had since declined.
7 investigate Doe 2’s incompetency. Because “Brady materiality and Strickland
prejudice are the same,” Gentry v. Sinclair, 705 F.3d 884, 906 (9th Cir. 2013),
Fowler’s claim here fails on the same grounds as his Brady claim.
AFFIRMED.