MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED this Memorandum Decision shall not be Mar 16 2018, 9:16 am regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE India Lane Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana Angela Sanchez Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Rick L. Robinson, March 16, 2018 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 02A03-1609-PC-2031 v. Appeal from the Allen Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Frances C. Gull, Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 02D04-0909-PC-83
Pyle, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1609-PC-2031 | March 16, 2018 Page 1 of 15 Case Summary In 2008, a jury convicted Rick L. Robinson of criminal confinement, a Class C
felony;1 intimidation, a Class D felony;2 two counts of possession of a
controlled substance, a Class D felony;3 and possession of a firearm by a serious
violent felon, a Class B felony.4 This Court affirmed Robinson’s convictions on
direct appeal. See Robinson v. State, No. 02A05-0811-CR-658 (Ind. Ct. App.
April 24, 2009). Robinson filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief,
which was subsequently amended by counsel. Following a hearing, the post-
conviction court denied Robinson relief.5 Robinson appeals the denial of his
petition. Concluding that none of the errors alleged by Robinson amount to
ineffective assistance of trial counsel, either alone or cumulatively, we affirm
the denial of Robinson’s petition.
Issue The sole issue for our review is whether the post-conviction court erred in denying Robinson’s petition.
1 IND. CODE § 35-42-3-3. 2 I.C. § 35-45-2-1. 3 I.C. § 35-48-4-7. 4 I.C. § 35-47-4-5. 5 The post-conviction court granted relief on one issue and vacated one of Robinson’s convictions for possession of a controlled substance. However, the court explained that Robinson’s aggregate sentence remained unchanged because the sentence for the vacated conviction had been run concurrently with the sentence for another conviction.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1609-PC-2031 | March 16, 2018 Page 2 of 15 Facts [1] We set forth the facts as follows in Robinson’s direct appeal:
Robinson and Amy Pate, who first met in 2001, began dating in January of 2008. On February 7, 2008, Pate spent the night at Robinson’s home on Third Street in Fort Wayne. The next morning, Robinson and Pate awoke around 6:00 a.m. and had sexual intercourse before Pate left to take her children to school. Pate returned to Robinson’s home at approximately 9:30 a.m. That morning, Robinson and Pate ran some errands around town before returning to Robinson’s home together around noon. Robinson and Pate then “went upstairs,” “smoked a blunt,” “had intercourse,” and “took showers together.” Tr. p. 166. As Pate and Robinson walked downstairs to leave, Pate realized that she could not find her keys.
Pate described what happened next as follows:
[Pate] said, “Baby, I can’t find my keys,‟ and [Robinson] turned around and looked at me and said, “what do you mean?” And I said, “I can’t find my keys.” I put my hands in my coat pocket and they weren’t there and he turned and said, “Bitch, I’m going to show you what happens to bitches like you that want to f*** with me.” He slapped me across my face and told me to sit on his weight bench. He went outside to his van. When he came back inside, he dead[-]bolted his door with a key. He picked up a brown weight belt that he had in his living room and he told me we were going to go through the whole house and look for my keys and everywhere we didn’t find my keys he was going to hit me with that belt. We started in his living room and walked through the whole downstairs. I knew when I went through the kitchen and I looked at his clock and it said 1:40 p.m. We got up the stairs, he told me to open up his bedroom door.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1609-PC-2031 | March 16, 2018 Page 3 of 15 I did. We got in the room, he continued to hit me with the belt. I had my back to it. He wrapped the belt around my neck. He bent back over his bed. He was spitting at me, yelling things at me. I can’t exactly remember what he was saying because all I could think was pray to God that I would see my kids again. When I told him I couldn’t breathe, he picked me up off of my feet, put the belt around my neck. I remember things started to turn white and fade away and I felt like I was going to pass out. [Robinson] stopped. He started touching my face realizing that he had caused injury to the left side of my face. He started freaking out, asking me what I was going to say happened to me. I told him anything I could to make him feel safe so he would let me go. I told him I would tell people I fell, that I got into a fight. I convinced him I would not turn him into anyone so that he would let me out of his house.
Tr. pp. 167-68. Robinson told Pate that she would be on the front page of the newspaper if she told the police what happened to her. Robinson and Pate then walked downstairs together where they talked in his kitchen for a little bit. While in the kitchen, Pate noticed that her keys were in a plastic Kroger bag on Robinson’s table. Robinson told Pate that he “knew they were there the whole time.” Tr. p. 182. At approximately 3:40 p.m., Robinson allowed Pate to leave his home.
Pate waited until approximately 1:00 a.m. on February 9, 2008, a time when she knew Robinson would be asleep, to seek treatment. Pate was treated for bruises on her back, shoulder, and head, for pain in her left ear, and for facial contusions and abrasions. Dr. Andrew McCanna, Pate’s treating physician, described Pate’s demeanor as “pretty tearful, crying, upset and anxious.” Tr. p. 263. Pate told Dr. McCanna that her boyfriend had assaulted her and that she was afraid of him. Dr. McCanna determined that Pate’s injures were consistent with blunt force injury. Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1609-PC-2031 | March 16, 2018 Page 4 of 15 On Sunday, February 10, 2008, Pate visited her sister and her father at her sister’s apartment. Upon observing Pate’s injuries, Pate’s father called the police. Fort Wayne Police Officer Doug Hart responded to Pate’s father’s call, recorded Pate’s statement that Robinson had beat her, and photographed Pate’s injuries. Later that evening, Robinson began calling Pate, describing the people who were visiting Pate’s home and what they were wearing. Pate, fearing for her safety as well as that of her children and her visitors, agreed to meet Robinson at his home.
At some point after Pate arrived at Robinson’s home, Robinson became afraid that the police were going to raid his home because he thought they knew Pate was there. Robinson “grabbed his gun and waved it around pacing from his window to his bed and told [Pate] to write a note” stating that she suffered injuries after falling down the stairs. Tr. p. 189. Robinson told Pate what to write word-for-word and directed her to sign and date the note. Pate complied.
Several days later, Fort Wayne Police Detective Scott Morales interviewed Pate and took additional photographs of her injuries. Detective Morales obtained a search warrant for Robinson’s home based on the information provided by Pate. Upon executing the search warrant, Detective Morales recovered a large, brown weight lifting belt from Robinson’s living room, a loaded silver, Smith and Wesson .357 magnum revolver,[6] two boxes of .357 magnum ammunition, a holster, and the note allegedly written by Pate stating that she fell down Robinson’s
6 Fort Wayne Police Department Detective Scott Morales (“Detective Morales”), who executed the search warrant at Robinson’s home, testified at trial that he found the gun in a jacket that was hanging on a bedpost in Robinson’s bedroom. According to Detective Morales, the jacket appeared to be a very large men’s jacket, and Robinson is a very large man. Robinson’s landlord testified at trial that he owned the gun. He further testified that he believed that the gun was in Robinson’s apartment because Robinson had entered the landlord’s garage without the landlord’s permission and removed the gun. According to the landlord, the gun was not in his possession when he went to Robinson’s house to repair a broken water heater in February 2008.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1609-PC-2031 | March 16, 2018 Page 5 of 15 stairs from Robinson’s bedroom. Detective Morales also recovered an unlabeled pill bottle containing nine pills. Robinson described the pills as “methadone” and “Tylenol 3s” and admitted to Detective Morales that he knew the pills were in his bedroom. Chemical tests confirmed that the pills were methadone and Tylenol 3, both of which are scheduled drugs requiring a prescription for possession. No evidence was presented suggesting that Robinson had a prescription for either drug.
On February 22, 2008, the State charged Robinson with Class C felony battery, Class C felony criminal confinement, Class D felony intimidation, Class D felony strangulation, two counts of Class D felony possession of a controlled substance, and Class B felony possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon. Prior to trial, Robinson moved to suppress the evidence recovered from his home, claiming that the search warrant lacked probable cause. The trial court granted Robinson’s motion as it related to certain bodily fluids and his cell phone, but denied the motion as it related to the other evidence recovered from Robinson’s home. Robinson also moved to prevent the State from presenting the testimony of Pate’s sister, Shannon Whelchel, that Robinson had made an unsolicited offer to sell her methadone, stating that he had a “doctor in his pocket.” Tr. p. 278-79. The trial court denied this motion. Following trial, the jury found Robinson guilty of all charges, except for the Class C felony battery charge and the Class D felony strangulation charge. The trial court entered judgment against Robinson and sentenced him to an aggregate term of twenty-eight years.
Robinson, No. 02A05-0811-CR-658 at *2-6.
[2] On direct appeal, Robinson argued that: (1) the evidence was insufficient to
support his convictions because Pate’s testimony was incredibly dubious; (2) the
evidence was insufficient to support his possession of a controlled substance
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1609-PC-2031 | March 16, 2018 Page 6 of 15 convictions because there was insufficient evidence to prove that he knowingly
or intentionally possessed the controlled substances; (3) the trial court abused its
discretion in admitting evidence recovered from his home because the warrant
authorizing the search of his home was not supported by probable case where
the affidavit was based solely upon Pate’s report of the events; (4) the trial court
abused its discretion in admitting Whelchel’s statements that Robinson offered
to obtain methadone for her and told her that he had “a doctor in his pocket”
because such statements were inadmissible pursuant to Indiana Rule of
Evidence 404(b), (Trial Tr. 279);7 and (5) the trial court “abused its discretion in
allegedly denying his right to present a defense by excluding evidence that Pate
had been in a disagreement with another individual during the relevant time
period.” Robinson at 13.
[3] This Court concluded that: (1) Pate’s testimony was not incredibly dubious; (2)
there was sufficient evidence that Robinson knowingly and intentionally
possessed the Tylenol 3 and methadone, which were found in his bedroom; (3)
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence from the search
of his home because a police officer setting forth the victim’s report is sufficient
to justify the issuance of a warrant;8 (4) the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in admitting Whelchel’s statements because they were relevant to
prove Robinson’s knowledge that methadone was a controlled substance, which
7 We cite to the trial transcript as Trial Tr. and to the transcript of the post-conviction hearing as PCR-Tr. 8 See Mickens v. State, 479 N.E.2d 520, 523 (Ind. 1985).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1609-PC-2031 | March 16, 2018 Page 7 of 15 required a prescription by a doctor, and because Robinson had not shown
prejudice as a result of Whelchel’s testimony; and (5) Robinson had failed to
show how the admission of the proffered testimony concerning an alleged
disagreement between Pate and another individual was relevant to prove or
disprove whether Robinson and Pate had been involved in a physical
altercation on February 8, 2008. We further noted that any error in the
exclusion of evidence that Pate had been involved in a disagreement with
another individual during the relevant time period was harmless because the
jury had acquitted Robinson of the Class C felony battery charge and the Class
D felony strangulation charge. See id.
[4] In 2009, Robinson filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief. A public
defender entered an appearance but later withdrew from the case. In 2015,
Robinson retained private counsel who filed an amended petition and argued
that trial counsel was ineffective because counsel had failed to: (1) argue that
the detective who submitted the affidavit for probable cause in support of the
search warrant omitted from the affidavit Pate’s inconsistent statements and
alleged drug-seeking behavior; (2) tender a constructive possession jury
instruction; (3) call Larry Dickerson to testify; and (4) make an offer of proof
regarding the potential defense that someone else had committed the crime.
Robinson also argued that the cumulative effect of the alleged errors amounted
to ineffective assistance of counsel. The post-conviction court held a two-day
hearing on the petition in July 2015 and January 2016.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1609-PC-2031 | March 16, 2018 Page 8 of 15 [5] At the hearing, when Robinson’s post-conviction counsel asked trial counsel
why he had not tendered a constructive possession jury instruction, trial counsel
explained as follows: “I don’t generally find myself tendering constructive
possession instructions, that’s usually coming from the State because they want
an alternative to being forced to prove actual possession.” (PCR-Tr. 24).
[6] In addition, Larry Dickerson testified that he had been to Robinson’s house
with Robinson’s landlord in February 2008. According to Dickerson, the two
men had gone to Robinson’s house to repair a hot water heater and foam-spray
a window in Robinson’s bedroom, and while the two men were in Robinson’s
bedroom, the landlord “took off his coat and left it there.” (PCR- Tr. 69).
Dickerson further testified that Robinson was one-hundred pounds heavier than
his landlord and could not “have got his arm in the sleeve” of his landlord’s
coat. (PCR-Tr. 70). In addition, Dickerson testified that he did not see a gun in
the landlord’s jacket pocket and he did not see the landlord leave a gun at the
the house that day.
[7] Following the hearing, the post-conviction court issued a twenty-four page
order that denied Robinson relief. Robinson now appeals the denial of his
petition.
Decision [8] A defendant who has exhausted the direct appeal process may challenge the
correctness of his conviction and sentence by filing a post-conviction petition.
Parish v. State, 838 N.E.2d 495, 499 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied . Post-
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1609-PC-2031 | March 16, 2018 Page 9 of 15 conviction procedures do not provide an opportunity for a super appeal. Id.
Rather, they create a narrow remedy for subsequent collateral challenges to
convictions that must be based on grounds enumerated in the post-conviction
rules. Id. Post-conviction proceedings are civil proceedings, and a defendant
must establish his claims by a preponderance of the evidence. Id.
[9] In reviewing the judgment of a post-conviction court, this Court considers only
the evidence and reasonable inferences supporting its judgment. Hall v. State,
849 N.E.2d 466, 468 (Ind. 2006). The post-conviction court is the sole judge of
the evidence and the credibility of witnesses. Id. at 468-69. To prevail on
appeal from the denial of post-conviction relief, the petitioner must show that
the evidence as a whole leads unerringly and unmistakably to a conclusion
opposite that reached by the post-conviction court. Id. at 469. Only where the
evidence is without conflict and leads to but one conclusion, and the post-
conviction court has reached the opposite conclusion, will the court’s findings
or conclusions be disturbed as being contrary to law. Id.
[10] Where, as here, the post-conviction judge is the same judge who conducted the
original trial, such a jurist is uniquely situated to assess whether counsel’s
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness based on
prevailing professional norms, and whether, but for counsel’s unprofessional
conduct, there was a reasonable probability that the jury would have reached a
different verdict. McCullough v. State, 973 N.E.2d 62, 75 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012),
trans. denied. See also State v. Dye, 784 N.E.2d 469, 476 (Ind. 2003) (noting that
because the judge presided at both the original trial and post-conviction hearing,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1609-PC-2031 | March 16, 2018 Page 10 of 15 the judge was in “an exceptional position” to assess weight and credibility of
factual evidence and whether defendant was deprived of a fair trial).
[11] Robinson argues that the post-conviction court erred in denying his petition
because he received ineffective assistance of trial counsel. We review claims of
ineffective assistance of trial counsel under the two-prong test established in
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). The defendant must show that
trial counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness
based on prevailing professional norms and that there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would
have been different. Moody v. State, 749 N.E.2d 65, 67 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001),
trans. denied.
[12] Counsel is afforded considerable discretion in choosing strategy and tactics, and
we will accord those decisions deference on appeal. Wrinkles v. State, 749
N.E.2d 1179, 1195 (Ind. 2001), cert. denied. Counsel’s performance is presumed
effective, and a defendant must offer strong and convincing evidence to
overcome this presumption. Smith v. State, 822 N.E.2d 193, 202 (Ind. Ct. App.
2005), trans. denied. We will not speculate as to what may or may not have been
advantageous trial strategy as counsel should be given deference in choosing a
trial strategy which, at the time and under the circumstances, seems best.
Whitener v. State, 696 N.E.2d 40, 42 (Ind. 1998).
[13] If we can dismiss an ineffective assistance of counsel claim on the prejudice
prong, we need not address whether counsel’s performance was deficient.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1609-PC-2031 | March 16, 2018 Page 11 of 15 Helton v. State, 907 N.E.2d 1020, 1023 (Ind. 2009). Rather, we may proceed to
evaluate whether the alleged error would have led to a different result. Ritchie v.
State, 875 N.E.2d 706, 716 (Ind. 2007). When making this evaluation, we
consider the totality of the evidence, taking into account the effect of the alleged
error. Cooper v. State, 687 N.E.2d 350, 353 (Ind. 1997). A defendant is “entitled
to a fair trial, not a perfect trial.” Inman v. State, 4 N.E.3d 190, 203 (Ind. 2014)
(citation omitted).
[14] Here, Robinson first contends that he is entitled to post-conviction relief
because his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to argue in his motion to
suppress and at trial that a police officer had omitted information from the
probable cause affidavit offered in support of the warrant to search Robinson’s
home. Specifically, Robinson argues that the police officer omitted information
about Pate’s alleged drug-seeking behavior when she went to the hospital
several times in January and February 2008 and the alleged inconsistencies in
her descriptions of the crime. Robinson, however, has failed to prove that his
counsel rendered deficient performance by not raising these arguments and that
but for this alleged error, the result of the proceeding would have been different.
[15] Specifically, in the case of an alleged omission from a probable cause affidavit,
a defendant has the burden to show that: (1) the police engaged in a deliberate
falsehood or reckless disregard for the truth in omitting information from the
warrant application; and (2) probable cause would no longer exist if the omitted
information were considered by the issuing judge. Keelyen v. State, 14 N.E.3d
865, 877 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied. Here, we agree with the State that
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1609-PC-2031 | March 16, 2018 Page 12 of 15 Robinson has neither argued nor met his burden of proof to show that the
omission of this information was deliberate and that probable cause would have
no longer existed if such omitted information had been considered by the
issuing judge. Robinson has failed to meet his burden to show that but for this
alleged error, the result of the proceeding would have been different.
Accordingly, he cannot show the prejudice necessary to succeed on an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
[16] Robinson next contends that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to tender a
constructive possession jury instruction. To prevail on his claim, Robinson has
the burden to show that counsel unreasonably failed to request a proper
instruction and that Robinson was prejudiced by the failure to request the
instruction. See Potter v. State, 684 N.E.2d 1127, 1134 (Ind. 1997). Robinson
has shown neither. We further note that at the post-conviction hearing, trial
counsel explained that he had made a strategic decision not to tender a
constructive possession instruction. According to trial counsel, constructive
possession instructions typically come “from the State because they want an
alternative to being forced to prove actual possession.” (PCR-Tr. 24). Counsel
should be given deference in choosing a trial strategy. See Whitener, 696 N.E.2d
at 42. Robinson has failed to meet his burden to show that trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to tender a constructive possession jury instruction.
[17] Robinson also argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call Larry
Dickerson as a witness at trial. It appears that Robinson believes that
Dickerson’s testimony would have established that the gun and jacket that
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1609-PC-2031 | March 16, 2018 Page 13 of 15 Detective Morales found in Robinson’s bedroom belonged to the landlord, who
left it there with his gun in the pocket when he was foam-spraying the window
in Robinson’s bedroom. However, we agree with the State that “[t]rial counsel
was not ineffective for not calling Dickerson to provide inconsequential
testimony.” (State’s Br. 19). Specifically, Dickerson testified that he did not see
a gun in the landlord’s pocket or in the landlord’s possession that day. He also
testified that Robinson was one-hundred pounds heavier than the landlord and
could not “have got his arm in the sleeve” of his landlord’s coat. (PCR-Tr. 70).
We agree with the State that where “Dickerson claims no knowledge about the
gun, and he clearly states that the jacket left behind [by the landlord] would not
have been of the same distinctly large size as the one in which the gun was
found,” his testimony was “arguably irrelevant . . . and certainly . . . not
sufficiently probative to have altered the outcome of trial.” (State’s Br. at 20).
Robinson has failed to meet his burden to prove that trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to call Larry Dickerson as a witness at trial. See Grinstead
v. State, 845 N.E.2d 1027, 1033 (Ind. 2006).
[18] Robinson further argues that trial counsel was “ineffective because he failed to
make a proper argument and offer of proof that [Robinson] was allowed to put
on a defense that someone else could have battered Ms. Pate.” (Robinson’s Br.
16). However, on direct appeal, this Court concluded that any error in the
exclusion of evidence that Pate had been involved in a disagreement with
another individual during the relevant time period was harmless because the
jury acquitted Robinson of the Class C felony battery and the Class D felony
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1609-PC-2031 | March 16, 2018 Page 14 of 15 strangulation. See Robinson, No. 02A05-0811-CR-658 at 15. Robinson has
failed to meet his burden of proving he would have been prejudiced by any such
error. If we can dismiss an ineffective assistance of counsel claim on the
prejudice prong, we need not address whether counsel’s performance was
deficient. See Helton, 907 N.E.2d at 1023.
[19] Robinson also contends that the cumulative effect of counsel’s errors deprived
him of his right to the effective assistance of counsel. However, the Indiana
Supreme Court has explained that “[t]rial irregularities which standing alone do
not amount to error do not gain the stature of reversible error when taken
together.” Kubsch v. State, 934 N.E.2d 1138, 1154 (Ind. 2010) (citing Reaves v.
State, 586 N.E.2d 847, 858 (Ind. 1992)). We find no error, cumulative or
otherwise.9
[20] Affirmed.
May, J., and Brown, J., concur.
9 Robinson also argues that appellate counsel was ineffective. He has waived appellate review of this argument because his one-paragraph argument is supported neither by citation to authority nor cogent argument. See Smith v. State, 822 N.E.2d 193, 202-03 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (“Generally, a party waives any issue raised on appeal where the party fails to develop a cogent argument or provide adequate citation to authority and portions of the record.”), trans. denied.
Waiver notwithstanding, we find no error. First, the post-conviction court granted relief on one of the issues. Second, because we have determined that Robinson did not receive ineffective assistance of trial counsel he can neither show deficient performance nor resulting prejudice as a result of his appellate counsel’s failure to raise these issues on appeal. See Smith v. State, 792 N.E.2d 940, 946 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003) (“As we find Smith’s [trial] counsel was not ineffective, appellate counsel did not err in failing to raise this issue on appeal.”), trans. denied.
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