T.C. Summary Opinion 2018-7
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
RICK COLBERT AND TRACI MARIE KRUSE-COLBERT, Petitioners v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 14117-16S. Filed February 6, 2018.
Rick Colbert and Traci Marie Kruse-Colbert, pro sese.
Miles B. Fuller and Jeri L. Acromite, for respondent.
SUMMARY OPINION
LAUBER, Judge: This case was heard pursuant to the provisions of section
7463 of the Internal Revenue Code in effect when the petition was filed.1 Pursu-
1 All statutory references are to the Internal Revenue Code (Code) in effect for the year in issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. We round all monetary amounts to the nearest dollar. -2-
ant to section 7463(b), the decision to be entered is not reviewable by any other
court, and this opinion shall not be treated as precedent for any other case.
With respect to petitioners’ Federal income tax for 2013, the Internal Reve-
nue Service (IRS or respondent) determined a deficiency of $4,138. This deficien-
cy is attributable to the disallowance of miscellaneous itemized deductions that pe-
titioners claimed on Schedule A, Itemized Deductions. Finding that petitioners
have established their entitlement to deduct the underlying expenses only in part,
we will sustain most of the deficiency that respondent has determined.
Background
The parties filed a stipulation of facts that is incorporated by this reference.
Petitioners resided in Arizona when they timely petitioned this Court.
Petitioner husband (petitioner) is a former policeman who retired after 30
years of service for the Long Beach, California, Police Department. During 2013
he was employed by Screen International Security Service Ltd. (SISS) in Beverly
Hills, California. He earned these wages by performing security services for Hol-
lywood celebrities to whom SISS assigned him.
Petitioner worked from home and traveled daily among celebrities’ residen-
ces and other worksites. He performed a wide range of tasks for these celebrities:
chauffering them to appointments, deflecting paparazzi, monitoring construction -3-
at their homes, installing and monitoring security devices, patrolling their estates,
performing access control for visitors and guests, and responding to emergency
and distress calls. He had a concealed weapon permit and carried a pistol during
most of the time he was working.
SISS had a reimbursement policy for certain expenses incurred by its em-
ployees. This policy covered expenses incurred “as part and parcel of a security
detail,” including “vehicle costs, parking, necessary purchases, and client re-
quests.” SISS cautioned its security professionals that “client requests should al-
ways be cordially accommodated, unless outside the realm of reasonability.” Ex-
penses were eligible for reimbursement only if incurred by the employee while
acting as a chauffer or escorting a client to an event. Expenses incurred by an em-
ployee in his individual capacity--e.g., costs of traveling to client locations or
maintaining a concealed weapon license--were not eligible for reimbursement. Pe-
titioner did not seek reimbursement from SISS for any expenses.
Petitioners timely filed Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, for
2013. As relevant here, petitioner reported wages of $25,546 from SISS and mis-
cellaneous expenses of $23,965 on Schedule A. These included unreimbursed em-
ployee business expenses of $23,552 connected with his work for SISS; tax pre-
paration fees of $225; and other expenses of $188. After applying the 2% floor -4-
prescribed by section 67(a), petitioners claimed a miscellaneous itemized deduc-
tion of $19,599. In a timely notice of deficiency the IRS disallowed this deduction
for lack of substantiation and made a computational adjustment to petitioners’ al-
ternative minimum tax. They timely petitioned this Court for redetermination.
Discussion
A. Governing Statutory Framework
The IRS’ determinations in a notice of deficiency are generally presumed
correct, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving them erroneous. Rule
142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). Petitioner does not con-
tend that the burden of proof shifts to respondent under section 7491(a) as to any
issue of fact.
Deductions are a matter of legislative grace; the taxpayer bears the burden
of proving his entitlement to deductions allowed by the Code and of substantiating
the amounts of expenses underlying claimed deductions. Sec. 6001; INDOPCO,
Inc. v. Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79, 84 (1992); sec. 1.6001-1(a), Income Tax Regs.
Section 162(a) allows the deduction of “all the ordinary and necessary expenses
paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business.” The
term “trade or business” includes performing services as an employee. Primuth v. -5-
Commissioner, 54 T.C. 374, 377-378 (1970). Unless otherwise provided no de-
duction is allowed for “personal, living, or family expenses.” Sec. 262(a).
Section 274(d) imposes relatively strict substantiation requirements for de-
ductions claimed for (among other things) “listed property.” Listed property in-
cludes “any passenger automobile” and “any computer or peripheral equipment.”
Sec. 280F(d)(4)(A)(i), (iv). No deduction is allowed under section 274(d) with
respect to listed property unless the taxpayer substantiates, by adequate records or
by sufficient evidence corroborating his own statements, the amount, time and
place, and business purpose for each expenditure. Sec. 1.274-5T(a), (b), and (c),
Temporary Income Tax Regs., 50 Fed. Reg. 46014-46017 (Nov. 6, 1985).
B. Analysis
Respondent agreed at trial that petitioner is entitled to deductions of $107
for tax preparation fees, $4,891 for mileage expenses for his vehicle, and $520 for
security licensing and training expenses. We find that petitioner is also entitled to
deductions of $133 for parking and tolls and $58 for job search expenses. Re-
spondent agreed at trial that petitioner had substantiated most of the other expen-
ses at issue but questioned whether these amounts were “ordinary and necessary”
expenses of his business as a security professional. We consider these items in
turn. -6-
1. On-Duty Security Expenses
Petitioner incurred $1,154 of expenses for replacement of his duty pistol
and for target practice. He was required to carry a concealed weapon while on
duty, and he credibly testified that SISS’ reimbursement policy did not cover these
types of expenses. We find that they were “ordinary and necessary.” We likewise
find deductible his expenditure of $86 for an earbud (to avoid annoying celebrity
clients), $26 for a flashlight (for evening patrols on celebrity estates), and $92 for
sanitary handwipes and similar expenses that he paid while on duty.
2. Clothing
SISS provided petitioner with a blue jacket or vest that constituted his uni-
form. Apart from that he was required to wear khaki trousers and polo shirts or
similar attire. He claimed deductions of $1,111 for the purchase of clothing and
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T.C. Summary Opinion 2018-7
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
RICK COLBERT AND TRACI MARIE KRUSE-COLBERT, Petitioners v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 14117-16S. Filed February 6, 2018.
Rick Colbert and Traci Marie Kruse-Colbert, pro sese.
Miles B. Fuller and Jeri L. Acromite, for respondent.
SUMMARY OPINION
LAUBER, Judge: This case was heard pursuant to the provisions of section
7463 of the Internal Revenue Code in effect when the petition was filed.1 Pursu-
1 All statutory references are to the Internal Revenue Code (Code) in effect for the year in issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. We round all monetary amounts to the nearest dollar. -2-
ant to section 7463(b), the decision to be entered is not reviewable by any other
court, and this opinion shall not be treated as precedent for any other case.
With respect to petitioners’ Federal income tax for 2013, the Internal Reve-
nue Service (IRS or respondent) determined a deficiency of $4,138. This deficien-
cy is attributable to the disallowance of miscellaneous itemized deductions that pe-
titioners claimed on Schedule A, Itemized Deductions. Finding that petitioners
have established their entitlement to deduct the underlying expenses only in part,
we will sustain most of the deficiency that respondent has determined.
Background
The parties filed a stipulation of facts that is incorporated by this reference.
Petitioners resided in Arizona when they timely petitioned this Court.
Petitioner husband (petitioner) is a former policeman who retired after 30
years of service for the Long Beach, California, Police Department. During 2013
he was employed by Screen International Security Service Ltd. (SISS) in Beverly
Hills, California. He earned these wages by performing security services for Hol-
lywood celebrities to whom SISS assigned him.
Petitioner worked from home and traveled daily among celebrities’ residen-
ces and other worksites. He performed a wide range of tasks for these celebrities:
chauffering them to appointments, deflecting paparazzi, monitoring construction -3-
at their homes, installing and monitoring security devices, patrolling their estates,
performing access control for visitors and guests, and responding to emergency
and distress calls. He had a concealed weapon permit and carried a pistol during
most of the time he was working.
SISS had a reimbursement policy for certain expenses incurred by its em-
ployees. This policy covered expenses incurred “as part and parcel of a security
detail,” including “vehicle costs, parking, necessary purchases, and client re-
quests.” SISS cautioned its security professionals that “client requests should al-
ways be cordially accommodated, unless outside the realm of reasonability.” Ex-
penses were eligible for reimbursement only if incurred by the employee while
acting as a chauffer or escorting a client to an event. Expenses incurred by an em-
ployee in his individual capacity--e.g., costs of traveling to client locations or
maintaining a concealed weapon license--were not eligible for reimbursement. Pe-
titioner did not seek reimbursement from SISS for any expenses.
Petitioners timely filed Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, for
2013. As relevant here, petitioner reported wages of $25,546 from SISS and mis-
cellaneous expenses of $23,965 on Schedule A. These included unreimbursed em-
ployee business expenses of $23,552 connected with his work for SISS; tax pre-
paration fees of $225; and other expenses of $188. After applying the 2% floor -4-
prescribed by section 67(a), petitioners claimed a miscellaneous itemized deduc-
tion of $19,599. In a timely notice of deficiency the IRS disallowed this deduction
for lack of substantiation and made a computational adjustment to petitioners’ al-
ternative minimum tax. They timely petitioned this Court for redetermination.
Discussion
A. Governing Statutory Framework
The IRS’ determinations in a notice of deficiency are generally presumed
correct, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving them erroneous. Rule
142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). Petitioner does not con-
tend that the burden of proof shifts to respondent under section 7491(a) as to any
issue of fact.
Deductions are a matter of legislative grace; the taxpayer bears the burden
of proving his entitlement to deductions allowed by the Code and of substantiating
the amounts of expenses underlying claimed deductions. Sec. 6001; INDOPCO,
Inc. v. Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79, 84 (1992); sec. 1.6001-1(a), Income Tax Regs.
Section 162(a) allows the deduction of “all the ordinary and necessary expenses
paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business.” The
term “trade or business” includes performing services as an employee. Primuth v. -5-
Commissioner, 54 T.C. 374, 377-378 (1970). Unless otherwise provided no de-
duction is allowed for “personal, living, or family expenses.” Sec. 262(a).
Section 274(d) imposes relatively strict substantiation requirements for de-
ductions claimed for (among other things) “listed property.” Listed property in-
cludes “any passenger automobile” and “any computer or peripheral equipment.”
Sec. 280F(d)(4)(A)(i), (iv). No deduction is allowed under section 274(d) with
respect to listed property unless the taxpayer substantiates, by adequate records or
by sufficient evidence corroborating his own statements, the amount, time and
place, and business purpose for each expenditure. Sec. 1.274-5T(a), (b), and (c),
Temporary Income Tax Regs., 50 Fed. Reg. 46014-46017 (Nov. 6, 1985).
B. Analysis
Respondent agreed at trial that petitioner is entitled to deductions of $107
for tax preparation fees, $4,891 for mileage expenses for his vehicle, and $520 for
security licensing and training expenses. We find that petitioner is also entitled to
deductions of $133 for parking and tolls and $58 for job search expenses. Re-
spondent agreed at trial that petitioner had substantiated most of the other expen-
ses at issue but questioned whether these amounts were “ordinary and necessary”
expenses of his business as a security professional. We consider these items in
turn. -6-
1. On-Duty Security Expenses
Petitioner incurred $1,154 of expenses for replacement of his duty pistol
and for target practice. He was required to carry a concealed weapon while on
duty, and he credibly testified that SISS’ reimbursement policy did not cover these
types of expenses. We find that they were “ordinary and necessary.” We likewise
find deductible his expenditure of $86 for an earbud (to avoid annoying celebrity
clients), $26 for a flashlight (for evening patrols on celebrity estates), and $92 for
sanitary handwipes and similar expenses that he paid while on duty.
2. Clothing
SISS provided petitioner with a blue jacket or vest that constituted his uni-
form. Apart from that he was required to wear khaki trousers and polo shirts or
similar attire. He claimed deductions of $1,111 for the purchase of clothing and
shoes worn to work and $600 for the estimated cost of dry cleaning of his work
attire.
We find that none of these expenses is deductible. The clothing and shoes
were suitable for use as ordinary street wear, and their costs are thus nondeduct-
ible. See Donnelly v. Commissioner, 28 T.C. 1278, 1280 (1957); Garcia v. Com-
missioner, T.C. Memo. 2016-21, 111 T.C.M. (CCH) 1087, 1090. The cost of dry
cleaning clothes worn to work is likewise a nondeductible personal expense. See -7-
Boltinghouse v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2007-324, 94 T.C.M. (CCH) 416,
422.
3. Other Personal Expenses
Petitioner incurred expenses of $290 for newspapers and magazines, $875
for a gym membership and weight loss pills, $358 for satellite radio, and $86 for
membership in Amazon Prime. Petitioner testified that he needed to look good
and be informed of local events in order to impress his celebrity clients. We con-
clude that these costs were not “ordinary and necessary” expenses of his business
but rather were “personal, living, or family expenses” nondeductible under section
262(a). See Heinbockel v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2013-125, 105 T.C.M.
(CCH) 1733, 1746.
4. Home Office Expenses
Petitioner worked from home when not in his car or detailed to celebrity res-
idences. He claimed a deduction of $2,750 for home office expenses, a deduction
of $133 for office supplies, and a deduction of $1,603 for an iPad, printer, and re-
lated items. No deduction is allowed with respect to a home office unless, as rele-
vant here, “allocable to a portion of the dwelling unit which is exclusively used on
a regular basis” as the taxpayer’s principal pace of business. Sec. 280A(a), (c)(1).
Petitioner admitted that the room he used as a home office was not used exclusive- -8-
ly for that purpose; it was also used (among other things) as a spare bedroom and
exercise room. He therefore is not entitled to any home office deduction. See
ibid.; Scully v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2013-229, 106 T.C.M. (CCH) 384,
389. We will, however, allow his claimed deduction of $133 for office supplies as
an expense sufficiently related to his business.
“Listed property” expenses requiring strict substantiation under section
274(d) include costs of any computer or peripheral equipment as defined in section
168(i)(2)(B). See sec. 280F(d)(4)(A)(iv). Petitioner’s iPad constitutes a “comput-
er” because it is a “programmable electronically activated device” within the
meaning of section 168(i)(2)(B)(ii). And his printer constitutes “related peripher-
al equipment” because it is “designed to be placed under the control of the central
processing unit of a computer.” See sec. 168(i)(2)(B)(iii).2
Petitioner provided no credible evidence to establish the extent to which he
used his iPad and/or printer in connection with his business as a security profes-
2 Computers and peripheral equipment are excepted from the definition of “listed property” if “used exclusively at a regular business establishment and owned * * * by the person operating such establishment.” Sec. 280F(d)(4)(B). A home office qualifies as a regular business establishment “if (and only if) the re- quirements of section 280A(c)(1) are met” with respect to that space. Ibid. Since petitioner does not meet the requirements of section 280A(c)(1) for the deduction of home office expenses, the exception set forth in section 280F(d)(4)(B) is inap- plicable here. -9-
sional rather than for personal purposes. Because he has failed to satisfy the strict
substantiation requirements of section 274(d) for listed property, we will sustain
respondent’s disallowance of a deduction for these items. See Garcia, 111 T.C.M.
(CCH) at 1090; DeLima v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2012-291, 104 T.C.M.
(CCH) 463, 467-468.
5. Utility Expenses
Petitioner claimed a deduction of $4,573 for Verizon service and $430 for
the purchase of an iPhone and cover. The Verizon bills included not only wireless
service for both petitioners but also basic telephone, internet, and television serv-
ice for their home. Section 262(b) provides that, “in the case of an individual, any
charge * * * for basic local telephone service with respect to the 1st telephone line
provided to any residence of the taxpayer shall be treated as a personal expense.”
Moreover, petitioner provided no credible evidence to establish (1) the extent to
which he used his cell phone for business purposes3 or (2) the extent to which the
Verizon charges corresponded to business use of his cell phone. We accordingly
3 For 2013 cell phones were not “listed property” under section 280F(d)(4), and petitioners thus were not required to meet the strict substantiation require- ments of section 274(d). However, petitioner must still show that he used his cell phone for business rather than personal purposes and provide some credible evi- dence to establish the extent of business use. - 10 -
sustain respondent’s disallowance of a deduction for these expenses. See Luczaj
& Assocs. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2017-42, 113 T.C.M. (CCH) 1187, 1190.
In sum, we find that petitioners have substantiated $107 of deductible tax
preparation fees and $7,093 of “ordinary and necessary” business expenses that
were not reimbursed (and did not qualify for reimbursement) by petitioner’s em-
ployer: $5,024 for vehicle expenses, $1,358 for on-duty security costs, $520 for
security licensing and training, $133 for office supplies, and $58 for job search
expenses. We sustain respondent’s disallowance of the other miscellaneous ex-
pense deductions petitioners claimed on their Schedule A.
To reflect the foregoing,
Decision will be entered under
Rule 155.