FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT January 5, 2021 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court JACOB RICHARDSON,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 20-1080 (D.C. No. 1:19-CV-01984-RM-NRM) TITLE IV-D AGENCY, Colorado Division (D. Colo.) of Child Support Services, State Enforcement Unit for Denver City and County,
Defendant - Appellee. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT * _________________________________
Before MATHESON, BALDOCK, and CARSON, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Jacob Richardson, proceeding pro se, 1 appeals from the district court’s
dismissal of his action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Exercising jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 1 We liberally construe Mr. Richardson’s pro se filings, but we do not act as his advocate. See Yang v. Archuleta, 525 F.3d 925, 927 n.1 (10th Cir. 2008). I. Background
Mr. Richardson was ordered to pay child support in 1999. In November 2017,
a support judgment was filed, which reflected that he should have paid $90,004.64
from November 1999 through April 2015, but that he only paid $14,376.27. He
therefore had “an arrearage due and owing” in the amount of $75,668.37. R. at 182.
In 2019, Mr. Richardson filed a pro se complaint against defendant
“Title IV-D Agency: Colorado Division of Support Services[,] State Enforcement
Unit for Denver City and County.” 2 Id. at 7. He alleged that the state court issued
“an illicit wage assignment as a money judgement [sic]” when it ordered him to pay
child support in November 1999. Id. at 12. He further alleged that the 2017 support
judgment was a void judgment. As a result of these judgments, he asserted that his
driver’s license was suspended, his passport application was denied, and his credit
rating was lowered. He also asserted that the defendant’s efforts to enforce the
2 In its motion to dismiss, defendant explained:
The reference to “Title IV-D” in the Complaint’s caption refers to Title IV of the federal Social Security Act . . . . Pursuant to [Colorado Revised Statutes] § 26-13-103, the state department . . . shall establish a program to provide necessary support enforcement services. An agency within the State’s department shall be established to administer or supervise the administration of such program in accordance with Title IV-D of the federal Social Security Act . . . . Here, the “Title IV Agency” is the Colorado Department of Human Services. R. at 35-36 (brackets, citation, and internal quotation marks omitted).
2 judgments led to attempts to garnish his wages and bank accounts and place a lien on
his mother’s life insurance proceeds.
Mr. Richardson purported to bring the action on behalf of the United States as
a qui tam relator under the False Claims Act (FCA), 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-3733, 3
“reporting acts including but not limited to fraud, conspiracy to deprive civil and
constitutional rights, counterfeit, and other actions outside the ‘color of law’ by a
government contractor, the Title IV-D, Child Support Enforcement Unit for the City
and County of Denver Colorado.” R. at 11. He asserted claims for: (1) violations of
his constitutional rights; (2) fraud; (3) theft; and (4) stalking and harassment. He
sought money damages for “an illicit, fraudulent, void, and otherwise wrongful
money judgement [sic] assigned against him.” Id. at 12. And he requested the
“arears [sic] be vacated.” Id. at 24.
Defendant filed a motion to dismiss. Mr. Richardson filed a response and then
the magistrate judge held a hearing on the motion. After the hearing, the magistrate
3 We have described the FCA as follows:
Originally passed by Congress in 1863 to combat rampant fraud in Civil War defense contracts, the False Claims Act, as amended, covers all fraudulent attempts to cause the government to pay out sums of money. Section 3730(a) authorizes the Attorney General of the United States to bring civil actions to remedy this fraud, while Section 3730(b)(1) authorizes private individuals, or relators, to bring qui tam civil suits on behalf of the government against those suspected of fraud—but only under certain heavily specified and well-familiar circumstances. United States ex rel. Boothe v. Sun Healthcare Grp., Inc., 496 F.3d 1169, 1172 (10th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 3 judge issued a report recommending that the district court dismiss Mr. Richardson’s
complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction based on the Rooker-Feldman
doctrine. Mr. Richardson filed objections to the report and recommendation. The
district court overruled the objections, adopted the magistrate judge’s report and
recommendation, granted the motion to dismiss, and entered judgment in favor of
defendant. This appeal followed.
II. Discussion
We review de novo the district court’s dismissal for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction. Erlandson v. Northglenn Mun. Ct., 528 F.3d 785, 788 (10th Cir. 2008).
Mr. Richardson argues: (1) jurisdiction and venue were proper in this case; (2) the
district court recognized void judgment(s) as valid; (3) the case was not barred by the
Rooker-Feldman doctrine; and (4) this case is a qui tam FCA case and was dismissed
in contradiction to the law. We are not persuaded by Mr. Richardson’s arguments.
The Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars federal district courts from reviewing state
court judgments. Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280,
283-84 (2005). More specifically, the doctrine bars review of “cases brought by
state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered
before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review
and rejection of those judgments.” Id. at 284. “[A]n element of the claim must be
that the state court wrongfully entered its judgment.” Campbell v. City of Spencer,
682 F.3d 1278, 1283 (10th Cir. 2012).
4 As the district court explained in its dismissal order, “[h]ere, a component of
all Plaintiff’s claims is that he denies a valid and enforceable support order or
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FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT January 5, 2021 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court JACOB RICHARDSON,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 20-1080 (D.C. No. 1:19-CV-01984-RM-NRM) TITLE IV-D AGENCY, Colorado Division (D. Colo.) of Child Support Services, State Enforcement Unit for Denver City and County,
Defendant - Appellee. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT * _________________________________
Before MATHESON, BALDOCK, and CARSON, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Jacob Richardson, proceeding pro se, 1 appeals from the district court’s
dismissal of his action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Exercising jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 1 We liberally construe Mr. Richardson’s pro se filings, but we do not act as his advocate. See Yang v. Archuleta, 525 F.3d 925, 927 n.1 (10th Cir. 2008). I. Background
Mr. Richardson was ordered to pay child support in 1999. In November 2017,
a support judgment was filed, which reflected that he should have paid $90,004.64
from November 1999 through April 2015, but that he only paid $14,376.27. He
therefore had “an arrearage due and owing” in the amount of $75,668.37. R. at 182.
In 2019, Mr. Richardson filed a pro se complaint against defendant
“Title IV-D Agency: Colorado Division of Support Services[,] State Enforcement
Unit for Denver City and County.” 2 Id. at 7. He alleged that the state court issued
“an illicit wage assignment as a money judgement [sic]” when it ordered him to pay
child support in November 1999. Id. at 12. He further alleged that the 2017 support
judgment was a void judgment. As a result of these judgments, he asserted that his
driver’s license was suspended, his passport application was denied, and his credit
rating was lowered. He also asserted that the defendant’s efforts to enforce the
2 In its motion to dismiss, defendant explained:
The reference to “Title IV-D” in the Complaint’s caption refers to Title IV of the federal Social Security Act . . . . Pursuant to [Colorado Revised Statutes] § 26-13-103, the state department . . . shall establish a program to provide necessary support enforcement services. An agency within the State’s department shall be established to administer or supervise the administration of such program in accordance with Title IV-D of the federal Social Security Act . . . . Here, the “Title IV Agency” is the Colorado Department of Human Services. R. at 35-36 (brackets, citation, and internal quotation marks omitted).
2 judgments led to attempts to garnish his wages and bank accounts and place a lien on
his mother’s life insurance proceeds.
Mr. Richardson purported to bring the action on behalf of the United States as
a qui tam relator under the False Claims Act (FCA), 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-3733, 3
“reporting acts including but not limited to fraud, conspiracy to deprive civil and
constitutional rights, counterfeit, and other actions outside the ‘color of law’ by a
government contractor, the Title IV-D, Child Support Enforcement Unit for the City
and County of Denver Colorado.” R. at 11. He asserted claims for: (1) violations of
his constitutional rights; (2) fraud; (3) theft; and (4) stalking and harassment. He
sought money damages for “an illicit, fraudulent, void, and otherwise wrongful
money judgement [sic] assigned against him.” Id. at 12. And he requested the
“arears [sic] be vacated.” Id. at 24.
Defendant filed a motion to dismiss. Mr. Richardson filed a response and then
the magistrate judge held a hearing on the motion. After the hearing, the magistrate
3 We have described the FCA as follows:
Originally passed by Congress in 1863 to combat rampant fraud in Civil War defense contracts, the False Claims Act, as amended, covers all fraudulent attempts to cause the government to pay out sums of money. Section 3730(a) authorizes the Attorney General of the United States to bring civil actions to remedy this fraud, while Section 3730(b)(1) authorizes private individuals, or relators, to bring qui tam civil suits on behalf of the government against those suspected of fraud—but only under certain heavily specified and well-familiar circumstances. United States ex rel. Boothe v. Sun Healthcare Grp., Inc., 496 F.3d 1169, 1172 (10th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 3 judge issued a report recommending that the district court dismiss Mr. Richardson’s
complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction based on the Rooker-Feldman
doctrine. Mr. Richardson filed objections to the report and recommendation. The
district court overruled the objections, adopted the magistrate judge’s report and
recommendation, granted the motion to dismiss, and entered judgment in favor of
defendant. This appeal followed.
II. Discussion
We review de novo the district court’s dismissal for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction. Erlandson v. Northglenn Mun. Ct., 528 F.3d 785, 788 (10th Cir. 2008).
Mr. Richardson argues: (1) jurisdiction and venue were proper in this case; (2) the
district court recognized void judgment(s) as valid; (3) the case was not barred by the
Rooker-Feldman doctrine; and (4) this case is a qui tam FCA case and was dismissed
in contradiction to the law. We are not persuaded by Mr. Richardson’s arguments.
The Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars federal district courts from reviewing state
court judgments. Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280,
283-84 (2005). More specifically, the doctrine bars review of “cases brought by
state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered
before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review
and rejection of those judgments.” Id. at 284. “[A]n element of the claim must be
that the state court wrongfully entered its judgment.” Campbell v. City of Spencer,
682 F.3d 1278, 1283 (10th Cir. 2012).
4 As the district court explained in its dismissal order, “[h]ere, a component of
all Plaintiff’s claims is that he denies a valid and enforceable support order or
judgment was ever entered against him.” R. at 483. And, “he has not identified any
injury that does not stem from either the 1999 support order or the 2017 support
judgment.” Id. Because granting Mr. Richardson any of the relief he seeks would
require undoing the underlying order or judgment, the district court agreed with the
magistrate judge that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine barred Mr. Richardson’s claims.
On appeal, Mr. Richardson continues to assert that the November 1999
judgment is a void judgment because it “was based off of a repealed statute (wage
assignment repealed in 1997).” Aplt. Opening Br. at 22. He further asserts that the
November 2017 judgment is also void. He continues to argue that there was no valid,
enforceable judgment, the void judgments should not “be recognized and given
validity by the District Court,” and “the District Court was required to take action to
vacate, correct, and/or rectify” the void judgments. Id. at 26. But as we have
explained, “[w]hat is prohibited under Rooker-Feldman is a federal action that tries
to modify or set aside a state-court judgment because the state proceedings should
not have led to that judgment.” Mayotte v. U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 880 F.3d 1169,
1174 (10th Cir. 2018) (emphasis omitted)
Mr. Richardson argues, however, that Rooker-Feldman does not bar his claims
because defendant used fraud to procure a void judgment. He cites to cases from two
other circuits and a district court in New York to support his argument “that
Rooker-Feldman does not prevent the lower federal courts from reviewing state-court
5 judgements [sic] that were allegedly procured through fraud.” Aplt. Opening Br. at
31 (italics omitted). But we have not adopted that position. Instead, we have
explained that “new allegations of fraud might create grounds for appeal, but that
appeal should be brought in the state courts.” Tal v. Hogan, 453 F.3d 1244, 1256
(10th Cir. 2006); see also, e.g., Myers v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 685 F. App’x 679,
681 (10th Cir. 2017) (explaining that “we do not recognize an ‘extrinsic fraud’
exception to Rooker-Feldman” (citing Tal, 453 F.3d at 1256)); Bradshaw v.
Gatterman, 658 F. App’x 359, 362 (10th Cir. 2016) (noting that appellant’s argument
that extrinsic fraud can override Rooker-Feldman was only supported by cases
outside the Tenth Circuit and citing Tal, 453 F.3d at 1256, to reject the argument).
Finally, Mr. Richardson argues that his qui tam action “was dismissed based
on an incomplete filing for dismissal” because the United States did not consent or
stipulate to the dismissal. Aplt. Opening Br. at 33. He does not cite to any specific
authority to support this argument, but 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(1) does state that a
qui tam action “may be dismissed only if the court and the Attorney General give
written consent to the dismissal and their reasons for consenting.” § 3730(b)(1). We
observed that “[t]his provision allows the government to resist unfavorable
settlements and protect its ability to prosecute matters in the future.” United States
ex rel. Little v. Triumph Gear Sys., Inc., 870 F.3d 1242, 1250 (10th Cir. 2017)
(brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). And we explained that “[i]n light of
that purpose, § 3730(b)(1) only prohibits an FCA relator from voluntarily dismissing
his complaint without consent.” Id. (emphasis added). The consent of the United
6 States is not required when a court grants a motion to dismiss and dismisses a
complaint. See id.
III. Conclusion
Mr. Richardson has not shown that the district court erred in dismissing his
action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Accordingly, we affirm the district
court’s judgment.
Entered for the Court
Bobby R. Baldock Circuit Judge