BELT, J.
Plaintiff: in describing the accident said:
“Well, I was walking on the road looking for a ride, and the bus came along there. * * I saw the bus was crowded, but they stopped. * * The door was opened * # and I went in, and there was only standing room in there. There was no place to sit down, and so they went ahead with the car. * * Q. Wlio closed the door after you got in? A. I did myself. # # Q. Well, did you close it securely at the time? A. Yes, sir, I did. I heard it snap; and another thing, they started out pretty fast, you know, and the car kind of swung, you know, and squeaked a little. I put my hand upon the back of the front seat. * * I noticed a kind of a squeaking, and I looked at the door, and I put my hand on the door again to see whether it was securely closed or not, and it was.”
Witness then testified that when the car was traveling about twenty-five miles per hour, and while he was standing in the aisle between the seats, “all at once there was a terrible lurch of some kind, as though it struck á low place or something like that, and I saw the door fly open and out I went, and I suppose that is the last I knew.” This evidence, in our opinion, constituted a
prima facie
case of negligence, and therefore no error was committed in denying the motion for nonsuit and directed verdict. The defendant company as a common carrier was obliged to exercise the highest degree of care consistent with
the practical operation of its bus in carrying plaintiff safely to his destination. While the defendant is not an insurer against injury, and the mere happening of an accident does not of itself imply negligence, nevertheless it may be inferred by reason of the relation existing between the parties and the manner in which the accident happened. Assuming, as we must do, that the testimony of the plaintiff is true, this is a case of
res ipsa loquitur.
In
Budd
v.
United Carriage Co.,
25 Or. 314 (35 Pac. 660, 27 L. R. A. 279), the rule is thus quoted from
Scott
v.
London Docks Co.,
3 Hurl. & C. 596:
“But when the cause of the accident is shown to be under the management of the defendant or his servants, and the accident is such as in the ordinary course of things does not happen, if those who have the management use proper care, it affords reasonable evidence for the jury in the absence of explanation by the defendant, that the accident arose from the want of proper care.”
Can it be said when a passenger by reason of an unusual lurch is thrown against the door of the bus and out into the street it is an accident that might happen in the ordinary course of things? We think not. In view of the status of the parties hereto as carrier and passenger and the manner in which this accident occurred, we are of opinion that a jury might well draw the reasonable inference that it happened as a result of the negligence of defendant. If the door was closed securely, as testified to by plaintiff, and the latch or lock thereof functioned properly,- i. e., performed the work for which it was intended, then the door would not have opened under the circumstances as disclosed by the record herein. It is true that much evidence was offered in explanation of the accident and to show that the door was
not in a defective condition, but that did not prevent the jury from drawing the reasonable inference that the latch was defective by reason of the fact that it failed to keep the door shut.
Anderson
v.
Kansas City Railway Company et al.,
290 Mo. 1 (233 S. W. 203);
Silva
v.
Boston & Maine Railroad,
204 Mass. 63 (90 N. E. 547);
Kellogg
v.
Boston & Maine Railroad,
210 Mass. 324 (96 N. E. 525);
Missouri K. & T. Ry. Co. of Texas
v.
Perry et al.
(Tex.), 95 S. W. 42.
Defendant relies on
Goss
v.
Northern Pac. Railway Co.,
48 Or. 439 (87 Pac. 149), as being contrary to the conclusion herein reached, but when read in the light of the facts then before the court for consideration, it is not controlling here. In that case there was no evidence that the door of the car was fastened back by a catch, but swung freely upon its hinges and did only that which a door might well be expected to do. No appliance failed to function. There was no unusual jerk or movement of the train. Under that state of facts, the court was, indeed, doubtful whether the doctrine of
res ipsa loquitur
applied. Chief Justice Bean, speaking for the court, concluded by saying:
“But, where_ there is no proof of negligence, except the mere inference or presumption arising from an accident, and this is overcome by positive, undisputed and unimpeachable testimony, there is no question of the preponderance of evidence, and nothing for the jury to decide.”
The rule announced by the learned Chief Justice was undoubtedly a correct statement of the law when made; but, in view of Section 3, Article VII, of the Constitution of Oregon, which now precludes this court from considering the weight of evidence when
passed on by a jury, it can no longer be regarded as such. It is not for us to say as a matter of law that a presumption of negligence has been overcome by evidence, as that is a matter within the exclusive province of the jury to determine. It is noteworthy that our court in
Armstrong
v.
Portland Railway Company,
52 Or. 437 (97 Pac. 715), cited
Goss
v.
Northern Pac. Railway Co., supra,
as belonging to a class of cases in which negligence may be presumed from the relation of the parties and the manner of the accident:
Christensen
v.
Oregon Short Line R. Co.,
35 Utah, 137 (99 Pac. 676, 18 Ann. Cas. 1159, 20 L. R. A. (N. S.) 255), cited in support of defendant’s contention, may, in our opinion, be easily distinguished. In that case there was no evidence of negligent operation of the train. It was not moving at the time plaintiff sustained injury. The door of the car was not fastened in the usual way by a catch but swung back and forth on its hinges. The court’s comment in
Anderson
v.
Kansas City Railway Company, supra,
relative to the cases of
Goss
v.
Northern Pac. Railway Co., supra,
and
Christensen
v.
Oregon Short Line R. Co., supra,
is instructive and is in keeping with our view.
Defendant claims error because the court, in the presence of the jury, when passing on the motion for nonsuit, stated: |
“Of course, this is a case involving the carrying of a passenger, and, as I remember, in a case of that kind
res ipsa loquitur
applies, and the contract of the carrier is to carry the passenger safely, and if that is not done, it would raise a presumption of negligence. ’ ’
The court was directing its remarks to counsel and not to the jury:
State
v.
McDaniel,
39 Or. 161 (65
Pac. 520);
State
v.
Humphreys,
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BELT, J.
Plaintiff: in describing the accident said:
“Well, I was walking on the road looking for a ride, and the bus came along there. * * I saw the bus was crowded, but they stopped. * * The door was opened * # and I went in, and there was only standing room in there. There was no place to sit down, and so they went ahead with the car. * * Q. Wlio closed the door after you got in? A. I did myself. # # Q. Well, did you close it securely at the time? A. Yes, sir, I did. I heard it snap; and another thing, they started out pretty fast, you know, and the car kind of swung, you know, and squeaked a little. I put my hand upon the back of the front seat. * * I noticed a kind of a squeaking, and I looked at the door, and I put my hand on the door again to see whether it was securely closed or not, and it was.”
Witness then testified that when the car was traveling about twenty-five miles per hour, and while he was standing in the aisle between the seats, “all at once there was a terrible lurch of some kind, as though it struck á low place or something like that, and I saw the door fly open and out I went, and I suppose that is the last I knew.” This evidence, in our opinion, constituted a
prima facie
case of negligence, and therefore no error was committed in denying the motion for nonsuit and directed verdict. The defendant company as a common carrier was obliged to exercise the highest degree of care consistent with
the practical operation of its bus in carrying plaintiff safely to his destination. While the defendant is not an insurer against injury, and the mere happening of an accident does not of itself imply negligence, nevertheless it may be inferred by reason of the relation existing between the parties and the manner in which the accident happened. Assuming, as we must do, that the testimony of the plaintiff is true, this is a case of
res ipsa loquitur.
In
Budd
v.
United Carriage Co.,
25 Or. 314 (35 Pac. 660, 27 L. R. A. 279), the rule is thus quoted from
Scott
v.
London Docks Co.,
3 Hurl. & C. 596:
“But when the cause of the accident is shown to be under the management of the defendant or his servants, and the accident is such as in the ordinary course of things does not happen, if those who have the management use proper care, it affords reasonable evidence for the jury in the absence of explanation by the defendant, that the accident arose from the want of proper care.”
Can it be said when a passenger by reason of an unusual lurch is thrown against the door of the bus and out into the street it is an accident that might happen in the ordinary course of things? We think not. In view of the status of the parties hereto as carrier and passenger and the manner in which this accident occurred, we are of opinion that a jury might well draw the reasonable inference that it happened as a result of the negligence of defendant. If the door was closed securely, as testified to by plaintiff, and the latch or lock thereof functioned properly,- i. e., performed the work for which it was intended, then the door would not have opened under the circumstances as disclosed by the record herein. It is true that much evidence was offered in explanation of the accident and to show that the door was
not in a defective condition, but that did not prevent the jury from drawing the reasonable inference that the latch was defective by reason of the fact that it failed to keep the door shut.
Anderson
v.
Kansas City Railway Company et al.,
290 Mo. 1 (233 S. W. 203);
Silva
v.
Boston & Maine Railroad,
204 Mass. 63 (90 N. E. 547);
Kellogg
v.
Boston & Maine Railroad,
210 Mass. 324 (96 N. E. 525);
Missouri K. & T. Ry. Co. of Texas
v.
Perry et al.
(Tex.), 95 S. W. 42.
Defendant relies on
Goss
v.
Northern Pac. Railway Co.,
48 Or. 439 (87 Pac. 149), as being contrary to the conclusion herein reached, but when read in the light of the facts then before the court for consideration, it is not controlling here. In that case there was no evidence that the door of the car was fastened back by a catch, but swung freely upon its hinges and did only that which a door might well be expected to do. No appliance failed to function. There was no unusual jerk or movement of the train. Under that state of facts, the court was, indeed, doubtful whether the doctrine of
res ipsa loquitur
applied. Chief Justice Bean, speaking for the court, concluded by saying:
“But, where_ there is no proof of negligence, except the mere inference or presumption arising from an accident, and this is overcome by positive, undisputed and unimpeachable testimony, there is no question of the preponderance of evidence, and nothing for the jury to decide.”
The rule announced by the learned Chief Justice was undoubtedly a correct statement of the law when made; but, in view of Section 3, Article VII, of the Constitution of Oregon, which now precludes this court from considering the weight of evidence when
passed on by a jury, it can no longer be regarded as such. It is not for us to say as a matter of law that a presumption of negligence has been overcome by evidence, as that is a matter within the exclusive province of the jury to determine. It is noteworthy that our court in
Armstrong
v.
Portland Railway Company,
52 Or. 437 (97 Pac. 715), cited
Goss
v.
Northern Pac. Railway Co., supra,
as belonging to a class of cases in which negligence may be presumed from the relation of the parties and the manner of the accident:
Christensen
v.
Oregon Short Line R. Co.,
35 Utah, 137 (99 Pac. 676, 18 Ann. Cas. 1159, 20 L. R. A. (N. S.) 255), cited in support of defendant’s contention, may, in our opinion, be easily distinguished. In that case there was no evidence of negligent operation of the train. It was not moving at the time plaintiff sustained injury. The door of the car was not fastened in the usual way by a catch but swung back and forth on its hinges. The court’s comment in
Anderson
v.
Kansas City Railway Company, supra,
relative to the cases of
Goss
v.
Northern Pac. Railway Co., supra,
and
Christensen
v.
Oregon Short Line R. Co., supra,
is instructive and is in keeping with our view.
Defendant claims error because the court, in the presence of the jury, when passing on the motion for nonsuit, stated: |
“Of course, this is a case involving the carrying of a passenger, and, as I remember, in a case of that kind
res ipsa loquitur
applies, and the contract of the carrier is to carry the passenger safely, and if that is not done, it would raise a presumption of negligence. ’ ’
The court was directing its remarks to counsel and not to the jury:
State
v.
McDaniel,
39 Or. 161 (65
Pac. 520);
State
v.
Humphreys,
43 Or. 44 (70 Pac. 824); Bandall’s Instructions to Juries, § 32. The only criticism that can be made in reference to this statement as a legal proposition is that an inference might be deduced therefrom that the defendant was an insurer of the plaintiff’s safety, but when considered in the light of the court’s instructions to the jury relative to that matter, it is not prejudicial.
Over defendant’s objection the court permitted witness to answer the following question:
“Supposing a man is standing in the car, in the aisle, near the door, but not against it, and you are running the car a little lively and run into a rough place in the pavement; say you are going at a rate of fifteen miles an hour, and the car lurches to one side; is that a safe place for him to be inf”
This is not a subject for expert testimony, and was a clear invasion of the province of the jury; but counsel for defendant cannot complain in view of the fact that he had previously asked this witness if there was plenty of room for people to stand in the bus and whether they could stand safely. . Error when invited will not be reviewed:
Oregon-Washington R. & N. Co.
v.
Spokane P. & S. Ry. Co.,
83 Or. 528 (163 Pac. 600, 989, Ann. Cas. 19180, 991).
Complaint is made about certain instructions of the court. After careful examination of the same we find no error and believe them to be in keeping with the law herein announced.
Defendant claims the verdict of the jury is excessive, and for that reason should be set aside, citing in'support of this contention
Larsen
v.
Oregon Ry. & Nav. Co.,
19 Or. 248 (23 Pac. 974), and
Serles
v.
Serles et al.,
35 Or. 289 (57 Pac. 634); but it must be borne in mind these cases were rendered prior to
the constitutional amendment above mentioned and are not in point.
; There was evidence offered to the jury for its consideration that the plaintiff’s skull was fractured and punctured and that he was permanently injured. In the light of the record before us we are not justified in disturbing its finding in the matter of assessment of damages.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Affirmed.