Robinson, J.
Plaintiff received the injuries of which he complains, in October, 1887, in the town of Elma. He was at that time nineteen years of age. While walking near a track of defendant, he was struck by a caboose, and thrown violently to the ground in such a manner that one foot was thrown on a rail and crushed, making amputation of the injured limb below the knee necessary. Other injuries were also received. The accident occuz’red at a point which was generally used by the inhabitants of Elma as a crossing, but it was not in a street, nor other duly established public way. Plaintiff was not in the service of defendant, but claims that he was rightfully in the place where he was injured, and that his injuries were caused solely by carelessness and negligence on the part [428]*428of defendant in the manner in wbicb the car was moved, in not providing a person to guard the tracks, in not giving proper warning of danger, and in moving the car at a high rate of speed.
i. Raimoads • Hcense”': per-sonai injury, I: A street of Elma, called Bnsti avenue, extends from north to south, and is intersected on the west side by Main street. The business of the town largely done on these streets. The main track of defendant crosses Main street from the south a few feet west of Busti avenue, and extends thence in a northerly direction, forming with the avenue an angle of less than thirty degrees. A track, known as the “lead track,” leaves the west side of the main track at. some distance south of Main street, and extends thence northward, parallel to and about eight feet from the main track, until after it reaches the depot. Several short tracks leave the west side of the lead track north of Main street, and extend in a northwesterly direction, each with the lead track forming an acute angle. Pour such tracks leave the lead track between Main street and the south end of the depot platform. There is no street, or other regularly established crossing between Main street and the depot, but the inhabitants of Elma have habitually crossed the tracks in passing from the northern part of Busti avenue to the western part of Main street, at a point just south of the depot platform. Another route extended eastward on Main street to a point between the main and lead tracks, and thence northward between these tracks to the crossing at the south end of the platform already described. The duly established way was along Main street and Busti avenue. The post-office was on the east side of the avenue, at a point northeast of the depot. On the day of the accident, plaintiff started from his home in the west part of the town to go to the post-office. He went eastward along Main street until he had crossed the lead track, and -then turned, and walked northward between that and the main track. Just before he reached the lead track, an engine and caboose went south on that track, and were fifteen or twenty paces [429]*429south of him when he crossed the track. When, he reached a point forty or fifty paces north of Main street, an engine passed him going south on the main line, drawing a stock train. Another engine was switching on a sidetrack west of him. He walked northward between the tracks until near the south end of the depot platform, which is about five hundred feet north of Main street. As he approached that point, his attention was attracted by a boy some distance in front of him, who was trying to warn him of danger by waving his hands ; but the signals were not understood, and plaintiff was struck in the back by the caboose, at the place described, while walking east of, but near to, the lead track. It appears that the engine had drawn the caboose some distance south of Main street on the lead track, and had then backed on the same track, finally giving the caboose a “kick,” which propelled it northward until it reached plaintiff at a speed of ten or twelve miles an hour.
The plaintiff contends that he was on the right of way of defendant by invitation ; that he looked southward twice, while walking between the tracks, without discovering any danger; that he had no'reason to expect'that the engine and caboose which he saw moving south would be moved north; and that it should not have been moved back as rapidly as it was, without some one in charge of it. The conduct on the part of defendant, which plaintiff claims should be construed as an invitation to the public to use its right of way, or at least as permission to do so, was that it did not forbid the public from crossing the tracks at the south end of the depot platform, nor from walking along its tracks, and it frequently opened the trains on the different tracks so that pedestrians could cross them at the place in question.
It may be conceded that there was evidence which tended to show that the defendant, gave to the inhabitants of Elma license to cross its tracks south of the depot platform, and even that it invited them to do so by separating its cars for the purpose of removing [430]*430obstructions to travel across the tracks ; but there is no evidence to show that it invited people to walk along its tracks. The fact that it did not forbid their doing so cannot be given the force of an invitation. It may be there was evidence of such habitual use of the tracks by the public, which use was known to the employes of defendant, and not disapproved, that the jury would have been authorized to find that plaintiff had an implied license to use the right of way as he did. But, if that be true, defendant was under no obligation to protect plaintiff from harm by taking steps to prevent it, unless it had so acted as to mislead him. It was the duty of defendant not to injure him wantonly or wil-fully, but if it had done no act to mislead, and had no reason to anticipate the danger to which plaintiff exposed himself, it owed- him no active duty. Splittorf v. State, 108 N. Y. 213; 15 N. E. Rep. 322; Sutton v. Railway Co., 66 N. Y. 246; Nicholson v. Railway Co., 41 N. Y. 529; Barstow v. Railway Co., 143 Mass. 535; 10 N. E. Rep. 255; Sweeny v. Railway Co., 10 Allen, 372; Gaynor v. Railway Co., 100 Mass. 214; Wright v. Railway Co., 142 Mass. 299; 7 N. E. Rep. 866; Hargraves v. Deacon, 25 Mich. 1; Beach, Contrib. Neg. 55.
2 the same II. It is said that plaintiff was injured at that point in the right of way which was used as a crossing ^y invitation of defendant, and, therefore, that it was required to use at least ordinary care to preserve him from injury. It is clear, however, that plaintiff was not injured in consequence of using the crossing on the invitation of defendant, but because he had walked along its .track. Had he used the crossing in an ordinary manner, he could not have failed to see the approaching caboose in time to avoid the danger. He failed to discover and avoid the danger because he was using the right of way in a manner not authorized by anything more than a mere license. It is claimed that he was misled by the running of the engine an unnecessary distance south of Main street, and that he had no reason to expect that the caboose would [431]*431eventually be pushed northward. It does not appear that the management of the engine and caboose was unreasonable, or contrary to any custom of defendant, upon which plaintiff had a right to rely. It may be that it was wholly unnecessary for defendant to move the engine and car south of Main street, but it had a right to use its property in its own way, so long as it did not interfere with the rights of others, nor violate any duty in doing so.
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Robinson, J.
Plaintiff received the injuries of which he complains, in October, 1887, in the town of Elma. He was at that time nineteen years of age. While walking near a track of defendant, he was struck by a caboose, and thrown violently to the ground in such a manner that one foot was thrown on a rail and crushed, making amputation of the injured limb below the knee necessary. Other injuries were also received. The accident occuz’red at a point which was generally used by the inhabitants of Elma as a crossing, but it was not in a street, nor other duly established public way. Plaintiff was not in the service of defendant, but claims that he was rightfully in the place where he was injured, and that his injuries were caused solely by carelessness and negligence on the part [428]*428of defendant in the manner in wbicb the car was moved, in not providing a person to guard the tracks, in not giving proper warning of danger, and in moving the car at a high rate of speed.
i. Raimoads • Hcense”': per-sonai injury, I: A street of Elma, called Bnsti avenue, extends from north to south, and is intersected on the west side by Main street. The business of the town largely done on these streets. The main track of defendant crosses Main street from the south a few feet west of Busti avenue, and extends thence in a northerly direction, forming with the avenue an angle of less than thirty degrees. A track, known as the “lead track,” leaves the west side of the main track at. some distance south of Main street, and extends thence northward, parallel to and about eight feet from the main track, until after it reaches the depot. Several short tracks leave the west side of the lead track north of Main street, and extend in a northwesterly direction, each with the lead track forming an acute angle. Pour such tracks leave the lead track between Main street and the south end of the depot platform. There is no street, or other regularly established crossing between Main street and the depot, but the inhabitants of Elma have habitually crossed the tracks in passing from the northern part of Busti avenue to the western part of Main street, at a point just south of the depot platform. Another route extended eastward on Main street to a point between the main and lead tracks, and thence northward between these tracks to the crossing at the south end of the platform already described. The duly established way was along Main street and Busti avenue. The post-office was on the east side of the avenue, at a point northeast of the depot. On the day of the accident, plaintiff started from his home in the west part of the town to go to the post-office. He went eastward along Main street until he had crossed the lead track, and -then turned, and walked northward between that and the main track. Just before he reached the lead track, an engine and caboose went south on that track, and were fifteen or twenty paces [429]*429south of him when he crossed the track. When, he reached a point forty or fifty paces north of Main street, an engine passed him going south on the main line, drawing a stock train. Another engine was switching on a sidetrack west of him. He walked northward between the tracks until near the south end of the depot platform, which is about five hundred feet north of Main street. As he approached that point, his attention was attracted by a boy some distance in front of him, who was trying to warn him of danger by waving his hands ; but the signals were not understood, and plaintiff was struck in the back by the caboose, at the place described, while walking east of, but near to, the lead track. It appears that the engine had drawn the caboose some distance south of Main street on the lead track, and had then backed on the same track, finally giving the caboose a “kick,” which propelled it northward until it reached plaintiff at a speed of ten or twelve miles an hour.
The plaintiff contends that he was on the right of way of defendant by invitation ; that he looked southward twice, while walking between the tracks, without discovering any danger; that he had no'reason to expect'that the engine and caboose which he saw moving south would be moved north; and that it should not have been moved back as rapidly as it was, without some one in charge of it. The conduct on the part of defendant, which plaintiff claims should be construed as an invitation to the public to use its right of way, or at least as permission to do so, was that it did not forbid the public from crossing the tracks at the south end of the depot platform, nor from walking along its tracks, and it frequently opened the trains on the different tracks so that pedestrians could cross them at the place in question.
It may be conceded that there was evidence which tended to show that the defendant, gave to the inhabitants of Elma license to cross its tracks south of the depot platform, and even that it invited them to do so by separating its cars for the purpose of removing [430]*430obstructions to travel across the tracks ; but there is no evidence to show that it invited people to walk along its tracks. The fact that it did not forbid their doing so cannot be given the force of an invitation. It may be there was evidence of such habitual use of the tracks by the public, which use was known to the employes of defendant, and not disapproved, that the jury would have been authorized to find that plaintiff had an implied license to use the right of way as he did. But, if that be true, defendant was under no obligation to protect plaintiff from harm by taking steps to prevent it, unless it had so acted as to mislead him. It was the duty of defendant not to injure him wantonly or wil-fully, but if it had done no act to mislead, and had no reason to anticipate the danger to which plaintiff exposed himself, it owed- him no active duty. Splittorf v. State, 108 N. Y. 213; 15 N. E. Rep. 322; Sutton v. Railway Co., 66 N. Y. 246; Nicholson v. Railway Co., 41 N. Y. 529; Barstow v. Railway Co., 143 Mass. 535; 10 N. E. Rep. 255; Sweeny v. Railway Co., 10 Allen, 372; Gaynor v. Railway Co., 100 Mass. 214; Wright v. Railway Co., 142 Mass. 299; 7 N. E. Rep. 866; Hargraves v. Deacon, 25 Mich. 1; Beach, Contrib. Neg. 55.
2 the same II. It is said that plaintiff was injured at that point in the right of way which was used as a crossing ^y invitation of defendant, and, therefore, that it was required to use at least ordinary care to preserve him from injury. It is clear, however, that plaintiff was not injured in consequence of using the crossing on the invitation of defendant, but because he had walked along its .track. Had he used the crossing in an ordinary manner, he could not have failed to see the approaching caboose in time to avoid the danger. He failed to discover and avoid the danger because he was using the right of way in a manner not authorized by anything more than a mere license. It is claimed that he was misled by the running of the engine an unnecessary distance south of Main street, and that he had no reason to expect that the caboose would [431]*431eventually be pushed northward. It does not appear that the management of the engine and caboose was unreasonable, or contrary to any custom of defendant, upon which plaintiff had a right to rely. It may be that it was wholly unnecessary for defendant to move the engine and car south of Main street, but it had a right to use its property in its own way, so long as it did not interfere with the rights of others, nor violate any duty in doing so. One who enters the yard of a railroad company under a mere license must be held to assume the risk of all dangers which are caused by a natural and proper use of the tracks and trains.
_._. contributory negligence. III. It is insisted by appellant that he was rightfully at the place where the accident occurred ; that he used due care to avoid injury; and that defendant was guilty of such negligence as -j;0 make it liable for the injuries he received. If it be conceded that defendant was negligent, and violated a duty it owed to plaintiff, it does not follow that he should recover. He left his home just before the accident to visit the post-office. There was no occasion for him to go by way of the depot. After he reached the lead track, the most direct route for him to take was across both tracks to Busti avenue, and north on that until his destination was reached. No good reason for his failure to follow that route is given, and, by taking it, he would have avoided all danger. In going northward from Main street, he could have followed a line midway between the tracks, and have avoided danger from cars on either. He knew that the engine and caboose could go only about one thousand feet south of Main street before reaching the end of the lead track at its connection with the main line, and that-they must stop within a few moments after passing him. The stock train moving south on the main line would necessarily suggest that fact to him. He could see everything on both tracks as far south as the end of the lead track. Under these circumstances, it was his duty to carefully observe the trains, especially that on the lead track, or to take such a course between the tracks [432]*432as to be beyond the reach of danger from passing cars ; but he failed to do this. Ete looked back once, and saw that the engine and caboose were going south. He looked again, when within lifteen or twenty steps of the place where he was hurt, as he claims, and failed to see the approaching caboose. But, if he looked south along the lead track at that time, he could not have failed to see the caboose, which must then have been within about one hundred feet of him, and approaching rapidly. The noise made by the stock train running near him would prevent his hearing a train approaching on the lead track, and, for that reason, he was required to use greater diligence in avoiding danger from that direction. It is said that his attention was distracted by the signals given by the boy who tried to warn him of his danger, and, for that reason, he did not discover the approaching car. But the conclusion is irresistible that, had he exercised but a moderate degree of care, he would have discovered and avoided the danger. The fact that the signals of the boy were not comprehended is an indication that he entertained no thought of danger, and was not on the lookout for it. This court in McAlister v. Burlington & N. W. Ry. Co., 64 Iowa, 398, approved the following declaration. of the law: “It is negligence for a person to walk upon the track of a railroad, whether laid in the street or upon the open field; and he who deliberately does so will be presumed to assume the risks of the perils he may encounter.” See, also, Masser v. Chicago, R. I. & P. Ry. Co., 68 Iowa, 604. There are, doubtless, exceptions to the rule thus expressed, as, for example, the case of a person who is on the track in the discharge of a duty. But, as a general rule, it is the duty of a person who voluntarily exposes himself on a railway track to danger from moving trains to be constantly on the alert to discover and avoid the danger. See McAlister v. Burlington & N. W. Ry. Co., supra; Murphy v. Chicago, R B. I. & P. Ry. Co., 45 Iowa, 664; Carlin v. Chicago, R. I. & P. Ry. Co., 37 Iowa, 322; Railway Co. v. Houston, 95 U. S. 697; Mahlen v. Lake Shore & [433]*433M. S. Ry. Co., 49 Mich. 585; 14 N. W. Rep. 556; Bresnahan v. Railway Co., 49 Mich. 410; 13 N. W. Rep. 797; Patterson Ry. Acc. Law, sec. 199. The undisputed facts in this case show that the injuries in controversy would not have been received had plaintiff exercised ordinary care to avoid danger.
The court, therefore, acted properly in taking the case from the jury, and its judgment is aeeirmed.