UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
) LARRY D. RICE, JR., ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 09-310 (RMC) ) DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al., ) ) Defendants. ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Police officers John Stathers and Derek Starliper entered an abandoned house in
Northeast Washington, D.C. with their guns drawn and told everyone to “freeze.” When Plaintiff
Larry Rice heard “freeze,” he was in a back room and he attempted to flee out the window. Officer
Stathers entered the back room and stopped Mr. Rice from leaving. A struggle ensued, and Officer
Stathers shot Mr. Rice. Mr. Rice was arrested and charged, but later the charges were dismissed by
the prosecutor. As a result, Mr. Rice filed suit asserting constitutional violations, including the claim
of arrest without probable cause, and tort claims including claims of false arrest. On the eve of trial,
Defendants have filed a motion for summary judgment with regard to the false arrest claims. Mr.
Rice opposes. As explained below, the motion will be granted.
I. FACTS
Mr. Rice alleges that on April 23, 2008, he was in the back room of a house located
at 5827 Fields Place, NE, Washington, D.C. He heard a police officer say “freeze” to Joseph
Maxwell who was in the front room of the house. At that time, Mr. Rice opened the window in the back room and began climbing out. When he had managed to get his head and one leg out of the
window, Officer Stathers entered the back room with his gun drawn. With his gun in one hand,
Officer Stathers grabbed Mr. Rice’s leg with his other hand. Officer Stathers shot Mr. Rice in the
abdomen. Subsequently, the officers arrested Mr. Rice.
Detective Ali Roberts signed a criminal complaint against Mr. Rice on May 2, 2008,
charging Mr. Rice with a violation of D.C. Code § 22-851(b) (intimidating, impeding, interfering
with and retaliating against a government official engaged in the performance of his duties).1 See
Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss [Dkt. # 35], Ex. A. at 1. On January 21, 2009, the Superior Court dismissed
the felony charge at the request of the prosecutor. See id., Ex. B (Dismissal Praecipe).
As a result of the gunshot wound, Mr. Rice sustained severe injuries including a
lacerated liver and diaphragm. He underwent emergency surgery and remained in the hospital for
more than one month. He developed pneumonia while in the hospital.
As a result of the foregoing, Mr. Rice filed this suit against the District of Columbia,
1 The criminal complaint was based on an attached affidavit signed by Officer D. Randolph. Officer Randolph’s affidavit sets forth a different version of the facts:
Officer Stathers observed Defendant Rice attempting to hide behind a dresser. Officer Stathers identified himself and ordered Defendant Rice to show him his hands. Defendant Rice turned and began to assault Officer Stathers. Defendant Rice attempted to take Officer Stathers[’] service weapon. Officer Stathers and Defendant Rice struggled over the service weapon. The weapon discharged, striking Defendant Rice in the abdomen. Defendant Rice continued to resist. Officer Starliper joined in the struggle. The officers and Defendant Rice crashed partially through a rear window. Officer Stathers and Officer Starliper were able to gain control of Defendant Rice and place him in handcuffs.
See Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss, Ex. A. at 2.
-2- Officer Stathers, and Officer Starliper. The Amended Complaint includes three counts alleging false
arrest:
Count VI – False Arrest (against Officer Stathers);
Count VII – False Arrest (against Officer Starliper); and
Count VIII – False Arrest (against the District of Columbia).
Am. Compl. [Dkt. # 29]. The Amended Complaint also alleges that the Officers violated 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983 by arresting Mr. Rice without probable cause in violation of the Fourth Amendment. See id.,
Counts XIX & XX. Defendants seek summary judgment on these claims.2
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment shall be
granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant
is entitled to judgement as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); accord Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986). Moreover, summary judgment is properly granted against
a party who “after adequate time for discovery and upon motion . . . fails to make a showing
sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that
party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).
In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all justifiable
inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor and accept the nonmoving party’s evidence as true.
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. A nonmoving party, however, must establish more than “the mere
existence of a scintilla of evidence” in support of its position. Id. at 252. In addition, the nonmoving
2 Counts XIX and XX also include the claim that the Officers used excessive force when they arrested Mr. Rice. Defendants do not seek summary judgment on the issue of excessive force.
-3- party may not rely solely on allegations or conclusory statements. Greene v. Dalton, 164 F.3d 671,
675 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Rather, the nonmoving party must present specific facts that would enable a
reasonable jury to find in its favor. Id. at 675. If the evidence “is merely colorable, or is not
significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50
(citations omitted).
III. ANALYSIS
The elements of a common law false arrest claim and a claim for an unreasonable
arrest in violation of the Fourth Amendment3 are “practically identical.” Barnhardt v. District of
Columbia, 723 F. Supp. 2d 197, 214 (D.D.C. 2010). The requisite elements in both claims are that
the plaintiff was arrested against his will and that the arrest was unlawful. McCarthy v. Kleindienst,
741 F.2d 1406, 1413 (D.C. Cir. 1984). While unlawfulness is “presumed” where the arrest was
without a warrant,4 the presumption is rebutted if the defendant can show that there was probable
cause for the arrest. Id.; see also Magwood v. Giddings, 672 A.2d 1083, 1086 (D.C. 1996) (probable
cause is a valid defense to a claim of false arrest).
Two key exceptions to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement are at issue in this
case: (1) police may briefly detain a suspect upon reasonable suspicion and (2) police may make a
3 The Fourth Amendment protects the “right of the people to be secure in their persons . . . against unreasonable searches and seizures, . . . and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause.” U.S. Const. 4th Amend.
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
) LARRY D. RICE, JR., ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 09-310 (RMC) ) DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al., ) ) Defendants. ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Police officers John Stathers and Derek Starliper entered an abandoned house in
Northeast Washington, D.C. with their guns drawn and told everyone to “freeze.” When Plaintiff
Larry Rice heard “freeze,” he was in a back room and he attempted to flee out the window. Officer
Stathers entered the back room and stopped Mr. Rice from leaving. A struggle ensued, and Officer
Stathers shot Mr. Rice. Mr. Rice was arrested and charged, but later the charges were dismissed by
the prosecutor. As a result, Mr. Rice filed suit asserting constitutional violations, including the claim
of arrest without probable cause, and tort claims including claims of false arrest. On the eve of trial,
Defendants have filed a motion for summary judgment with regard to the false arrest claims. Mr.
Rice opposes. As explained below, the motion will be granted.
I. FACTS
Mr. Rice alleges that on April 23, 2008, he was in the back room of a house located
at 5827 Fields Place, NE, Washington, D.C. He heard a police officer say “freeze” to Joseph
Maxwell who was in the front room of the house. At that time, Mr. Rice opened the window in the back room and began climbing out. When he had managed to get his head and one leg out of the
window, Officer Stathers entered the back room with his gun drawn. With his gun in one hand,
Officer Stathers grabbed Mr. Rice’s leg with his other hand. Officer Stathers shot Mr. Rice in the
abdomen. Subsequently, the officers arrested Mr. Rice.
Detective Ali Roberts signed a criminal complaint against Mr. Rice on May 2, 2008,
charging Mr. Rice with a violation of D.C. Code § 22-851(b) (intimidating, impeding, interfering
with and retaliating against a government official engaged in the performance of his duties).1 See
Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss [Dkt. # 35], Ex. A. at 1. On January 21, 2009, the Superior Court dismissed
the felony charge at the request of the prosecutor. See id., Ex. B (Dismissal Praecipe).
As a result of the gunshot wound, Mr. Rice sustained severe injuries including a
lacerated liver and diaphragm. He underwent emergency surgery and remained in the hospital for
more than one month. He developed pneumonia while in the hospital.
As a result of the foregoing, Mr. Rice filed this suit against the District of Columbia,
1 The criminal complaint was based on an attached affidavit signed by Officer D. Randolph. Officer Randolph’s affidavit sets forth a different version of the facts:
Officer Stathers observed Defendant Rice attempting to hide behind a dresser. Officer Stathers identified himself and ordered Defendant Rice to show him his hands. Defendant Rice turned and began to assault Officer Stathers. Defendant Rice attempted to take Officer Stathers[’] service weapon. Officer Stathers and Defendant Rice struggled over the service weapon. The weapon discharged, striking Defendant Rice in the abdomen. Defendant Rice continued to resist. Officer Starliper joined in the struggle. The officers and Defendant Rice crashed partially through a rear window. Officer Stathers and Officer Starliper were able to gain control of Defendant Rice and place him in handcuffs.
See Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss, Ex. A. at 2.
-2- Officer Stathers, and Officer Starliper. The Amended Complaint includes three counts alleging false
arrest:
Count VI – False Arrest (against Officer Stathers);
Count VII – False Arrest (against Officer Starliper); and
Count VIII – False Arrest (against the District of Columbia).
Am. Compl. [Dkt. # 29]. The Amended Complaint also alleges that the Officers violated 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983 by arresting Mr. Rice without probable cause in violation of the Fourth Amendment. See id.,
Counts XIX & XX. Defendants seek summary judgment on these claims.2
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment shall be
granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant
is entitled to judgement as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); accord Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986). Moreover, summary judgment is properly granted against
a party who “after adequate time for discovery and upon motion . . . fails to make a showing
sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that
party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).
In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all justifiable
inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor and accept the nonmoving party’s evidence as true.
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. A nonmoving party, however, must establish more than “the mere
existence of a scintilla of evidence” in support of its position. Id. at 252. In addition, the nonmoving
2 Counts XIX and XX also include the claim that the Officers used excessive force when they arrested Mr. Rice. Defendants do not seek summary judgment on the issue of excessive force.
-3- party may not rely solely on allegations or conclusory statements. Greene v. Dalton, 164 F.3d 671,
675 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Rather, the nonmoving party must present specific facts that would enable a
reasonable jury to find in its favor. Id. at 675. If the evidence “is merely colorable, or is not
significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50
(citations omitted).
III. ANALYSIS
The elements of a common law false arrest claim and a claim for an unreasonable
arrest in violation of the Fourth Amendment3 are “practically identical.” Barnhardt v. District of
Columbia, 723 F. Supp. 2d 197, 214 (D.D.C. 2010). The requisite elements in both claims are that
the plaintiff was arrested against his will and that the arrest was unlawful. McCarthy v. Kleindienst,
741 F.2d 1406, 1413 (D.C. Cir. 1984). While unlawfulness is “presumed” where the arrest was
without a warrant,4 the presumption is rebutted if the defendant can show that there was probable
cause for the arrest. Id.; see also Magwood v. Giddings, 672 A.2d 1083, 1086 (D.C. 1996) (probable
cause is a valid defense to a claim of false arrest).
Two key exceptions to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement are at issue in this
case: (1) police may briefly detain a suspect upon reasonable suspicion and (2) police may make a
3 The Fourth Amendment protects the “right of the people to be secure in their persons . . . against unreasonable searches and seizures, . . . and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause.” U.S. Const. 4th Amend. 4 “Justification can be established by showing that there was probable cause for arrest of the plaintiff on the grounds charged. A lesser showing can also be made, namely that the arresting officer had reasonable grounds to believe a crime had been committed and that plaintiff’s arrest was made for the purpose of securing the administration of the law (i.e., that the officer acted in good faith).” Dellums v. Powell, 566 F.2d 167, 175 (D.C. Cir. 1977) (citation omitted).
-4- warrantless arrest if they have probable cause to believe that a crime has been or is being committed.
First, police can stop and briefly detain an individual if the officer has reasonable,
articulable suspicion that the person was involved in or is wanted in connection with a crime or if
the officer believes that “criminal activity is afoot” even if the officer lacks probable cause. United
States v. Bailey, 622 F.3d 1, 5 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30 (1968)); United
States v. Jones, 584 F.3d 1083, 1086 (D.C. Cir. 2009). This type of brief detention, called a “Terry
stop,” takes place only when the officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in
some way restrained the liberty of a person. Terry, 392 U.S. at 19 n.16. See California v. Hodari
D., 499 U.S. 621, 627-28 (1991) (a person has been “seized” within the meaning of the Fourth
Amendment, if under the circumstances a reasonable person would have believed that he was not
free to leave).
Another exception to the warrant requirement exists where an officer has probable
cause to believe that a criminal offense has been or is being committed. Devenpeck v. Alford, 543
U.S. 146, 152 (2004). Probable cause to arrest exists if the arresting officer had sufficient
information to support a reasonable belief that the suspect has committed or at that time was
committing an offense. United States v. Catlett, 97 F.3d 565, 573 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (citing Beck v.
Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 91 (1964)).
“The principal components of a determination of reasonable suspicion or probable
cause will be the events which occurred leading up to the stop or search, and then the decision
whether these historical facts, viewed from the standpoint of an objectively reasonable police officer,
amount to reasonable suspicion or to probable cause.” Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 696
(1996). To determine whether the police had reasonable suspicion to make a Terry stop or probable
-5- cause to make an arrest, a court must examine the totality of the circumstances viewed from the
perspective of a reasonably prudent office in light of the officer’s training and experience. Catlett,
97 F.3d at 573 (citing Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 230-32 (1983)) (probable cause); see also
Jones, 584 F.3d at 1086 (reasonable suspicion). The officers’ subjective intentions and actual
motives are not relevant to a determination of probable cause, so long as their actions were
objectively reasonable. United States v. Brown, 334 F.3d 1161, 1172 n.8 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (citing
Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 813 (1996)).
Determining whether probable cause exists is a common sense determination, which
turns on the “practical considerations of everyday life.” United States v. Gilliam, 167 F.3d 628, 633
(D.C. Cir. 1999) (citing Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 231 (1983)). Thus, “while each fact standing
alone may be insufficient, the combination of all the facts can establish probable cause, and certain
conduct that may appear innocent to a lay person may have entirely different significance to an
experienced law enforcement officer.” Gilliam, 167 F.3d at 633 (citations and internal quotation
marks omitted).
Probable cause may emanate from the collective knowledge of the police. United
States v. Hawkins, 595 F.2d 751, 752-53 n.2 (D.C. Cir. 1978); Milline v. United States, 856 A.2d
616, 620 (D.C. 2004); see Tetaz v. District of Columbia, 976 A.2d 907, 914 n.7 (D.C. 2009) (court
should apply collective knowledge doctrine to determine if police action was justified in a case
concerning fast moving events involving a number of police officers in different locations); In re
M.E.B., 638 A.2d 1123, 1129 (D.C. 1993) (police knowledge is aggregated where officers were
cooperating in an investigation, as shown by the fact they communicated directly with one another
or through a dispatcher). Where the material facts are undisputed, the question of probable cause
-6- is a legal question. Ornelas, 517 U.S. at 697; Enders v. District of Columbia, 4 A.3d 457, 469 (D.C.
2010).
A suspect’s actions during a Terry stop may provide probable cause for an arrest of
the suspect. For example, in United States v. Jones, 584 F.3d 1083, a police officer had reasonable
suspicion to believe that an individual was violating the law by drinking alcohol in public. He saw
the suspect with a styrofoam cup, walking more quickly than the rest of the crowd when the police
approached, and heard him say “I ain’t doing nothing. I’m just drinking.” 584 F.3d at 1087. The
officer conducted a Terry stop by calling to the suspect, “Come here.” Id. The officer approached
the suspect; the suspect then pushed the officer and reached toward his own waist band. The officer
and the suspect struggled. When the suspect was wrestled to the ground, the police found a gun in
his waistband. Id. at 1085. The court found under the totality of the circumstances the Terry stop
was reasonable. Id. at 1088. Further once the suspect pushed the officer and reached for his
waistband, the officer had probable cause to arrest the suspect for assaulting the officer. Id.
The case at hand is analogous to Jones as described in detail below. Upon reasonable
suspicion of drug trafficking, Officer Stathers stopped Mr. Rice by calling, “freeze.” When Mr. Rice
fled, Officer Stathers had probable cause to arrest him for disobeying a police order and for resisting
and opposing a police officer.
The critical facts related to the stop and arrest of Mr. Rice are undisputed. Police
officers on an undercover operation watched suspects engage in a suspected drug transaction and
then enter 5857 Fields Place. The undercover officers relayed this information to police officers who
were members of an arrest team, including Officers Starliper and Stathers. Officer Starliper testified
at his deposition that undercover officers informed him that they had observed a suspected “hand to
-7- hand narcotics transaction” in front of 5857 Fields Place, an address being used to facilitate narcotics
sales. See Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 59], Ex. B (“Starliper Dep.”) at 25. Officer Stathers
testified similarly that an undercover officer advised him that there were two individuals inside 5857
Fields Place who were involved in a narcotics transaction. Id., Ex. A (“Stathers Dep.”) at 21-22.
Both Officers Starliper and Stathers testified that the undercover officers described the two men as
black males, one wearing a white shirt and jeans and the other wearing a yellow t-shirt and jeans.
Starliper Dep. at 26; Stathers Dep. at 22. Officer Starliper entered the house at Fields Place and in
the living room encountered the man described as wearing a white t-shirt and blue jeans. Starliper
Dep. at 27. Officer Stathers entered the house as well with his gun in his hand. Stathers Dep. at 25.
Mr. Rice testified in his deposition that he went to the address at Fields Place, a place
he knew to be a crack house, to sell stolen cell phones. Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J., Ex. C (“Rice
Dep.”) at 70, 72, 76. Mr. Rice indicated that he entered the house, said hello to someone named
“Mr. Maxwell” in the front room, and proceeded to the back room. Id. at 90-92. Then, when he
heard the police yell “freeze, get on the floor” to someone else, Mr. Rice opened the window in the
back room. Id. at 92. While he was climbing out the window, Officer Stathers entered the back
room and told Mr. Rice to freeze. Mr. Rice did not:
Q. When he told you – asked you to freeze, did you?
A. No. I was on – I was still trying to proceed out the window.
Q. Is it fair to say you were trying to flee?
A. Yes.
Q. Why were you trying to flee?
A. The police was in the house and I – I believe I had a misdemeanor
-8- warrant on me.5
Id. at 102.6 During the ensuing struggle at the window ledge, Officer Stathers’ gun went off and he
shot Mr. Rice. The police then lowered Mr. Rice the rest of the way out of the window and arrested
him.
Under these circumstances, the police had reasonable suspicion to stop Mr. Rice, as
the undercover officers reported that they observed Mr. Rice engaging in a drug transaction at a
known crack house. Officers Stathers and Starliper are imputed to have the collective knowledge
of the team of police officers who were cooperating in the undercover operation and the arrest.
They received information from the undercover officers before entering the house at Fields Place.
When Officer Stathers entered the back room of the house, he told Mr. Rice to freeze, thereby
conducting a lawful Terry stop. Mr. Rice admits that he continued to flee. Because he continued
to flee, Officer Stathers then had probable cause to arrest him. An officer has probable cause to
arrest a suspect when he has reason to believe the individual has committed or is committing a crime.
See Catlett, 97 F.3d at 573. Officer Stathers personally observed Mr. Rice commit the crime of
5 There was an outstanding bench warrant out on Mr. Rice for possession of cocaine in violation of D.C. Code § 23-1327(b). 6 Mr. Rice also testified:
Q. And why were you trying to get out of the window? A. Because I heard the police come in the house. Q. And tell us exactly what you heard? A. I heard “freeze, get down on the floor.” Q. And then what exactly did you do? A. I kept going through the window.
Rice Dep. at 100; see also id. at 111 (Mr. Rice testified that “I turned around it was “freeze,” I kept going through the window.”)
-9- failing to comply with a lawful order of a police officer and the crime of resisting and opposing a
police officer. See 18 D.C.M.R. § 2000.2 (“No person shall fail or refuse to comply with any lawful
order or direction of any police officer . . . .”); D.C. Code § 22.405(b) (“Whosoever without
justifiable and excusable cause, assaults, resists, opposes, impedes, intimidates, or interferes with
a law enforcement officer . . . while that law enforcement officer is engaged in the performance of
his or her official duties, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor . . . .”).7
Mr. Rice opposes the motion for summary judgment in a confused and misleading
brief. Mr. Rice alleges that “the only information that the officers had at the time that Plaintiff was
handcuffed to support a proper arrest was Officer Stathers’ allegation that Plaintiff had assaulted
him,” see Pl.’s Opp’n at 5, completely disregarding the fact that Mr. Rice admitted in his deposition
that he heard Officer Stathers tell him to freeze and that he continued to flee out the window. Mr.
Rice also erroneously conflates the issue of false arrest with the issue of excessive force, by arguing
that “the unlawfulness of Plaintiff being shot and/or handcuffed may be based upon excessive use
of force or an unjustified use of force.” See Pl.’s Opp’n [Dkt. #63] at 7. Plaintiff points out that
reasonable suspicion does not justify an arrest, citing Terry, 392 U.S. 1, but fails to recognize that
reasonable suspicion justifies a Terry stop and probable cause justifies an arrest. Counsel’s
confusion is further evidenced by the statement that “Defendants’ focus on the issue of probable
cause is not controlling of a claim for false arrest.” See Pl.’s Opp’n at 9. This statement is simply
7 The Officers also had probable cause to arrest Mr. Rice for drug trafficking based on the observations of the undercover team. Because probable cause is determined at the time of arrest, information subsequently obtained is not relevant. Washington v. United States, 414 F.2d 1119, 1122 (D.C. Cir. 1969). For the purpose of determining probable cause, the Officers cannot rely on the fact that Mr. Rice had entered the crack house to sell stolen phones or the fact that there was an outstanding bench warrant for Mr. Rice’s arrest because the police did not discover these facts until after the arrest took place.
-10- incorrect; probable cause is a defense to a claim of false arrest. Magwood, 672 A.2d at 1086.
Officer Stathers and Officer Starliper had reasonable suspicion to stop Mr. Rice as well as probable
cause to arrest him for drug trafficking, failing to comply with a police order, and resisting arrest.
Thus, the Officers have a valid defense to the claims of false arrest and the claims of violation of the
Fourth Amendment based on the allegation of arrest without probable cause.
IV. CONCLUSION
As explained above, Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the claims
relating to false arrest and arrest without probable cause [Dkt. # 59] will be granted. Counts VI, VII,
and VIII alleging false arrest will be dismissed, as will the portion of Counts XIX and XX that
alleges arrest without probable cause.8 A memorializing Order accompanies this Memorandum
Opinion.
Date: February 24, 2011 /s/ ROSEMARY M. COLLYER United States District Judge
8 The portions of Counts XIX and XX that allege excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment remain.
-11-