Opinion
BROUSSARD, J.
In this personal injury action, the jury returned special verdicts that there was no design defect in plaintiff’s Volkswagen automobile, and that there was a manufacturing defect, but that the defect was not a substantial factor in bringing about the plaintiff’s injuries. A poll of the jury revealed that all jurors agreed there was no design defect, that nine of the twelve found a manufacturing defect, but that ten of the twelve found that the defect was not a substantial factor in causing plaintiff’s injuries. [678]*678The poll also disclosed that only seven of the ten jurors who found that the defect was not a substantial factor in causing the injuries had also found that there was a defect; the remaining three had concluded there was no defect. Plaintiff moved for a mistrial on the ground that the verdict was internally inconsistent because there were not nine identical jurors who found that there was a defect and that the defect was not a substantial factor in bringing about the injuries. The motion was denied, and plaintiff appealed from the ensuing judgment for the Volkswagen defendants.1
We have concluded that when a case is submitted to a jury for special verdicts, all jurors may participate in each special verdict and that the jurors who dissented from the special verdict on mechanical defect could properly vote on the special verdict determining that the defect was not a substantial factor in causing plaintiff’s injuries.
Our state Constitution and statute provide that in civil cases three-fourths of the jury may render a verdict. (Art. I, § 16; Code Civ. Proc., § 618.) Section 618 provides: “When the jury, or three-fourths of them, have agreed upon a verdict, they must be conducted into court and the verdict rendered by their foreman. . . . Either party may require the jury to be polled, which is done by the court or clerk, asking each juror if it is his [679]*679verdict. If upon such inquiry or polling, more than one-fourth of the jurors disagree thereto, the jury must be sent out again, but if no such disagreement be expressed, the verdict is complete and the jury discharged from the case.”
Code of Civil Procedure section 624 provides: “The verdict of a jury is either general or special. A general verdict is that by which they pronounce generally upon all or any of the issues, either in favor of the plaintiff or defendant; a special verdict is that by which the jury finds the facts only, leaving the judgment to the Court. ...” Section 625 permits the court also to direct the jury, if they render a general verdict, to find upon particular questions of fact.
Prior to the recent decisions in Juarez v. Superior Court (1982) 31 Cal.3d 759 [183 Cal.Rptr. 852, 647 P.2d 128], and United Farm Workers of America v. Superior Court (1980) 111 Cal.App.3d 1009 [169 Cal.Rptr. 94], it was settled that nine identical jurors had to agree on all elements of the ultimate verdict in a nonbifurcated trial. (Earl v. Times-Mirror Co. (1921) 185 Cal. 165, 182-186 [196 P. 57]; Schoenbach v. Key System Transit Lines (1959) 168 Cal.App.2d 302, 305 [335 P.2d 725]; Nelson v. Superior Court (1938) 26 Cal.App.2d 119, 123 [78 P.2d 1037]; Balero v. Littell (1932) 124 Cal.App. 190 [12 P.2d 41]; 4 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (2d ed. 1971) Trial, § 269, pp. 3077-3078.)
Because all twelve jurors could continue to participate in deliberations after a finding in favor of one party on one of the issues (Schoenbach v. Key System Transit Lines, supra, 168 Cal.App.2d 302, 305; Carlin v. Prickett (1947) 81 Cal.App.2d 688, 693 [184 P.2d 945]), the identical-nine rule could have anomalous effects on juror participation in multiple-issue cases, where in order to obtain judgment one of the parties had to prevail on more than one issue while the other could obtain judgment by prevailing on a single issue. For example, in a negligence case under our former law where the plaintiff, to obtain judgment, was required to prevail on the issues of negligence and contributory negligence, nine identical jurors were required to vote in the plaintiff’s favor on each of the issues, but nine jurors who found contributory negligence would justify a defense verdict even though only six of them also concluded that the defendant was negligent. (See Balero v. Littell, supra, 124 Cal.App. 190, 191 et seq.) The anomaly rested in the fact that once nine jurors with three dissenting found the defendant negligent, the votes of the three dissenting jurors who could participate in discussions on contributory negligence would not count if they voted for the plaintiff but would count if they voted for the defendant.
It should be pointed out that under the decisions prior to Juarez and United Farm Workers of America the trial court judgment in the instant case [680]*680would be affirmed. The requirement of consistency was that nine identical jurors had to agree on all elements of the ultimate verdict. (Juarez v. Superior Court, supra, 31 Cal.3d at p. 766.) Here, all jurors agreed that there was no design defect, and ten agreed that the manufacturing defect was not a substantial factor in bringing about plaintiff’s injuries. Those special verdicts agreed to by ten identical jurors required an ultimate verdict for the Volkswagen defendants.
United Farm Workers of America and Juarez, which involved comparative negligence, rejected the rule that nine identical jurors had to agree on all elements of the ultimate verdict. The jury poll in United Farm Workers of America revealed that nine identical jurors did not find both plaintiff and defendant negligent and that only eight of the jurors agreeing to the allocation of liability had found plaintiff to be negligent. Relying on authorities from other jurisdictions, the court stated that, while to find liability the same nine jurors must find negligence and proximate cause, it was not required that nine identical jurors find both plaintiff and defendant negligent. The court pointed out that in California the parties initially are entitled to twelve jurors deliberating on each issue and that unless verdicts such as that returned were upheld, there would be substantial burdens on the administration of justice. (United Farm Workers of America v. Superior Court, supra, 111 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1018-1020.)
In Juarez, nine identical jurors agreed plaintiff, defendant and plaintiff’s employer were negligent, and their negligence proximately caused plaintiff’s injuries. The same nine also agreed on the total damages suffered by plaintiff, and although nine jurors agreed on the apportionment of damages, they were not the same nine who agreed on the other issues.
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Opinion
BROUSSARD, J.
In this personal injury action, the jury returned special verdicts that there was no design defect in plaintiff’s Volkswagen automobile, and that there was a manufacturing defect, but that the defect was not a substantial factor in bringing about the plaintiff’s injuries. A poll of the jury revealed that all jurors agreed there was no design defect, that nine of the twelve found a manufacturing defect, but that ten of the twelve found that the defect was not a substantial factor in causing plaintiff’s injuries. [678]*678The poll also disclosed that only seven of the ten jurors who found that the defect was not a substantial factor in causing the injuries had also found that there was a defect; the remaining three had concluded there was no defect. Plaintiff moved for a mistrial on the ground that the verdict was internally inconsistent because there were not nine identical jurors who found that there was a defect and that the defect was not a substantial factor in bringing about the injuries. The motion was denied, and plaintiff appealed from the ensuing judgment for the Volkswagen defendants.1
We have concluded that when a case is submitted to a jury for special verdicts, all jurors may participate in each special verdict and that the jurors who dissented from the special verdict on mechanical defect could properly vote on the special verdict determining that the defect was not a substantial factor in causing plaintiff’s injuries.
Our state Constitution and statute provide that in civil cases three-fourths of the jury may render a verdict. (Art. I, § 16; Code Civ. Proc., § 618.) Section 618 provides: “When the jury, or three-fourths of them, have agreed upon a verdict, they must be conducted into court and the verdict rendered by their foreman. . . . Either party may require the jury to be polled, which is done by the court or clerk, asking each juror if it is his [679]*679verdict. If upon such inquiry or polling, more than one-fourth of the jurors disagree thereto, the jury must be sent out again, but if no such disagreement be expressed, the verdict is complete and the jury discharged from the case.”
Code of Civil Procedure section 624 provides: “The verdict of a jury is either general or special. A general verdict is that by which they pronounce generally upon all or any of the issues, either in favor of the plaintiff or defendant; a special verdict is that by which the jury finds the facts only, leaving the judgment to the Court. ...” Section 625 permits the court also to direct the jury, if they render a general verdict, to find upon particular questions of fact.
Prior to the recent decisions in Juarez v. Superior Court (1982) 31 Cal.3d 759 [183 Cal.Rptr. 852, 647 P.2d 128], and United Farm Workers of America v. Superior Court (1980) 111 Cal.App.3d 1009 [169 Cal.Rptr. 94], it was settled that nine identical jurors had to agree on all elements of the ultimate verdict in a nonbifurcated trial. (Earl v. Times-Mirror Co. (1921) 185 Cal. 165, 182-186 [196 P. 57]; Schoenbach v. Key System Transit Lines (1959) 168 Cal.App.2d 302, 305 [335 P.2d 725]; Nelson v. Superior Court (1938) 26 Cal.App.2d 119, 123 [78 P.2d 1037]; Balero v. Littell (1932) 124 Cal.App. 190 [12 P.2d 41]; 4 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (2d ed. 1971) Trial, § 269, pp. 3077-3078.)
Because all twelve jurors could continue to participate in deliberations after a finding in favor of one party on one of the issues (Schoenbach v. Key System Transit Lines, supra, 168 Cal.App.2d 302, 305; Carlin v. Prickett (1947) 81 Cal.App.2d 688, 693 [184 P.2d 945]), the identical-nine rule could have anomalous effects on juror participation in multiple-issue cases, where in order to obtain judgment one of the parties had to prevail on more than one issue while the other could obtain judgment by prevailing on a single issue. For example, in a negligence case under our former law where the plaintiff, to obtain judgment, was required to prevail on the issues of negligence and contributory negligence, nine identical jurors were required to vote in the plaintiff’s favor on each of the issues, but nine jurors who found contributory negligence would justify a defense verdict even though only six of them also concluded that the defendant was negligent. (See Balero v. Littell, supra, 124 Cal.App. 190, 191 et seq.) The anomaly rested in the fact that once nine jurors with three dissenting found the defendant negligent, the votes of the three dissenting jurors who could participate in discussions on contributory negligence would not count if they voted for the plaintiff but would count if they voted for the defendant.
It should be pointed out that under the decisions prior to Juarez and United Farm Workers of America the trial court judgment in the instant case [680]*680would be affirmed. The requirement of consistency was that nine identical jurors had to agree on all elements of the ultimate verdict. (Juarez v. Superior Court, supra, 31 Cal.3d at p. 766.) Here, all jurors agreed that there was no design defect, and ten agreed that the manufacturing defect was not a substantial factor in bringing about plaintiff’s injuries. Those special verdicts agreed to by ten identical jurors required an ultimate verdict for the Volkswagen defendants.
United Farm Workers of America and Juarez, which involved comparative negligence, rejected the rule that nine identical jurors had to agree on all elements of the ultimate verdict. The jury poll in United Farm Workers of America revealed that nine identical jurors did not find both plaintiff and defendant negligent and that only eight of the jurors agreeing to the allocation of liability had found plaintiff to be negligent. Relying on authorities from other jurisdictions, the court stated that, while to find liability the same nine jurors must find negligence and proximate cause, it was not required that nine identical jurors find both plaintiff and defendant negligent. The court pointed out that in California the parties initially are entitled to twelve jurors deliberating on each issue and that unless verdicts such as that returned were upheld, there would be substantial burdens on the administration of justice. (United Farm Workers of America v. Superior Court, supra, 111 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1018-1020.)
In Juarez, nine identical jurors agreed plaintiff, defendant and plaintiff’s employer were negligent, and their negligence proximately caused plaintiff’s injuries. The same nine also agreed on the total damages suffered by plaintiff, and although nine jurors agreed on the apportionment of damages, they were not the same nine who agreed on the other issues.
In concluding that the trial court should have entered judgment on the special verdicts, we reasoned: “As the New Mexico Court of Appeal stated in interpreting a statute similar to section 618: ‘We believe that our holding that any ten jurors in New Mexico may agree on any issue in support of a verdict best assures attainment of the purpose of less-than-unanimous verdicts, namely, overcoming minor disagreements that resulted in “hung” juries under the unanimity requirement. [Citation.] At the same time one can hardly argue that the result is less fair since twelve jurors must still participate. [Citation.] Thus, without sacrificing the traditional notion of justice, our interpretation of the less than unanimity rule ensures less waste of judicial time.’ (Naumburg v. Wagner (1970) 81 N.M. 242 [465 P.2d 521, 524].) Similarly, the Idaho Supreme Court described the ‘identical nine’ as a ‘mechanistic’ rule which needlessly increases the likelihood of costly mistrials without assuring consistency or fairness. (Tillman v. Thom[681]*681as (1978) 99 Idaho 569 (585 P.2d 1280, 1283].)” (Juarez v. Superior Court, supra, 31 Cal.3d 759, 767-768.)
We rejected a claim that a vote by a juror against liability of a party is rationally inconsistent with a vote by the same juror apportioning liability to that party, stating that there was no reason why a dissenting juror could not accept the finding of three-fourths of the jurors that a party was negligent and participate in apportioning liability in accordance with that premise. We also rejected a claim that a juror who has voted against liability will be reluctant to assign fault to a party whom he has voted to be free of negligence resulting in a compromise or otherwise inappropriate verdict. It was pointed out that absent contrary evidence it cannot be assumed a juror will ignore his sworn duties, and that the proper assumption is that having been outvoted on an issue the juror will accept the outcome and “ ‘continue to deliberate with the other jurors honestly and conscientiously to decide the remaining issues.’ [Citations.]” (Id., at p. 768.)
Juarez was followed in Phelps v. Superior Court (1982) 136 Cal.App.3d 802, 808 [186 Cal.Rptr. 626], where of the nine jurors who found defendant’s negligence proximately caused plaintiff’s injuries only seven found plaintiff negligent and agreed to the finding of the apportionment of fault. The jury verdicts were upheld.
Plaintiff relies upon Collin v. Connecticut Valley Arms, Inc. (1982) 137 Cal.App.3d 815 [187 Cal.Rptr. 306] where ten jurors found that the defendant was negligent and nine that the negligence was not a proximate cause of the injury, but only seven concurred in both findings. Reversing a defense judgment, the court relied upon a statement in United Farm Workers of America v. Superior Court, supra, 111 Cal.App.3d 1009, 1019, that “to find liability, the same nine jurors who find negligence on the part of a party must also find that negligence to be a proximate cause of the injury. ...” (After a citation to a Continuing Education of the Bar publication the sentence continues, “but, it is not required that nine identical jurors find both plaintiff and defendant negligent.”)
Collin also pointed out that Juarez cited United Farm Workers of America with approval and in setting forth its holding (31 Cal.3d at p. 768) stated “if nine identical jurors agree that a party is negligent and that such negligence is the proximate cause of the other party’s injuries, special verdicts apportioning damages are valid so long as they command the votes of any nine jurors.” (Original italics.) (Collin v. Connecticut Valley Arms, Inc., supra, 137 Cal.App.3d at p. 819.) For a number of reasons the quoted language does not warrant our concluding that a special verdict determining [682]*682that plaintiff’s negligence was not a proximate cause of the injuries must be rendered by the nine jurors who found negligence.
In both Juarez and United Farm Workers of America there were special verdicts finding negligence and proximate cause by nine identical jurors, and thus the courts were not directly concerned with the question whether to hold a party liable nine identical jurors had to agree on both negligence and proximate cause. In addition, the language of Juarez does not require such agreement.
Most importantly, the reasoning of Juarez requires the conclusion that a juror who dissented from a special verdict finding negligence should not be disqualified from fully participating in the jury’s further deliberations, including the determination of proximate cause. The jury is to determine all questions submitted to it, and when the jury is composed of twelve persons, each should participate as to each verdict submitted to it. To hold that a juror may be disqualified by a special verdict on negligence from participation in the next special verdict would deny the parties of “the right to a jury of 12 persons deliberating on all issues.” (31 Cal.3d at p. 768.) Permitting any nine jurors to arrive at each special verdict best serves the purpose of less-than-unanimous verdicts, overcoming minor disagreements and avoiding costly mistrials. (31 Cal.3d at pp. 767-768.) Once nine jurors have found a party negligent, dissenting jurors can accept the finding and participate in determining proximate cause just as they may participate in apportioning liability, and we may not assume that the dissenting jurors will violate their oaths to deliberate honestly and conscientiously on the proximate cause issue. (31 Cal.3d at p. 768.)
In addition, Code of Civil Procedure section 618 provides that the jury returning a verdict shall be sent back for further deliberations only when more than “one-fourth of the jurors disagree thereto”; there is no provision requiring the jury to deliberate further when one-fourth or less disagree with a special verdict.
Collin v. Connecticut Valley Arms, Inc., supra, 137 Cal.App.3d 815 and United Farm Workers of America v. Superior Court, supra, 111 Cal.App.3d 1009, 1119, are disapproved insofar as the former holds and the latter states that jurors who did not join in the negligence special verdict may not vote on the proximate cause special verdict.
The same reasons that persuade us that jurors who did not vote for the negligence special verdict may vote on the proximate cause special verdict require the conclusion that jurors who did not vote for a special verdict finding a defect may vote on the special verdict as to whether the defect [683]*683was a substantial factor in bringing about plaintiff’s injuries. Accordingly, the special verdicts in the instant case, each concurred in by nine or more jurors, were proper.
The judgment is affirmed.
Mosk, J., Kaus, J., Reynoso, J., Grodin, J., and Lucas, J., concurred.