The opinion of the court was delivered by
Hadley, J.
— The appellant, as trustee in bankruptcy of J. D. Lefevre, a bankrupt, instituted this action against the respondent. It is alleged that at the time of his election as such trustee the appellant became entitled to the possession of two promissory notes, for $1,000 each, which were the property of said Lefevre a.t and prior to the time he was adjudicated a bankrupt. It is further alleged that said notes were at and before the time of the commencement of this action in the possession of respondent; that, while they were so in respondent’s possession, appellant demanded of it the return of said notes, which was refused; and that respondent now wrongfully detains the same. The value of the notes is alleged to' he the full sum of $2,000, and judgment is demanded for the return of the notes, or, if a return cannot be had, for the sum of $2,000 and costs. Respondent’s answer alleges that at the time of the commencement of this action it had and now has in its possession two promissory notes bearing date March 25, 1899, each for the sum of $1,000, payable to the order of James H. Misner, and signed by T. II. Monk and Miranda Monk (presumably the same notes mentioned in the complaint); that each of said notes was, prior to the 29th day of January, 1900, for a valuable consideration, and before the maturity thereof, indorsed and transferred to one W. J. Fleming, who- is now the bona fide •owner and is entitled to the immediate possession of each of the said notes; that thereafter, and prior to the com[141] mencement of this action, said Fleming sent said notes to respondent, with instructions to collect the same; and that respondent is now in possession of the notes as the agent of said Fleming, and has no other or further interest therein. Appellant replied that while said Lefevre was the owner and in possession of said notes, for a longtime prior thereto, and at all times since, lie was hopelessly insolvent; that, if said Fleming- ever had possession of said notes, such possession was obtained without consideration, and with full knowledge of the insolvent condition of Lefevre, and that said Fleming- paid no adequate or sufficient consideration for said notes; that, if said Fleming ever had possession of the notes, such possession was obtained by collusion with said Lefevre for the purpose of placing the notes beyond the reach of the creditors of said Lefevre and this appellant, and said Fleming prior to obtaining possession of said notes, and at all times since, has had actual notice of facts and circumstances sufficient to arouse the suspicion of a prudent person, and place him upon his inquiry as to the purpose of said Lefevre in transferring the possession of the notes; that prior to his obtaining- possession of the notes the said Fleming entered into a conspiracy with said Lefevre whereby the latter was to transfer the notes' to the possession of the former for the purpose of placing them beyond the creditors of Lefevre and of appellant, and with the understanding and agreement-that, if the notes were transferred to the possession of Fleming, they were to be returned to said Lefevre upon his demand, and, if any consideration passed from tire said Fleming to the said Lefevre, it was with the understanding and agreement that said Lefevre might return the consideration and receive the notes back whenever he should so elect. Upon the issues above stated the [142] cause was tried before a jury, and a verdict, was returned that the appellant at the time of the commencement of the action was entitled to the possession of the notes described in the complaint, and that the value thereof was the sum'of $2,000 and interest accrued. Respondent moved for a new trial. The motion was granted, and from the order granting a new trial this appeal was taken.
The only error assigned is that the court set aside the verdict of the jury and granted a new trial. The grounds urged upon the motion for new trial were accident and surprise which ordinary prudence could not have guarded against, and newly discovered evidence material for the defendant, which it could not, with reasonable diligence, have discovered and produced at the trial.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Hadley, J.
— The appellant, as trustee in bankruptcy of J. D. Lefevre, a bankrupt, instituted this action against the respondent. It is alleged that at the time of his election as such trustee the appellant became entitled to the possession of two promissory notes, for $1,000 each, which were the property of said Lefevre a.t and prior to the time he was adjudicated a bankrupt. It is further alleged that said notes were at and before the time of the commencement of this action in the possession of respondent; that, while they were so in respondent’s possession, appellant demanded of it the return of said notes, which was refused; and that respondent now wrongfully detains the same. The value of the notes is alleged to' he the full sum of $2,000, and judgment is demanded for the return of the notes, or, if a return cannot be had, for the sum of $2,000 and costs. Respondent’s answer alleges that at the time of the commencement of this action it had and now has in its possession two promissory notes bearing date March 25, 1899, each for the sum of $1,000, payable to the order of James H. Misner, and signed by T. II. Monk and Miranda Monk (presumably the same notes mentioned in the complaint); that each of said notes was, prior to the 29th day of January, 1900, for a valuable consideration, and before the maturity thereof, indorsed and transferred to one W. J. Fleming, who- is now the bona fide •owner and is entitled to the immediate possession of each of the said notes; that thereafter, and prior to the com[141] mencement of this action, said Fleming sent said notes to respondent, with instructions to collect the same; and that respondent is now in possession of the notes as the agent of said Fleming, and has no other or further interest therein. Appellant replied that while said Lefevre was the owner and in possession of said notes, for a longtime prior thereto, and at all times since, lie was hopelessly insolvent; that, if said Fleming- ever had possession of said notes, such possession was obtained without consideration, and with full knowledge of the insolvent condition of Lefevre, and that said Fleming- paid no adequate or sufficient consideration for said notes; that, if said Fleming ever had possession of the notes, such possession was obtained by collusion with said Lefevre for the purpose of placing the notes beyond the reach of the creditors of said Lefevre and this appellant, and said Fleming prior to obtaining possession of said notes, and at all times since, has had actual notice of facts and circumstances sufficient to arouse the suspicion of a prudent person, and place him upon his inquiry as to the purpose of said Lefevre in transferring the possession of the notes; that prior to his obtaining- possession of the notes the said Fleming entered into a conspiracy with said Lefevre whereby the latter was to transfer the notes' to the possession of the former for the purpose of placing them beyond the creditors of Lefevre and of appellant, and with the understanding and agreement-that, if the notes were transferred to the possession of Fleming, they were to be returned to said Lefevre upon his demand, and, if any consideration passed from tire said Fleming to the said Lefevre, it was with the understanding and agreement that said Lefevre might return the consideration and receive the notes back whenever he should so elect. Upon the issues above stated the [142] cause was tried before a jury, and a verdict, was returned that the appellant at the time of the commencement of the action was entitled to the possession of the notes described in the complaint, and that the value thereof was the sum'of $2,000 and interest accrued. Respondent moved for a new trial. The motion was granted, and from the order granting a new trial this appeal was taken.
The only error assigned is that the court set aside the verdict of the jury and granted a new trial. The grounds urged upon the motion for new trial were accident and surprise which ordinary prudence could not have guarded against, and newly discovered evidence material for the defendant, which it could not, with reasonable diligence, have discovered and produced at the trial.
At'the trial the appellant introduced in evidence, as a part of his case, the deposition of W. J. Fleming, which deposition had been taken at the instance of respondent, at Montreal, Canada. The purpose of its introduction was stated by appellant’s counsel to be -that, inasmuch as said Fleming is the real party in interest in this cause, the offer of the deposition was made as the admission and statements of the party. ISTo objection being made, the deposition was then read in evidence. In the caption of the deposition it was recited that said Fleming resided at “Pittsburg”, Massachusetts, and that his place of business was at “Pittsburg”, Massachusetts. The certificate of-the notary public before whom the deposition was taken states that the deposition was carefully read to the witness by the notary, and that, after having heard read the deposition, the witness signed the same in his presence. The statement in regard to the residence of the witness does not appear’ as an answer to. an interrogatory, but is included in the general recital or preamble preceding the [143] interrogatories and answers thereto, which preamble recites the name, age, place of residence, and occupation of the witness. The deposition appears to have been taken upon oral interrogatories, with counsel representing the respective parties present and examining the witness. Immediately following the reading in evidence of the deposition, appellant introduced as a witness one Dieffenbach, who was at the time assistant postmaster of the city of Spokane, and- who testified that from an examination of the official publications of the post-office department of the United States, showing the names of the various post-offices throughout the United States, there is no such post-office in the state of Massachusetts as Pittsburg. An objection interposed to this testimony was withdrawn by respondent’s counsel. Some time previous to the trial, appellant submitted to respondent certain written interrogatories, asking among other things, for the place of residence and post-office address of said Pleming. The cashier of respondent answered that he did not know, and, further, answering other interrogatories, stated that respondent had received the notes from Henry Tucker, and that he had been informed that said Fleming is a client of said Tucker. At the trial it appeared that said Tucker is a' barrister and solicitor in Montreal, Canada, and had appeared for respondent at the taking of the deposition of Fleming aforesaid. Further evidence was introduced by appellant, and, at the close of appellant’s testimony, respondent rested, and offered no testimony. The deposition of the witness Fleming, taken on behalf •of respondent, had, however, already been read in evidence as aforesaid. In the light of the above evidence and circumstances, the respective counsel proceeded to argue the case to the jury; and in the argument of appellant’s coun[144] sel it was suggested, that au effort had been made to conceal the post-office address and place o-f residence of the witness Fleming, in order to prevent appellant from investigating the character and surroundings of the man in the effort to procure testimony in support of the issue of fraud tendered by the reply; and it was farther suggested that the jury would be justified, under the evidence, in finding that the man who gave the deposition was no other than Lefevre. For the foregoing reasons the respondent claims it was surprised, and it urged that respondent could not, "with reasonable diligence, have foreseen that the place of residence of Fleming would be disputed, so as to involve his identity before the jury. In support of the motion for new trial, respondent submitted affidavits to the effect that-said Fleming is a resident of the city of Fitchburg, Massachusetts,' and that the notary public who certified to his deposition aforesaid w^as in error in stating the place of residence to be Pittsburg, Massachusetts. The affidavit of one of respondent’s counsel states that he had no knowledge or information as to the residence of said Fleming, except such as was shown by the deposition, until the day following the trial, when he was shown an affidavit of said Fleming in which it is disclosed that Fleming’s residence is at Fitchburg, Massachusetts. The affidavit was handed to respondent’s counsel by Mr. Laughon, who was in his employ. The affidavit of Mr. Laughon states that prior to the date of the trial of this cause he had personal charge of the proceedings had therein on behalf of respondent, and that the above mentioned affidavit of Fleming was sent to him by said Tucker soon after this action -was commenced, and that said affidavit and the letter accompanying it were placed upon his desk, and not found by him until the day [145] following the trial of the canse, although he had made search therefor. The affidavits disclosed that all correspondence with reference to this cause was conducted with Henry Tucker, aforesaid, and not with Fleming directly. Wherefore, by reason of the above facts, it is urged that respondent was surprised at the trial when the evidence of appellant was introduced to- the effect that there is no1 such posboffice in Massachusetts as Pittsburg, and was further surprised at the argument of counsel based upon said testimony, and upon the contradictory recital in the deposition concerning Fleming’s place of residence. It is further urged that upon another trial respondent will he able to show that the residence of Fleming is at Fitchburg, Massachusetts, and that he so stated to the notary public who took his deposition, but that the notary understood him to say “Pittsburg,” and that the error was not discovered when the deposition was read over by him. In granting the motion for a new trial the court found that no other sufficient showing in favor of a new trial had been made, and rested its order granting the motion entirely upon the ground “that by reason of the showing made in said affidavits as to the alleged mistake in giving the residence of said William I. Fleming in said deposition to he Pittsburg, Massachusetts, instead of Fitchburg, Massachusetts, and for no other reason, a new trial be granted herein.” ,
Whatever statements may have been made by appellant’s counsel in his argument to the jury, a copy of which appears in the record, it seems to us the jury must have seen that he was in no position to dispute the identity of Fleming as the man who gave the deposition, for the reason that the evidence showed that appellant was present by counsel at the taking of the deposition, and, not having then [146] undertaken to question the identity of the witness, he thereby recognized it. The argument was made upon the evidence on the subject of residence, that the witness had attempted to conceal his place of residence for reasons heretofore stated. The argument was legitimate under the issue of fraud, and the jury had a, right to> consider it. Respondent’s counsel say the jury must have found that there is no such man as Fleming. We think that by no means follows. They must have found that they did not believe his testimony, which they had a right to do under the issues, since it appeared that he was the real party in interest, if they believed that he had attempted to. conceal the place of his residence in furtherance of a fraudulent design, or if they believed that his testimony' was otherwise inconsistent or unreliable.
Turning now to the question of accident and surprise and newly discovered evidence, it. will be remembered that in due time before the trial appellant had, by written interrogatories, inquired of respondent for the residence and post-office address of Fleming. Respondent then knew that Fleming’s testimony was to be produced at the trial, and that, for some purpose best known to appellant, the place of his residence had been asked by appellant in a formal manner, as authorized by law. It must then have been apparent to respondent that the matter of residence was regarded by appellant as material for some reason. Respondent did not then know the place of residence, and made no effort thereafter,, before the trial, to inform itself upon that subject. It had theretofore caused the deposition of Fleming to be taken and filed, and was chargeable with knowledge of what his deposition contained upon that subject. The employee of respondent’s counsel who had charge of the preparation of the case for trial already had [147] in his possession an affidavit of Fleming in which the place of residence was stated as Fitchburg, Massachusetts. The affidavit had been mislaid, but was discovered the day after the trial. Mr. Laughon says in his affidavit that this affidavit was sent him soon after this action was commenced. The exact date of the. commencement of the action is not disclosed, but the amended complaint was filed August 29, 1900, and the affidavit bears date August 22,1900. The trial of the cause- occurred October 2, 1901. So that the affidavit must have been in Mr. Laughon’s possession more than a, year before the time of the trial. He stated that diligent search was made for the affidavit before the trial, but it does not appear that respondent endeavored, by correspondence or other means, to ascertain the fact as to the residence of the witness. While that matter was not directly in issue under the pleadings, yet the issue involved was one of fraud, and sufficient had transpired to put respondent upon inquiry, in an endeavor to be prepared to meet any evidence or argument that the matter of residence might involve. It was not incumbent upon appellant that he should state to respondent the reasons for his inquiry upon the subject. Moreover, when appellant offered his evidence apparently contradicting the recital in the deposition, an objection made thereto was withdrawn. Ho suggestion of surprise was then made, and there was no demand for a continuance that further testimony might be procured. And again, when the statements now complained of were made in argument by appellant’s counsel, it is not disclosed by the record that any exception thereto was taken or any suggestion of surprise made to the court.
.It is further urged that the court, erred in-its instructions to the jury, in that., as alleged, it practically sub[148] mitted to them the question of the existence of the man [Fleming, which was not an issue under the pleadings. The court did say, “if you find there was such a person,” but no exception was taken thereto. The record does not disclose any exceptions of respondent to any of the court’s instructions.
It is contended that the granting of a motion for a new trial rests in the sound discretion ofv the trial court, and that, since its opportunity for knowing the environment of the trial is much better than that of the appellate court, the order should not be disturbed. The order is, however, made an appealable one, under our statute, and it therefore becomes the duty of this court to consider it as it appears hera It is a recognized principle that, when an application for a new trial on the ground of accident or surprise is made, it is not only necessary that the party should have been surprised, but that it was not the- consequence of neglect or inattention on the part of the party surprised; also, that he used all reasonable efforts to overcome the evidence which worked the surprise, or that it was not within his power to have done.so by the employment of reasonable diligence. Chicago & Great Eastern Ry. Co. v. Vosburgh, 45 Ill. 311; Schellhous v. Ball, 29 Cal. 605; Gaines v. White, 1 S. D. 434 (47 N. W. 524) ; Borderre v. Den, 106 Cal. 594 (39 Pac. 946); Crawford v. Georgia Pac. Ry. Co., 86 Ga. 5 (12 S. E. 176); Pincus v. Puget Sound Brewing Co., 18 Wash. 108 (50 Pac. 930).
In Gaines v. White, supra, at page 527 (1 S. D. 447), the court said:
“But he can never, after having submitted his cause, on finding that the verdict or judgment is against him, become surprised at what had previously happened during the trial and ask the court- to relieve him from his own error, mistake, or omission.”
[149] In Pincus v. Puget Sound Brewing Co., supra, this court, in reversing an order granting a. new trial, at pages 113 and 114 of the opinion said:
“But in any event,, if this testimony was so essential to the defendant’s case that it would warrant the granting of a new trial, then it was essential enough to have warranted the granting of a non-suit or of a continuance. If the matter had been presented to- the court when it was discovered that the desired evidence could not be obtained, a motion for continuance should have been made and the same court that granted the motion to* set aside the verdict would undoubtedly have granted a motion for a continuance, on terms or otherwise. And in any event, the plaintiff would have been entitled to a non-suit. If he was surprised on the trial of his case, his remedy was as we have indicated; if he was not, he simply took chances on obtaining a verdict from the jury on the testimony which he had at hand; and having elected to submit his case to the jury on such testimony, he cannot now be heard to complain that the testimony was insufficient, and that he could, on another trial, produce more and better testimony. If this practice were tolerated, no reliance could be placed upon a judgment, and it would become a favorite practice with litigants to obtain a second trial, if unfortunate in the first, by neglecting to procure all the testimony which might originally have been procured in the case”
In view of what has heretofore been said, we think the respondent did not bring itself within the rule above stated, and that the court erred in granting the motion for a new trial.
The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded, with instructions to the court below to overrule the motion for new trial.
Rbavis, O. J., and Anders and Mount, JJ\, concur.