OPINION
MEYERS, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court,
in which PRICE, JOHNSON, KEASLER, and HOLCOMB, JJ.,
joined.
Appellant was convicted of aggravated assault. Texas Penal Code § 22.02(a)(2). The jury assessed punishment at 20 years confinement and a $10,000 fine. Appellant appealed the conviction stating that the trial court improperly charged the jury by including the mental state of recklessness when the indictment alleged only the mental states of intentionally and knowingly. The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial [261]*261court’s judgment. We granted review to determine whether the trial court improperly broadened the indictment by including “recklessly” in the jury instructions when the indictment alleged “intentionally” and “knowingly.” In addition to the aggravated assault charge that is the subject of this appeal, appellant was also charged with and convicted of murder arising from the same shooting incident.1 Testimony indicates that on June 20, 1999, Sheree Allen, Anita Gaitlin, and her sister, Corrina Gait-lin, were walking down the street with their friend, Coartne Robinson, when appellant came from behind a fence and began shooting. Robinson was struck 14 times and died of multiple gunshot wounds at the scene. Allen and the Gaitlin sisters ran, but Anita Gaitlin was struck in the leg by a bullet as she was running away. Anita Gaitlin stated that she was not sure whether or not appellant meant to shoot her. Testimony also indicated that Anita Gaitlin had a previous sexual relationship with appellant and that she and her sister were able to recognize him and identify him as the shooter. As a result of the identification, appellant was arrested and charged with the murder of Coartne Robinson and the aggravated assault of Anita Gaitlin. Omitting the formal parts, the indictment for the aggravated assault stated that the defendant did “unlawfully then and there intentionally and knowingly cause bodily injury to ANITA GAITLIN, hereinafter called complainant, by shooting said complainant, and said defendant did use and exhibit a deadly weapon to-wit: a firearm, during the commission of the assault.”
At the end of the guilt phase of the trial, the trial judge briefly excused the jury while he drafted the instructions. He then stated:
THE COURT: Let’s get something on the record. In the aggravated assault case, the lesser mental state is recklessly. And I’m going to put in the charge intentionally, knowingly or recklessly caused the bodily injury. That’s going to be in there.
Appellant objected to the inclusion in the charge of the lesser mental state of recklessly that was not alleged in the indictment.
[APPELLANT]: We would object to the charge that’s going to be — to the proposed charge being submitted to the jury on the aggravated assault offense, in that it includes a culpable mental state that was not alleged by the State in the charging instrument.
The instructions were presented to the jury including the lesser mental state of recklessly. The relevant portion says:
Now, if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about the 20th day of June, A.D., 1999, in Dallas County, Texas, the defendant, ANTHONY JAMES REED, did then and there intentionally or knowingly or recklessly cause bodily injury to ANITA GAITLIN, hereinafter called complainant by shooting said complainant, and said defendant did use or exhibit a deadly weapon, to-wit: a firearm, during the commission of the offense, then you will find the defendant guilty of Aggravated Assault with a deadly weapon as charged.
The jury found appellant guilty of the offense of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. Appellant appealed arguing that the trial court improperly charged the jury [262]*262by including the mental state of recklessness.
The Court of Appeals held that “because ‘recklessly’ is included in the mental states of ‘knowingly3 and ‘intentionally,’ the trial court could properly charge the jury to convict appellant of aggravated assault if it found he acted intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly.” Reed v. State, No. 05-00-00472-CR, Slip Op. at 7, 2001 WL 533802 (Tex.App.-Dallas May 21, 2001) (not designated for publication). The Court relied on Rocha v. State, 648 S.W.2d 298, 302 (Tex.Crim.App.1982), which held that it was not error to submit a charge authorizing conviction of the lesser included offense of aggravated assault upon a finding of the lower culpable mental state of “reckless” even though the indictment alleged the higher culpable mental states of “intentional” and “knowing” for the greater offense of attempted murder. The court also cited Zuliani v. State, 903 S.W.2d 812, 816 (TexApp.-Austin 1995, pet. refd), as holding that the jury was authorized to convict the appellant for recklessly causing serious bodily injury to a child when he was charged by indictment with intentionally and knowingly causing serious bodily injury to a child because “reckless” is a lesser culpable mental state than “intentionally” or “knowingly.”2
Appellant argues that the Court of Appeals erred in relying on Rocha because Rocha involved the submission of a lesser included offense instruction to the jury. In this case, however, there were no lesser included offenses, as determined by Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Article3 87.09,4 and the jury charge did not contain a lesser included offense instruction. Rather, the jury instruction added to the charged offense a lesser culpable mental state than what was included in the indictment. Appellant contends that this case is controlled by Wilson v. State, 625 S.W.2d 331 (Tex.Crim.App.1981), instead because Wilson addresses the issue of errors in the jury instructions for the charged offense rather than errors in the lesser included offense instructions covered in Rocha.
The State argues that the Court of Appeals did not err by affirming the trial court’s inclusion of “reckless” in the jury instructions. Because recklessly is a lesser culpable mental state than intentionally and knowingly, the State contends that it is analogous to a lesser included offense. In a post-submission amicus brief submitted by the State Prosecuting Attorney, the State contends that aggravated assault committed with a reckless culpable mental state is a lesser included offense of aggravated assault committed intentionally or knowingly.5 Thus, because the offense [263]*263charged in the indictment impliedly includes lesser included offenses, if the evidence shows that a defendant committed a lesser included offense then the instructions to the jury can include the lesser included offense even if it was not the offense listed in the indictment. The State admits that the way the charge in this case was worded did not follow the usual manner by which the issue of a lesser included offense is submitted to the jury. A charge containing a lesser included offense usually says that the jury can consider a lesser included offense if the defendant is acquitted of the charged offense.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
OPINION
MEYERS, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court,
in which PRICE, JOHNSON, KEASLER, and HOLCOMB, JJ.,
joined.
Appellant was convicted of aggravated assault. Texas Penal Code § 22.02(a)(2). The jury assessed punishment at 20 years confinement and a $10,000 fine. Appellant appealed the conviction stating that the trial court improperly charged the jury by including the mental state of recklessness when the indictment alleged only the mental states of intentionally and knowingly. The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial [261]*261court’s judgment. We granted review to determine whether the trial court improperly broadened the indictment by including “recklessly” in the jury instructions when the indictment alleged “intentionally” and “knowingly.” In addition to the aggravated assault charge that is the subject of this appeal, appellant was also charged with and convicted of murder arising from the same shooting incident.1 Testimony indicates that on June 20, 1999, Sheree Allen, Anita Gaitlin, and her sister, Corrina Gait-lin, were walking down the street with their friend, Coartne Robinson, when appellant came from behind a fence and began shooting. Robinson was struck 14 times and died of multiple gunshot wounds at the scene. Allen and the Gaitlin sisters ran, but Anita Gaitlin was struck in the leg by a bullet as she was running away. Anita Gaitlin stated that she was not sure whether or not appellant meant to shoot her. Testimony also indicated that Anita Gaitlin had a previous sexual relationship with appellant and that she and her sister were able to recognize him and identify him as the shooter. As a result of the identification, appellant was arrested and charged with the murder of Coartne Robinson and the aggravated assault of Anita Gaitlin. Omitting the formal parts, the indictment for the aggravated assault stated that the defendant did “unlawfully then and there intentionally and knowingly cause bodily injury to ANITA GAITLIN, hereinafter called complainant, by shooting said complainant, and said defendant did use and exhibit a deadly weapon to-wit: a firearm, during the commission of the assault.”
At the end of the guilt phase of the trial, the trial judge briefly excused the jury while he drafted the instructions. He then stated:
THE COURT: Let’s get something on the record. In the aggravated assault case, the lesser mental state is recklessly. And I’m going to put in the charge intentionally, knowingly or recklessly caused the bodily injury. That’s going to be in there.
Appellant objected to the inclusion in the charge of the lesser mental state of recklessly that was not alleged in the indictment.
[APPELLANT]: We would object to the charge that’s going to be — to the proposed charge being submitted to the jury on the aggravated assault offense, in that it includes a culpable mental state that was not alleged by the State in the charging instrument.
The instructions were presented to the jury including the lesser mental state of recklessly. The relevant portion says:
Now, if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about the 20th day of June, A.D., 1999, in Dallas County, Texas, the defendant, ANTHONY JAMES REED, did then and there intentionally or knowingly or recklessly cause bodily injury to ANITA GAITLIN, hereinafter called complainant by shooting said complainant, and said defendant did use or exhibit a deadly weapon, to-wit: a firearm, during the commission of the offense, then you will find the defendant guilty of Aggravated Assault with a deadly weapon as charged.
The jury found appellant guilty of the offense of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. Appellant appealed arguing that the trial court improperly charged the jury [262]*262by including the mental state of recklessness.
The Court of Appeals held that “because ‘recklessly’ is included in the mental states of ‘knowingly3 and ‘intentionally,’ the trial court could properly charge the jury to convict appellant of aggravated assault if it found he acted intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly.” Reed v. State, No. 05-00-00472-CR, Slip Op. at 7, 2001 WL 533802 (Tex.App.-Dallas May 21, 2001) (not designated for publication). The Court relied on Rocha v. State, 648 S.W.2d 298, 302 (Tex.Crim.App.1982), which held that it was not error to submit a charge authorizing conviction of the lesser included offense of aggravated assault upon a finding of the lower culpable mental state of “reckless” even though the indictment alleged the higher culpable mental states of “intentional” and “knowing” for the greater offense of attempted murder. The court also cited Zuliani v. State, 903 S.W.2d 812, 816 (TexApp.-Austin 1995, pet. refd), as holding that the jury was authorized to convict the appellant for recklessly causing serious bodily injury to a child when he was charged by indictment with intentionally and knowingly causing serious bodily injury to a child because “reckless” is a lesser culpable mental state than “intentionally” or “knowingly.”2
Appellant argues that the Court of Appeals erred in relying on Rocha because Rocha involved the submission of a lesser included offense instruction to the jury. In this case, however, there were no lesser included offenses, as determined by Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Article3 87.09,4 and the jury charge did not contain a lesser included offense instruction. Rather, the jury instruction added to the charged offense a lesser culpable mental state than what was included in the indictment. Appellant contends that this case is controlled by Wilson v. State, 625 S.W.2d 331 (Tex.Crim.App.1981), instead because Wilson addresses the issue of errors in the jury instructions for the charged offense rather than errors in the lesser included offense instructions covered in Rocha.
The State argues that the Court of Appeals did not err by affirming the trial court’s inclusion of “reckless” in the jury instructions. Because recklessly is a lesser culpable mental state than intentionally and knowingly, the State contends that it is analogous to a lesser included offense. In a post-submission amicus brief submitted by the State Prosecuting Attorney, the State contends that aggravated assault committed with a reckless culpable mental state is a lesser included offense of aggravated assault committed intentionally or knowingly.5 Thus, because the offense [263]*263charged in the indictment impliedly includes lesser included offenses, if the evidence shows that a defendant committed a lesser included offense then the instructions to the jury can include the lesser included offense even if it was not the offense listed in the indictment. The State admits that the way the charge in this case was worded did not follow the usual manner by which the issue of a lesser included offense is submitted to the jury. A charge containing a lesser included offense usually says that the jury can consider a lesser included offense if the defendant is acquitted of the charged offense. However, in this case, no lesser included offense instructions were requested by the parties.6
There are several possible results that can occur when a culpable mental state that was not in the indictment is included in the charge. First, the inclusion of a lower culpable mental state that is not listed in the statute may allow conviction for conduct that is not prohibited by the law. For example, if the statute requires the culpable mental state of “intentionally” but the charge allows conviction for “recklessly” then there is error if recklessly committing the act does not constitute an offense. In Alvarado v. State, 912 S.W.2d 199, 216 (Tex.Crim.App.1995), this Court held that there was error in a charge which authorized the jury to find the defendant guilty if it found that he knowingly caused the victim’s death during the course of robbery although he was charged with capital murder, which requires that the defendant intentionally caused the death while in the course of robbery. See also Hutchins v. State, 590 S.W.2d 710 (Tex.Crim.App.1979); Hawkins v. State, 579 S.W.2d 923 (Tex.Crim.App.1979); Dowden v. State, 537 S.W.2d 5 (Tex.Crim.App.1976) (error for the jury charge to allow a robbery conviction for recklessly threatening or placing victim in fear of imminent bodily injury or death, which is not an offense under the laws of this State).
Second, the inclusion of a lesser culpable mental state may allow conviction for an offense under a theory that was not alleged in the indictment. In Lampkin v. State, 607 S.W.2d 550 (Tex.Crim.App.1980), the indictment charged the defendant with intentionally and knowingly causing serious bodily injury. The jury instructions also authorized a robbery conviction if they found that he recklessly caused bodily injury or threatened or placed the victim in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. We held that this was error.
Third, the inclusion of a lower culpable mental state in the jury instructions may refer to a lesser included offense of the offense charged in the indictment. In Little v. State, 659 S.W.2d 425, 426 (Tex.Crim.App.1983), we held that it was not error for the charge to authorize conviction of the lesser included offense of robbery upon a finding of the lower culpable mental state of recklessness although the indictment alleged the greater offense of aggravated robbery by intentionally and knowingly causing serious bodily injury. See also Rocha, 648 S.W.2d at 301; Zuliani, 903 S.W.2d at 816.
Finally, the inclusion in the jury instructions of a lower culpable mental state than that charged in the indictment can lead to the possibility that the defendant was convicted of an offense that is allowed under the statute but was not alleged in the indictment. This issue arose in Wilson v. State, 625 S.W.2d at 333, where the defendant was indicted for aggravated robbery [264]*264with the culpable mental states of intentionally and knowingly. We found error because the application paragraph of the jury charge allowed him to be convicted of aggravated robbery if the jury found that he acted intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly.
The issue in Wilson is identical to the case before us. Appellant was charged in the indictment with intentionally and knowingly causing bodily injury to Anita Gaitlin by shooting her and by using and exhibiting a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault. This constitutes aggravated assault under Texas Penal Code Section 22.02(a)(2) which states:
(a) A person commits an offense if the person commits assault as defined in Section 22.01 and the person:
(2) uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault.
Section 22.01 refers to assault and states:
(a) A person commits an offense if the person:
(1) intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another, including the person’s spouse;
So, the statute allows conviction of aggravated assault if the person recklessly caused bodily injury to another and used or exhibited a deadly weapon during the assault. However, this was not charged in the indictment. The indictment charged appellant only with intentionally and knowingly causing bodily injury to another and using or exhibiting a deadly weapon during the assault. Thus, while the jury instructions authorized conviction of an offense that is allowed under the statute, it was not an offense for which appellant was indicted.
The cases relied on by the Court of Appeals can be distinguished from the case before us. In Little, this Court recognized the difference between Wilson and Rocha. We noted that in Wilson, the defendant was convicted of the charged offense. Because the jury was instructed on a lesser culpable mental state than those alleged in the indictment, we found error. In Rocha, however, we held that it was not error to submit a charge authorizing conviction of the lesser included offense upon a finding of the lower culpable mental state of recklessness. Little, 659 S.W.2d at 426. Thus, the difference between the two cases is that Wilson deals with the charged offense while Rocha deals with a lesser included offense. Because Little dealt with a lesser included offense, Rocha controlled in that situation. Zuliani also covers a lesser included offense because the injury to a child statute provides different punishment ranges for each culpable mental state. Therefore, although the indictment charged the defendant with intentionally and knowingly causing serious bodily injury to a child, the jury instructions allowed the jury to find him guilty of the lesser included offense of recklessly causing serious bodily injury to a child. This lowered the offense from a first degree felony, as charged in the indictment, to a third degree felony. Zuliani, 903 S.W.2d at 816.
The State argued that the Court of Appeals did not err by relying on Rocha and Zuliani because the current case could also be treated as a lesser included offense. However, because neither party requested a lesser included offense jury instruction and the lesser included offense issue was not raised at trial, we will not decide this case based on an issue that was not presented to the trial court or preserved for appeal. The failure to request a lesser included offense instruction in the jury charge precludes the State’s use of Articles 37.08 and 37.09(3) to now bring in the culpable mental state of recklessness that was not alleged in the indictment. Article 37.09 determines whether an of[265]*265fense is a lesser included offense. It states in part that an offense is a lesser included offense if it differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less culpable mental state suffices to establish its commission. This must be read in conjunction with Article 37.08 which says: “In a prosecution for an offense with lesser included offenses, the jury may find the defendant not guilty of the greater offense, but guilty of any lesser included offense.” Thus, a conviction for a lesser included offense requires not only a lesser included offense instruction to the jury, but also an acquittal for the charged offense, neither of which are present in this case. Because this issue was not presented to the trial court as a lesser included offense, Rocha was incorrectly relied upon by the Court of Appeals. Instead, the reasoning in Wilson applies to the case before us.
Similarly, the State’s failure to allege recklessness in the indictment and subsequent failure to allege the act or acts relied upon to constitute recklessness preclude the inclusion of recklessness in the jury charge. Under Article 21.15,
Whenever recklessness or criminal negligence enters into or is a part or element of any offense, or it is charged that the accused acted recklessly or with criminal negligence in the commission of an offense, the complaint, information, or indictment in order to be sufficient in any such case must allege, with reasonable certainty, the act or acts relied upon to constitute recklessness or criminal negligence, and in no event shall it be sufficient to allege merely that the accused, in committing the offense, acted recklessly or with criminal negligence.
Article 21.15 does not keep the parties from submitting a lesser included offense with a reckless culpable mental state to the jury. However, when recklessness is left out of the indictment for the charged offense, and no lesser included offense is submitted to the jury (as in this case and in Wilson) then Article 21.15 precludes the inclusion of recklessness or criminal negligence in the jury instructions for the charged offense.
Section 6.03 of the Texas Penal Code separately defines the culpable mental states and the conduct described by each is different. Reckless conduct is different from knowing conduct and from intentional conduct, as indicated by section 6.03 and as defined in the instructions to the jury. Although appellant was charged with intentionally and knowingly shooting Anita Gaitlin, the jury instructions allowed him to be convicted for recklessly disregarding the risk that one of the shots he fired at Robinson may have hit someone else. Therefore, the jury instructions expanded the indictment. It is possible that the jury found appellant guilty of recklessly causing the bodily injury, which is conduct that was not alleged in the indictment.
We are not holding that appellant was charged with a different or separate offense than that which he was possibly convicted of, rather we are saying that either the indictment should have accurately listed the applicable mental states or the charge should have limited the jury instructions to the mental states alleged in the indictment.
We hold that the trial court improperly broadened the indictment by including “recklessly” in the jury instructions when the indictment alleged “intentionally” and “knowingly.” Accordingly, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed and the case is remanded to the Court of Appeals to determine harm.
KELLER, P.J., and WOMACK and HERVEY, JJ., concurred in the judgment.
[266]*266JOHNSON, J., filed a concurring opinion.
COCHRAN, J., dissented.