COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges AtLee, Causey and Senior Judge Haley Argued at Richmond, Virginia
RANDY LEE REMILLARD MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 1063-21-2 JUDGE RICHARD Y. ATLEE, JR. SEPTEMBER 6, 2022 TERRI LEE REMILLARD
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHARLES CITY COUNTY B. Elliott Bondurant, Judge
Richard G. Collins (Collins & Hyman, P.L.C., on briefs), for appellant.
Brandy M. Poss (Barnes & Diehl, P.C., on brief), for appellee.
Appellant Randy Lee Remillard (“husband” 1) argues that the circuit court erred in finding
that the premarital agreement signed by him and appellee Terri Lee Remillard (“wife”) was
unconscionable and without “fair and reasonable disclosure” of the parties’ assets under Code
§ 20-151(A)(2), and therefore it was unenforceable. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On appeal, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to wife, the prevailing party,
and draw any reasonable inferences from that evidence in her favor. Congdon v. Congdon, 40
Va. App. 255, 258 (2003). We “discard the evidence” of husband which conflicts with this
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 1 We recognize that “former husband” and “former wife” are more accurate designations. Nevertheless, we use these less cumbersome titles in this memorandum opinion for ease of reference. evidence. Id. (quoting Wactor v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 375, 380 (2002)). Viewed
“through this evidentiary prism,” id. at 259, the facts are as follows.
The parties married in 2014. Prior to their marriage, wife relocated from Arkansas,
where she was a bank loan officer, to live in Virginia with husband. She left her job and sold her
home there based on husband’s promise that “he was going to take care of [her].” Husband
owned several businesses, and wife began to work for him at his rental property management
company. As the business grew, wife went from managing eight rental properties to fifty-seven
by the time she stopped in 2018. She never acquired any ownership stake in any of husband’s
companies.
The afternoon before their wedding day, husband presented wife with a premarital
agreement (the “Agreement”). He emphasized that the wedding the following day was
contingent upon her signing it. Given the timing, wife did not have time to consult an attorney
about the Agreement.2 Nevertheless, wife acquiesced and signed it.
Under the Agreement, husband and wife would separately retain their individual
property, including assets or earnings acquired during the marriage. It stated, “[t]he separate
property will be free and clear of any claim of the other party, upon separation or otherwise,
without regard to any time or effort invested during the course of the marriage in the
maintenance, management, or improvement of the separate property.” Both parties waived any
rights to the other’s assets in the event of divorce or death. It did not allow changes or
2 The primary reason husband agreed to get married, and the importance of the wedding taking place on December 30, 2014, was because his accountant determined that he would have substantial tax savings if they were married and filed jointly rather than separately. -2- modifications in the event of changed circumstances.3 All separate property, “whether now
owned or hereafter acquired,” would remain “free from any claim that may be made by the other
by reason of their marriage and with the same effect as if no marriage had been solemnized
between them.”
The Agreement also provided:
Each party has made a full and complete disclosure to the other of the property owned by him or her at the time of the execution of this Agreement by a written summary delivered to the other; copies of the summaries entitled Exhibit A for Randy Remillard (husband) as prepared by him, and Exhibit B for Terri Doffitt (wife) as prepared by her, respectively, having been exchanged between the parties. Each party acknowledges that he or she has examined and understands the summary prepared by the other.
Although the Agreement stated that there was “full and complete” financial disclosure, the
exhibits referenced in the Agreement where those disclosures were purportedly made (Exhibits A
and B) were left blank, save for the documents’ titles.
Wife filed for divorce in 2019 on the grounds of “constructive desertion and/or cruelty.”
She asked the circuit court to set aside the Agreement as unenforceable due to it being
unconscionable. At the hearing determining, inter alia, whether the Agreement was valid, wife
explained that she had no idea what husband’s assets were at the time she signed the Agreement.
She learned in 2015, while helping to prepare a loan application for a home equity line of credit
on their home, that husband’s assets exceeded ten million dollars. Husband acknowledged that
he did not discuss his assets with wife before they signed the Agreement.
3 The single limited exception to the Agreement’s overall goal of keeping husband’s and wife’s property completely separate was to provide support for children in the event they had or adopted any, which they did not. -3- The circuit court set aside the Agreement as unenforceable.4 It emphasized:
as I read the premarital agreement, [wife] gets nothing. There’s nothing in there provided for her. Or in the absence of such provision, there must have been full and frank disclosure to her of the husband’s worth before the wife signed the agreement. She must have signed freely and voluntarily and with competent advice, with full knowledge of her rights. Well, in this agreement, there was no disclosure.
Following a hearing on equitable distribution, the circuit court entered a final decree of
divorce on September 7, 2021. It awarded wife $66,148.29 as her share of the marital residence,
a single payment of spousal support of $10,000 for March 2021, and $20,000 for attorney fees
and costs. This appeal followed.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
Whether a premarital agreement is unconscionable is a matter of law, which we review
de novo. Code § 20-151(B) (“Any issue of unconscionability of a premarital agreement shall be
decided by the court as a matter of law.”). “While the question of unconscionability is a matter
of law, the underlying facts must be determined by the fact finder, and on appeal we determine
4 Wife argues that husband should have filed an interlocutory appeal once the circuit court entered the order setting aside the Agreement and that his appeal is defective for appealing only the final decree. While a party may pursue an interlocutory appeal under certain circumstances, see Chaplain v. Chaplain, 54 Va. App. 762, 768-69 (2009) (allowing interlocutory appeals when the order appealed is “an adjudication of all the questions raised by the complainant’s bill” (quoting Crowder v. Crowder, 125 Va. 80, 83 (1919))), “[t]he failure of a party to seek interlocutory review [by the Court of Appeals] shall not preclude review of the issue on appeal from a final order.” Code § 8.01-675.5(D). We therefore need not reach whether an interlocutory appeal would have been available or appropriate, as it was not required. See Foltz v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 107, 114 (2011) (“In this case, as in all others, we seek to decide cases, ‘on the best and narrowest ground available’ from the record.” (quoting Kirby v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 691, 698 n.2 (2007))).
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges AtLee, Causey and Senior Judge Haley Argued at Richmond, Virginia
RANDY LEE REMILLARD MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 1063-21-2 JUDGE RICHARD Y. ATLEE, JR. SEPTEMBER 6, 2022 TERRI LEE REMILLARD
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHARLES CITY COUNTY B. Elliott Bondurant, Judge
Richard G. Collins (Collins & Hyman, P.L.C., on briefs), for appellant.
Brandy M. Poss (Barnes & Diehl, P.C., on brief), for appellee.
Appellant Randy Lee Remillard (“husband” 1) argues that the circuit court erred in finding
that the premarital agreement signed by him and appellee Terri Lee Remillard (“wife”) was
unconscionable and without “fair and reasonable disclosure” of the parties’ assets under Code
§ 20-151(A)(2), and therefore it was unenforceable. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On appeal, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to wife, the prevailing party,
and draw any reasonable inferences from that evidence in her favor. Congdon v. Congdon, 40
Va. App. 255, 258 (2003). We “discard the evidence” of husband which conflicts with this
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 1 We recognize that “former husband” and “former wife” are more accurate designations. Nevertheless, we use these less cumbersome titles in this memorandum opinion for ease of reference. evidence. Id. (quoting Wactor v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 375, 380 (2002)). Viewed
“through this evidentiary prism,” id. at 259, the facts are as follows.
The parties married in 2014. Prior to their marriage, wife relocated from Arkansas,
where she was a bank loan officer, to live in Virginia with husband. She left her job and sold her
home there based on husband’s promise that “he was going to take care of [her].” Husband
owned several businesses, and wife began to work for him at his rental property management
company. As the business grew, wife went from managing eight rental properties to fifty-seven
by the time she stopped in 2018. She never acquired any ownership stake in any of husband’s
companies.
The afternoon before their wedding day, husband presented wife with a premarital
agreement (the “Agreement”). He emphasized that the wedding the following day was
contingent upon her signing it. Given the timing, wife did not have time to consult an attorney
about the Agreement.2 Nevertheless, wife acquiesced and signed it.
Under the Agreement, husband and wife would separately retain their individual
property, including assets or earnings acquired during the marriage. It stated, “[t]he separate
property will be free and clear of any claim of the other party, upon separation or otherwise,
without regard to any time or effort invested during the course of the marriage in the
maintenance, management, or improvement of the separate property.” Both parties waived any
rights to the other’s assets in the event of divorce or death. It did not allow changes or
2 The primary reason husband agreed to get married, and the importance of the wedding taking place on December 30, 2014, was because his accountant determined that he would have substantial tax savings if they were married and filed jointly rather than separately. -2- modifications in the event of changed circumstances.3 All separate property, “whether now
owned or hereafter acquired,” would remain “free from any claim that may be made by the other
by reason of their marriage and with the same effect as if no marriage had been solemnized
between them.”
The Agreement also provided:
Each party has made a full and complete disclosure to the other of the property owned by him or her at the time of the execution of this Agreement by a written summary delivered to the other; copies of the summaries entitled Exhibit A for Randy Remillard (husband) as prepared by him, and Exhibit B for Terri Doffitt (wife) as prepared by her, respectively, having been exchanged between the parties. Each party acknowledges that he or she has examined and understands the summary prepared by the other.
Although the Agreement stated that there was “full and complete” financial disclosure, the
exhibits referenced in the Agreement where those disclosures were purportedly made (Exhibits A
and B) were left blank, save for the documents’ titles.
Wife filed for divorce in 2019 on the grounds of “constructive desertion and/or cruelty.”
She asked the circuit court to set aside the Agreement as unenforceable due to it being
unconscionable. At the hearing determining, inter alia, whether the Agreement was valid, wife
explained that she had no idea what husband’s assets were at the time she signed the Agreement.
She learned in 2015, while helping to prepare a loan application for a home equity line of credit
on their home, that husband’s assets exceeded ten million dollars. Husband acknowledged that
he did not discuss his assets with wife before they signed the Agreement.
3 The single limited exception to the Agreement’s overall goal of keeping husband’s and wife’s property completely separate was to provide support for children in the event they had or adopted any, which they did not. -3- The circuit court set aside the Agreement as unenforceable.4 It emphasized:
as I read the premarital agreement, [wife] gets nothing. There’s nothing in there provided for her. Or in the absence of such provision, there must have been full and frank disclosure to her of the husband’s worth before the wife signed the agreement. She must have signed freely and voluntarily and with competent advice, with full knowledge of her rights. Well, in this agreement, there was no disclosure.
Following a hearing on equitable distribution, the circuit court entered a final decree of
divorce on September 7, 2021. It awarded wife $66,148.29 as her share of the marital residence,
a single payment of spousal support of $10,000 for March 2021, and $20,000 for attorney fees
and costs. This appeal followed.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
Whether a premarital agreement is unconscionable is a matter of law, which we review
de novo. Code § 20-151(B) (“Any issue of unconscionability of a premarital agreement shall be
decided by the court as a matter of law.”). “While the question of unconscionability is a matter
of law, the underlying facts must be determined by the fact finder, and on appeal we determine
4 Wife argues that husband should have filed an interlocutory appeal once the circuit court entered the order setting aside the Agreement and that his appeal is defective for appealing only the final decree. While a party may pursue an interlocutory appeal under certain circumstances, see Chaplain v. Chaplain, 54 Va. App. 762, 768-69 (2009) (allowing interlocutory appeals when the order appealed is “an adjudication of all the questions raised by the complainant’s bill” (quoting Crowder v. Crowder, 125 Va. 80, 83 (1919))), “[t]he failure of a party to seek interlocutory review [by the Court of Appeals] shall not preclude review of the issue on appeal from a final order.” Code § 8.01-675.5(D). We therefore need not reach whether an interlocutory appeal would have been available or appropriate, as it was not required. See Foltz v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 107, 114 (2011) (“In this case, as in all others, we seek to decide cases, ‘on the best and narrowest ground available’ from the record.” (quoting Kirby v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 691, 698 n.2 (2007))). Moreover, “appeals from interlocutory orders are not favored in the law” given their “disruptive, time-consuming, and expensive” nature. Chaplain, 54 Va. App. at 770 (quoting de Haan v. de Haan, 54 Va. App. 428, 441 (2009)). -4- whether there is sufficient evidence to support the factual findings.” Galloway v. Galloway, 47
Va. App. 83, 92 (2005). “If there is credible evidence in the record supporting the factual
findings made by the trier of fact, we are bound by those findings regardless of whether there is
evidence that may support a contrary finding.” Id.
B. Unconscionability and “fair and reasonable disclosure” of assets
Code § 20-151(A) provides:
A premarital agreement is not enforceable if the person against whom enforcement is sought proves that:
1. That person did not execute the agreement voluntarily; or
2. The agreement was unconscionable when it was executed and, before execution of the agreement, that person (i) was not provided a fair and reasonable disclosure of the property or financial obligations of the other party; and (ii) did not voluntarily and expressly waive, in writing, any right to disclosure of the property or financial obligations of the other party beyond the disclosure provided.
“There is a two-step test that courts must apply in determining whether an agreement is
unconscionable: ‘1) a gross disparity existed in the division of assets and 2) overreaching or
oppressive influences.’” Chaplain v. Chaplain, 54 Va. App. 762, 773 n.4 (2009) (quoting
Galloway, 47 Va. App. at 92).
Here, the Agreement, if enforced, would entail a “gross disparity” in the division of
assets. Id. (quoting Galloway, 47 Va. App. at 92). As the circuit court held, “nothing in [the
Agreement] provided for [wife].” It made no allowances for, and in fact expressly prohibited her
from receiving any benefit from, the increased value of husband’s assets attributable to her
efforts working for husband’s business. She could not, under the Agreement, receive any portion
of assets earned or purchased with income from those businesses, as it permitted husband to title
-5- everything in his name “free from any claim that may be made by the other by reason of their
marriage and with the same effect as if no marriage had been solemnized between them.”
There also were “overreaching or oppressive influences” at play when wife signed it.
Chaplain, 54 Va. App. at 773 n.4 (quoting Galloway, 47 Va. App. at 92). Husband waited until
the last moment—the afternoon before their wedding day—to present wife with the Agreement,
making the wedding contingent upon her signing it and providing no time for her to consult an
attorney. In addition, this all took place after wife, going on husband’s assurances that he would
take care of her, sold her home and left her career in Arkansas and had become dependent on
husband and his businesses for her livelihood. As such, because the evidence supports the
findings that a “gross disparity existed in the division of assets” and that there were
“overreaching or oppressive influences” at play, id. (quoting Galloway, 47 Va. App. at 92), the
circuit court did not err in finding the Agreement unconscionable.
Furthermore, there was no “fair and reasonable disclosure” of assets before the parties
signed the Agreement. Although the Agreement sets forth that there was “full and complete”
financial disclosure between husband and wife and that each party prepared a written summary
of their assets, the totality of the Agreement facially contradicts those assertions. The purported
disclosures referenced, Exhibits A and B, listed no assets for either party—they were blank save
for the titles indicating that they were the exhibits listing the “assets of [husband]” and “assets of
[wife].” The circuit court expressly found wife’s testimony, including that she was unaware of
the extent of husband’s assets when she signed the Agreement, most credible. Furthermore,
husband admitted before the circuit court that he did not discuss his assets with wife before they
signed the Agreement, emphasizing that she should have been able to make inferences based on
her work for his property management business. Wife’s general awareness of some of husband’s
assets does not amount to “fair and reasonable disclosure” under Code § 20-151(A), much less -6- the “full and complete” financial disclosure the Agreement sets forth. Accordingly, there was no
“fair and reasonable disclosure of the property or financial obligations of the other party.” Code
§ 20-151(A).
Finally, wife did not waive her right to financial disclosure. Under Code
§ 20-151(A)(2)(ii), wife needed to “voluntarily and expressly waive, in writing, any right to
disclosure of the property or financial obligations.” That did not occur. The mere fact that she
signed this document, despite its obvious omissions, does not amount to a waiver of the right to
receive financial disclosure. Under the Agreement, both parties “made a full and complete
disclosure to the other of the property owned by him or her” and by signing it, they
“acknowledge[d] that he or she has examined and understands the summary prepared by the
other,” even though it clearly did not include such disclosures. Yet this is not sufficient to waive
such disclosure under Code § 20-151(A)(2)(ii). Accordingly, no waiver of the right to financial
disclosure occurred, and the circuit court did not err in finding that the failure to provide such
disclosure rendered the Agreement unconscionable and, therefore, unenforceable.
C. Attorney Fees and Costs
Wife requests an award of attorney fees and costs incurred during this appeal. “[T]he
Court of Appeals may award some or all of the fees and costs requested or ‘remand the issue to
the circuit court . . . for a determination thereof.’” Dixon v. Dixon, 71 Va. App. 709, 722 (2020)
(second alteration in original) (quoting former Rule 5A:30(b)(2)). Such an award is
“discretionary,” and “the Court may consider factors including whether the requesting party has
prevailed, whether the appeal was ‘fairly debatable’ or frivolous, and whether other reasons exist
to support an award of attorney’s fees and costs.” Id. (citing Brandau v. Brandau, 52 Va. App.
632, 642 (2008)) (other citations omitted). In doing so, we “may consider all the equities of the
-7- case.” Rule 5A:30(b)(3). Taking into account these considerations, we decline to award
attorney fees and costs to wife.
III. CONCLUSION
The circuit court did not err in finding that the parties’ premarital agreement was
unconscionable and therefore unenforceable. Wife’s request for attorney fees and costs is
denied. Accordingly, the circuit court is affirmed.
Affirmed.
-8-