NO. 07-08-0511-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL C
FEBRUARY 1, 2010
______________________________
RANDY ERIC MORGAN, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
_________________________________
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 1 OF POTTER COUNTY;
NO. 121,814; HONORABLE W.F. ACORKY@ ROBERTS, JUDGE
_______________________________
Before QUINN, C.J., and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.
OPINION
Appellant, Randy Eric Morgan, pled guilty to possession of marihuana in an amount
of two ounces or less, a Class B misdemeanor, 1 and was sentenced to confinement in the
Potter County Detention Center for 150 days and fined $400.. In a single issue, Appellant
1 See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. ' 481.121(b)(1) (Vernon 2003). asks whether the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress evidence of marihuana
discovered in his vehicle. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
On April 22, 2008, Appellant was charged with possession of a useable quantity of
marihuana in the amount of two ounces or less. On September 12, 2008, Appellant filed a
motion to suppress evidence of marihuana found in his Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) in plain
view during a safety search by Officer James Clements.
At the suppression hearing, the primary issue was whether Officer Clements had
reasonable suspicion to detain Appellant for investigatory purposes prior to discovering the
marihuana. The State=s first witness was Officer Douglas Glick. Since 1996, Officer Glick
served as the Amarillo Police Department=s school liaison officer at Caprock High School.
In this capacity, he spoke with students on a daily basis and, over the years, determined
the credibility of certain students based upon the reliability of information they provided.
During the latter part of March and early April 2008, the school was experiencing
gang-related problems. Students had been involved in fights between alleged gang
members and groups from outside the school campus. On March 31, Officer Glick
responded to a call describing a large fight with a gathering of approximately 200 students
in the parking lot of the school=s activity center. He dispersed the crowd. 2 Later, the next
2 Officer Glick testified it was not uncommon for hundreds of students to gather to watch a fight.
2 day on April 1, his student sources reported witnessing a fight between Appellant (a former
student) and another person in the parking lot of the activity center on March 31.
On April 2, Officer Glick received reports from students that a second fight would
take place off campus at Glenwood Park. His student sources, who witnessed the fight on
March 31, told Officer Glick that Appellant would be fighting on April 2 and 3. His sources
asked to remain anonymous because they feared gang retaliation.
There were no reported fights on April 2. However, on April 3, Officer Glick
investigated an assault on two students. One student was discovered unconscious, lying in
the street. His injuries were serious and an ambulance was called. Although he suspected
the students had been assaulted by Northside gang members, the victims were
uncooperative. Shortly thereafter, he began hearing rumors that a big gang-related fight
would be taking place after school the next day at Glenwood Park. His sources reported
that Appellant would again be a participant.
When Officer Glick arrived at school on April 4, students approached him with
reports that Northside gang members were coming to the school to shoot people. 3 He was
told that, if he attempted to intervene, he would also be shot. After hearing the rumors, he
sought out sources he knew to be credible based on his past experience. He spoke with
3 Officer Glick also learned from his sources that the rumored fight at Glenwood Park was a diversion intended to draw attention away from the school where the actual fight was to occur.
3 students, gang members, and administrators. His sources verified the reports and
indicated that Appellant and another person would be involved in the fight.
Based upon this information, Officer Glick met with school administrators and
members of the Amarillo Police Department (APD). He had a sense of urgency because of
the serious assault that occurred the day before and reports that weapons would be
involved. He told school administrators and APD officers that he had received reports a
fight would take place that day at school between Northside and Eastside gang members.
He also informed them there was the threat of weapons and shootings taking place at the
school. Based upon his investigation, he requested APD=s assistance.
APD responded with marked and unmarked patrol cars, motorcycle units, and liaison
officers from other schools. Along with high school administrators, they positioned
themselves around the school perimeter along adjacent streets. From his vantage point,
an assistant principal observed Appellant=s SUV driving on a street immediately adjacent to
the school. He radioed Officer Glick.
Because of the timing of Appellant=s appearance, his reported involvement in the
March 31 fight on campus, the serious assault that occurred April 3, and the consistency
and frequency with which Appellant=s name was mentioned by credible sources as being
involved in recent violence at the high school, Officer Glick radioed officers keeping watch
over the school perimeter and asked them to stop Appellant. He requested that they
identify him and find out what he was doing in the area.
4 Officer Clements was parked on the school perimeter looking for any unusual activity
that might indicate possible gang activity or fights. After receiving Officer Glick=s call, he
spotted and proceeded to stop Appellant=s SUV. He believed the stop was gang-related
and there might be weapons involved. Although Officer Clements pulled behind Appellant=s
SUV and activated the emergency beacons on his motorcycle, Appellant continued
traveling. Officer Clements considered this to be suspicious behavior. He also noticed
Appellant making furtive movementsBmoving his right hand rapidly as though, in his
experience, Appellant may have been attempting to gain access to a weapon or hide some
object.
Appellant came to a stop two blocks from the school. Officer Clements approached
the SUV and removed Appellant from the vehicle. Because he was concerned Appellant=s
furtive movements may have been intended to conceal a weapon, he handcuffed Appellant
and patted him down. According to Officer Clements, Appellant was not placed under
arrest but was merely being detained for further investigation. After Officer Clements
turned Appellant over to Officer Ed Carroll, he returned to the SUV to search the interior
driver=s side for weapons and observed a clear plastic baggie tucked between the front
driver=s seat and the console. He also observed a marihuana cigarette in the SUV=s door
handle.
Officer Carroll walked Appellant to the patrol car and asked Appellant=s name.
Appellant identified himself and then, without questioning, said, AI=ll be honest with you, I
5 have marihuana in the vehicle.@ After placing Appellant in the backseat of the patrol car,
Officer Carroll approached Officer Clements who had already located the marihuana in the
SUV. Officer Carroll returned to the patrol car and placed Appellant under arrest for
possession of marihuana. He asked Appellant why he was at the high school and
Appellant responded he was there to pick up a friend. 4 Subsequently, the trial court denied
Appellant=s motion to suppress.
On November 21, 2008, Appellant entered his guilty plea in open court while
preserving his right to appeal the trial court=s ruling on his motion to suppress. Thereafter,
he was sentenced and this appeal followed.
Discussion
Appellant asserts Officer Clements improperly detained him for investigatory
purposes because the officers lacked reasonable suspicion to detain him. He contends
that, because his initial detention was improper, the trial court should have excluded the
marihuana discovered in his SUV as the Afruit of the poisonous tree.@
4 There was no indication in the record whether this statement was made prior to receiving warnings regarding his right against self-incrimination. Neither was there any objection to Officer Carroll=s testimony and the voluntariness of Appellant=s statements were not challenged at the suppression hearing.
6 I. Standard of Review
A trial court=s ruling on a motion to suppress is reviewed for abuse of discretion.
Balentine v. State, 71 S.W.3d 763, 768 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002); Hudson v. State, 247
S.W.3d 780, 783 (Tex.App.BAmarillo 2008, no pet.). In reviewing a trial court=s
determination of the reasonableness of a temporary investigative detention, appellate
courts use a bifurcated standard of review. Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 493
(Tex.Crim.App. 2005). Almost total deference is given to a trial court=s determination of the
historical facts that the record supports especially when the trial court=s fact findings are
based on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. St. George v. State, 237 S.W.3d 720,
725 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997).
The same level of deference is also afforded to a trial court=s ruling on application of law to
fact questions or mixed questions of law and fact if the resolution of those questions also
turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101,
108-09 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006). However, if mixed questions of law and fact do not fall within
these categories, appellate courts may conduct a de novo review of the trial court=s ruling.
Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 87.
When, as here, no findings of fact were requested nor filed, we view the evidence in
the light most favorable to the trial court=s ruling and assume the trial court made implicit
findings of fact supported by the record. See State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855
(Tex.Crim.App. 2000). If the trial court=s decision is correct on any theory of the law
7 applicable to the case, it will be sustained. Armendariz v. State, 123 S.W.3d 401, 404
(Tex.Crim.App. 2003); Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 855-56. Further, the legal question of whether
the totality of the circumstances is sufficient to support an officer=s reasonable suspicion
underlying an investigatory detention is reviewed de novo. See State v. Sheppard, 271
S.W.3d 281, 286-87 (Tex.Crim.App. 2008); Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 62-63
(Tex.Crim.App. 2004).
Further, we interpret Appellant=s rights under Article I, Section 9 of the Texas
Constitution consistently with the interpretation of his Fourth Amendment rights under the
federal constitution by the United States Supreme Court and the Texas Court of Criminal
Appeals. Sargent v. State, 56 S.W.3d 720, 724 n.2 (Tex.App.BHouston [14th Dist.] 2001,
pet. ref=d). Accordingly, the standard for investigative stops is the same under the Texas
Constitution as under the United States Constitution. See Rhodes v. State, 945 S.W.2d
115, 117 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 894, 118 S.Ct. 236, 139 L.Ed.2d 167
(1997).
The threshold question we must determine is whether Officer Clements=s stop of
Appellant was an investigatory detention or an arrest because the nature of the detention
determines the constitutional parameters which apply to its legality. An investigatory
detention is distinguishable from a custodial arrest, and the use of handcuffs does not
automatically convert a temporary detention into a Fourth Amendment arrest. Sheppard,
271 S.W.3d at 289. An investigatory detention, to be constitutionally valid, may be founded
upon a reasonable, articulable suspicion that the person detained is connected with
8 criminal activity, whereas an arrest, to pass constitutional muster, must be supported by the
greater conclusiveness of probable cause to believe that the person detained has
committed or is committing an offense. Amores v. State, 816 S.W.2d 407, 411
(Tex.Crim.App. 1991).
II. Investigative Detention
A police officer may stop and briefly detain a person for investigative purposes if,
under the totality of the circumstances, the officer has reasonable suspicion supported by
articulable facts that the person detained is, has been, or soon will be engaged in criminal
activity. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21-22, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968); Ford, 158
S.W.3d at 492. An investigative detention occurs when an individual is confronted by a
police officer, yields to the officer=s display of authority, and is temporarily detained for
purposes of an investigation. Johnson v. State, 912 S.W.2d 227, 235-36 (Tex.Crim.App.
1995). Whether reasonable suspicion exists is determined by considering the facts known
to the officer at the moment of detention, and simple subjective good faith alone is not
enough. Davis v. State, 947 S.W.2d 240, 243 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997).
Prior to initiating an investigative detention, an officer must have reasonable
suspicion to believe that an individual is involved in criminal activity. Balentine, 71 S.W.3d
at 768. The Areasonableness@ of a temporary detention must be examined in terms of the
totality of the circumstances and will be justified when the detaining officer has specific,
articulable facts, which, when taken together with rational inferences from those facts, lead
9 him to conclude that the person detained actually is, has been, or soon will be engaged in
criminal activity. Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492. 5 There is no definitive bright-line test in
evaluating whether an investigative detention is unreasonable. United States v. Sharpe,
470 U.S. 675, 685, 105 S.Ct. 1568, 84 L.Ed.2d 605 (1985). Common sense and ordinary
human experience govern over rigid criteria. Id.
Whether there is a reasonable suspicion is dependent on both the content of the
information possessed by an officer and its degree of reliability. Alabama v. White, 496
U.S. 325, 330, 110 S.Ct. 2412, 110 L.Ed.2d 301 (1990). Both Aquantity and quality@ must
be taken into account and considered in the Atotality of the circumstances B the whole
picture@. Id. (quoting United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417 (1981)). The factual basis
for an investigative detention need not arise solely from the officer=s personal observation
but may derive from the collective knowledge of other officers when there has been some
degree of communication between those officers; Woodward v. State, 668 S.W.2d 341, 344
(Tex.Crim.App. 1982) (op. on reh=g), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1181, 105 S.Ct. 939, 83
L.Ed.2d 952 (1985), or information supplied by another person such as an informant.
Brother v. State, 166 S.W.3d 255, 259-60 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005), cert. denied, 546 U.S.
1150, 126 S.Ct. 1172, 163 L.Ed.2d 1129 (2006); Martinez v. State, 261 S.W.3d 773, 776
5 In New Jersey v. T.L.O., 469 U.S. 325, 105 S.Ct. 733, 83 L.Ed.2d 720 (1985), the United States Supreme Court stated:
[T]he requirement of reasonable suspicion is not a requirement of absolute certainty: “sufficient probability, not certainty, is the touchstone of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment. . . .”
469 U.S. at 346 (quoting Hill v. California, 401 U.S. 797, 804, 92 S.Ct. 1106, 28 L.Ed.2d 484 (1971)).
10 (Tex.App.BAmarillo 2008, pet. ref=d). Even circumstances Awhich when viewed
independently of each other could be indicative of innocent action@ may give rise to
reasonable suspicion; State v. 1998 Toyota Land Cruiser, Oklahoma Tag CMN-633 VIN
JT3HT05J9W0007179, 277 S.W.3d 88, 91 (Tex.App.BAmarillo 2009, no pet.), and the
possibility of an innocent explanation does not deprive the officer of the capacity to
entertain reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. See T.L.O., 469 U.S. at 346; Toyota
Land Cruiser, 277 S.W.3d at 91.
While a tip by an unnamed informant of undisclosed reliability may justify the
initiation of an investigation, such a tip, standing alone, will rarely establish the requisite
level of reasonable suspicion necessary to justify an investigative detention. Florida v. J.L.,
529 U.S. 266, 270, 120 S.Ct. 1375, 146 L.Ed.2d 254 (2000). However, a citizen
informant=s information may provide an officer with reasonable suspicion if the information
is corroborated by further indicia of reliability, i.e., some additional facts from which a police
officer may reasonably conclude that the tip is reliable and a temporary detention justified.
Brother, 166 S.W.3d at 258-59 (citing Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. at 330-31).
Corroborating information that can give rise to reasonable suspicion includes details
that accurately predict the subject=s future behavior, link the subject to the alleged criminal
activity, or give a particularized and objective reason to suspect the subject. Glenn v.
State, 967 S.W.2d 467 (Tex.App.BAmarillo 1998, pet. dism=d). A citizen=s tip deserves
great weight when there is a detailed description of the wrongdoing along with a statement
that the event was witnessed firsthand; Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 234, 103 S.Ct. 2317,
11 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983), when a citizen puts their self in a position to be held accountable for
their intervention; State v. Stolte, 991 S.W.2d 336, 341 (Tex.App.BFort Worth 1999, no
pet.), the citizen is not connected with law enforcement or a paid informant; State v. Sailo,
910 S.W.2d 184, 188 (Tex.App.BFort Worth 1995, pet. ref=d), or there is sufficient evidence
that an informant=s information is reliable based on a past relationship with law
enforcement. See Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 146-47, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d
612 (1972); Dixon v. State, 206 S.W.3d 613, 616-17 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006). 6 Although
there is no per se rule requiring independent police corroboration; Dixon, 206 S.W.3d at
618 (collected cases cited therein), when the reliability of the information is increased, less
corroboration is necessary. Stolte, 991 S.W.2d at 341.
Here, Officer Glick received reports from students of future gang-related fights
possibly involving weapons during the end of March and early April. Following an incident
on March 31, Officer Glick met with students whom he believed were credible and reliable
based on prior information he had received from them. His student sources identified
Appellant as one of the persons that students had gathered to watch fight in the parking lot
of the school=s activity center. His sources also reported there would be another fight on
April 3 and Appellant would be involved.
6 The same factors applicable when establishing probable cause are also relevant in the reasonable suspicion context except that a lesser showing of suspicion is required. State v. Fudge, 42 S.W.3d 226, 239 (Tex.App.BAustin 2000, no pet.) (citing White, 496 U.S. at 328-29). When reviewing an investigative detention under either state or federal law, it is accepted that Alaw enforcement officers may stop and briefly detain persons suspected of criminal activity on less information than is constitutionally required for probable cause to arrest.@ Johnson, 912 S.W.2d at 235 (quoting Crockett v. State, 803 S.W.2d 308, 311 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991)).
12 As reported, on April 3, two students were assaulted after lunch and one student
sustained serious injuries. Although Officer Glick suspected the assaults were gang-
related, neither victim would cooperate. Afterwards, he began receiving reports that a
gang-related fight was going to occur the next day, April 4, and Appellant would again be
involved.
When Officer Glick arrived at school on April 4, students approached him saying that
gang members were coming to the school with weapons to shoot people, including Officer
Glick, if he got in the way. His credible student sources verified the reports and also
reported Appellant would be involved. At this point, Officer Glick believed he had a credible
threat of violence at the school accompanied by threats of weapons and shootingsBand
Appellant would be involved. Based upon these reports, he coordinated a response among
school administrators and the APD.
When, as predicted, Appellant was subsequently identified driving down a street
bordering the school, Officer Glick believed his appearance at the school coupled with
recent events that week and coinciding with reports of a credible threat of violence involving
Appellant, gave him reasonable suspicion to request that Appellant be stopped, identified,
and questioned regarding his purpose for being in the area. He radioed his request to APD
officers and Officer Clements initiated a stop of Appellant=s SUV. Under these
circumstances, we cannot say that Officer Glick=s assessment of the situation in light of his
13 specialized training and familiarity with the customs of the school was unreasonable. See
United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 276, 122 S.Ct. 744, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002). 7
In evaluating whether there is a reasonable particularized and objective basis for
detaining a person suspected of wrongdoing for further investigation, government officials
must consider the totality of circumstances. 8 Because Officer Glick=s information was
based on face-to-face encounters with students, 9 some of which were known to have
provided credible and reliable information in the past, 10 we find that Officer Glick had a
7 Officer Glick served as school liaison officer at the school for twelve years. ASchool officials have a specialized understanding of the school environment, the habits of students, and the concerns of the community, which enables them to >formulat[e] certain common-sense conclusions about human behavior.=@ United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 8, 109 S.Ct. 1581, 104 L.Ed.2d 1 (1989) (quoting United States v. Cortez, 499 U.S. 411, 418, 101 S.Ct. 690, 66 L.Ed.2d 621 (1981). 8 While making a determination regarding the more stringent Fourth Amendment standard of probable cause to search, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals described the totality-of-the-circumstances test as follows:
[The] totality-of-the-circumstances approach is far more consistent with our treatment of probable cause than is any rigid demand that specific “tests” be satisfied by every informant=s tip. Perhaps the central teaching of our decisions bearing on the probable-cause standard is that it is a “practical, nontechnical conception.” In dealing with probable cause, . . . as the very name implies, we deal with probabilities. These are not technical; they are the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act. . . .
Dixon, 206 S.W.3d at 618 n.20 (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 231, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983). 9 A tip provided by an unidentified Aknown student@ may be relied on as added indicia of reliability permitting a school official to rely on the tip. In re K.C.B., 141 S.W.3d 303, 307 (Tex.App.—Austin 2004, no pet.). Moreover, Texas courts have distinguished between anonymous telephone informants and informants that personally approach officers. See, e.g., State v. Garcia, 25 S.W.3d 908, 912-13 (Tex.App.BHouston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.). AUnlike a person who makes an anonymous telephone call, an individual presenting himself to the officer in person . . . puts himself in a position to be held accountable for his intervention; thus, the reliability of the information he provides is increased.@ Id. at 913. 10 See Adams, 407 U.S. at 146-47 (held that informant personally known to officer provided Aenough indicia of reliability@ to create probable cause); Dixon, 206 S.W.3d at 616-17 (held that informant personally
14 reasonable suspicion to believe Appellant was on the school=s perimeter for the purpose of
engaging in criminal activity that might involve weapons and shootings. 11 Further, there is
no evidence of record indicating Officer Glick=s student sources were connected to law
enforcement or paid informants.
That Appellant was detained on a public street bordering the school rather than on
the school=s campus is of no moment. In light of the recent events at the school as well as
the reported threats of gang-related violence, weapons, and shootings with Appellant being
identified by credible sources as one being involved, Appellant=s presence on the school=s
immediate perimeter on the day the violence was to occur required immediate action to
assure the safety of students. The officers did not need to wait until Appellant Acrossed the
line@ to detain him.
Having determined Officer Clements=s investigative detention of Appellant was
reasonable under the circumstances, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
finding the marihuana Officer Clements discovered in plain view in the SUV was admissible
at trial and denying Appellant=s motion to suppress. Appellant=s sole issue is overruled.
Conclusion
known to officer as credible and reliable based upon past information provided Aenough indicia of reliability@ to create probable cause). 11 Officer Glick=s sources had verified approximately 200 students gathered to witness a fight involving Appellant on March 31, predicted the violent assault that occurred on April 3 and also predicted that Appellant, a non-student, would be present at the school on April 4 to participate in a gang-related fight involving weapons and shootings. That a tip contains Apredictive information@ capable of verification is also indicia of reliability. See Fudge, 42 S.W.3d at 239-40.
15 The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
Patrick A. Pirtle Justice
Publish.