*AMENDED BLD-046 NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ___________
No. 17-2515 ___________
RAMSEY RANDALL, Appellant
v.
FACEBOOK, INC., SUPERVISORY LIABILITY; FOX NEWS AND ENTERTAINMENT, INC., SUPERVISORY LIABILITY; GOOGLE, INC., CORPORATE ENTITY, SUPERVISORY LIABILITY; READING EAGLE COMPANY, Supervisory Liability; DISTRICT ATTORNEY JOHN ADAMS, ESQ. IN HIS OFFICIAL AND INDIVIDUAL CAPACITIES; WEST READING POLICE DEPARTMENT; JOSEPH M. BROWN, CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR, IN HIS OFFICIAL AND INDIVIDUAL CAPACITIES; KARIE GOOD, Police Officer, IN HER OFFICIAL AND INDIVIDUAL CAPACITIES; BERKS COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA (TOWNSHIP), IN ITS OFFICIAL/INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY VIA MUNICIPAL LIABILITY ____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (D.C. Civil Action No. 5-17-cv-01526) District Judge: Honorable Joel H. Slomsky ____________________________________
Submitted for Possible Dismissal Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) or Summary Action Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6 November 9, 2017
Before: AMBRO, RESTREPO, and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: November 30, 2017) _________
OPINION * _________ PER CURIAM
Ramsey Randall, proceeding pro se, appeals the order of the United States District
Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania dismissing his complaint. For the reasons
set forth below, we will summarily affirm the District Court’s judgment. See 3d Cir.
L.A.R. 27.4; 3d Cir. I.O.P. 10.6.
According to Randall’s complaint, on May 14, 2015, Randall was arrested in
Berks County, Pennsylvania, and charged with offenses relating to organized crime.
Randall alleged that this prosecution was in retaliation for a civil complaint that he had
filed against the local municipality. Over the next few weeks, the local media reported
about the prosecution and called Randall a gang member involved with the “Sixth Ward
Organization.” This information was also promulgated on social media and internet
search engines. The prosecutor eventually withdrew the organized crime charge against
Randall, but Randall was convicted of related charges.
Following his conviction, Randall filed a civil rights complaint in the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania. Randall named (1) Berks County, the West Reading Police
Department, District Attorney John Adams, Detective Joseph Brown, Police Officer
Karie Good (“the municipal defendants”), and (2) the Reading Eagle Newspaper
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. 2 Company, Fox News & Entertainment, Inc., Google, Inc., and Facebook, Inc. (“the media
defendants”). Randall alleged that the municipal defendants had violated his First and
Fourteenth Amendment rights by unlawfully prosecuting and defaming him. As relief,
Randall sought to have his convictions vacated, an order that a property in California
named “La Palace Royal” be purchased and provided to him, and $100 million in
damages. Randall further alleged that the media defendants had committed the state law
torts of defamation and placing him in a false light. From the media defendants, Randall
sought a broadcast apology interview, to have his Facebook page unfrozen, a non-
disclosure meeting with Mark Zuckerberg, to have the any defamatory information
removed from search engines, and several hundred million dollars in damages. Randall
also sought injunctive relief.
The District Court dismissed the complaint, with leave to amend, for failure to
state a claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). Randall filed an amended
complaint raising the same claims. The District Court again dismissed the action for
failure to state a claim. Randall filed a motion for reconsideration and a request for a
default judgment, both of which were denied. Randall appeals. 1
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 2 Our review of the District
Court’s sua sponte dismissal under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is plenary. See Allah v.
1 Randall has also filed a motion for appointment of counsel. 2 Randall filed a timely amended notice of appeal from the denial of reconsideration, as is required by Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(4)(B)(ii); accordingly, we have jurisdiction to review the 3 Seiverling, 229 F.3d 220, 223 (3d Cir. 2000). We review the District Court’s denial of
the Rule 59(e) motion for abuse of discretion. See Max’s Seafood Café ex rel. Lou-Ann,
Inc. v. Quinteros, 176 F.3d 669, 673 (3d Cir. 1999). Pro se complaints must be construed
liberally, see Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007), and we accept the factual
allegations contained in the complaint as true. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,
572 (2007). Where a complaint has not alleged sufficient facts to state a claim for relief
that is “plausible on its face[,]” dismissal is appropriate. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662,
678 (2009).
Dismissal of Randall’s claim that he was defamed by the municipal defendants
was appropriate. As the District Court explained, an individual does not have a protected
interest in reputation alone. Thomas v. Indep. Twp., 463 F.3d 285, 297 (3d Cir. 2006)
(citing Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 701 (1976)). Instead, “defamation is actionable
under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 only if it occurs in the course of or is accompanied by a change
or extinguishment of a right or status guaranteed by state law or the Constitution.” Clark
v. Twp. of Falls, 890 F.2d 611, 619 (3d Cir. 1989) (citing Paul, 424 U.S. at 701-12).
Accordingly, a plaintiff must plead a “stigma-plus” claim in his complaint. See Hill v.
Borough of Kutztown, 455 F.3d 225, 236 (3d Cir. 2006) (explaining that “to make out a
due process claim for deprivation of a liberty interest in reputation, a plaintiff must show
a stigma to his reputation plus deprivation of some additional right or interest”).
denial of reconsideration. Cf. United States v. McGlory, 202 F.3d 664, 668 (3d Cir. 2000). 4 Randall asserted that the press release defamed him and limited his prospects for
employment as a musician. Randall’s claim is foreclosed by the Supreme Court’s
decision in Paul v. Davis. There, the Court stated that a claim of defamation (by a police
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*AMENDED BLD-046 NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ___________
No. 17-2515 ___________
RAMSEY RANDALL, Appellant
v.
FACEBOOK, INC., SUPERVISORY LIABILITY; FOX NEWS AND ENTERTAINMENT, INC., SUPERVISORY LIABILITY; GOOGLE, INC., CORPORATE ENTITY, SUPERVISORY LIABILITY; READING EAGLE COMPANY, Supervisory Liability; DISTRICT ATTORNEY JOHN ADAMS, ESQ. IN HIS OFFICIAL AND INDIVIDUAL CAPACITIES; WEST READING POLICE DEPARTMENT; JOSEPH M. BROWN, CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR, IN HIS OFFICIAL AND INDIVIDUAL CAPACITIES; KARIE GOOD, Police Officer, IN HER OFFICIAL AND INDIVIDUAL CAPACITIES; BERKS COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA (TOWNSHIP), IN ITS OFFICIAL/INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY VIA MUNICIPAL LIABILITY ____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (D.C. Civil Action No. 5-17-cv-01526) District Judge: Honorable Joel H. Slomsky ____________________________________
Submitted for Possible Dismissal Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) or Summary Action Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6 November 9, 2017
Before: AMBRO, RESTREPO, and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: November 30, 2017) _________
OPINION * _________ PER CURIAM
Ramsey Randall, proceeding pro se, appeals the order of the United States District
Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania dismissing his complaint. For the reasons
set forth below, we will summarily affirm the District Court’s judgment. See 3d Cir.
L.A.R. 27.4; 3d Cir. I.O.P. 10.6.
According to Randall’s complaint, on May 14, 2015, Randall was arrested in
Berks County, Pennsylvania, and charged with offenses relating to organized crime.
Randall alleged that this prosecution was in retaliation for a civil complaint that he had
filed against the local municipality. Over the next few weeks, the local media reported
about the prosecution and called Randall a gang member involved with the “Sixth Ward
Organization.” This information was also promulgated on social media and internet
search engines. The prosecutor eventually withdrew the organized crime charge against
Randall, but Randall was convicted of related charges.
Following his conviction, Randall filed a civil rights complaint in the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania. Randall named (1) Berks County, the West Reading Police
Department, District Attorney John Adams, Detective Joseph Brown, Police Officer
Karie Good (“the municipal defendants”), and (2) the Reading Eagle Newspaper
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. 2 Company, Fox News & Entertainment, Inc., Google, Inc., and Facebook, Inc. (“the media
defendants”). Randall alleged that the municipal defendants had violated his First and
Fourteenth Amendment rights by unlawfully prosecuting and defaming him. As relief,
Randall sought to have his convictions vacated, an order that a property in California
named “La Palace Royal” be purchased and provided to him, and $100 million in
damages. Randall further alleged that the media defendants had committed the state law
torts of defamation and placing him in a false light. From the media defendants, Randall
sought a broadcast apology interview, to have his Facebook page unfrozen, a non-
disclosure meeting with Mark Zuckerberg, to have the any defamatory information
removed from search engines, and several hundred million dollars in damages. Randall
also sought injunctive relief.
The District Court dismissed the complaint, with leave to amend, for failure to
state a claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). Randall filed an amended
complaint raising the same claims. The District Court again dismissed the action for
failure to state a claim. Randall filed a motion for reconsideration and a request for a
default judgment, both of which were denied. Randall appeals. 1
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 2 Our review of the District
Court’s sua sponte dismissal under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is plenary. See Allah v.
1 Randall has also filed a motion for appointment of counsel. 2 Randall filed a timely amended notice of appeal from the denial of reconsideration, as is required by Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(4)(B)(ii); accordingly, we have jurisdiction to review the 3 Seiverling, 229 F.3d 220, 223 (3d Cir. 2000). We review the District Court’s denial of
the Rule 59(e) motion for abuse of discretion. See Max’s Seafood Café ex rel. Lou-Ann,
Inc. v. Quinteros, 176 F.3d 669, 673 (3d Cir. 1999). Pro se complaints must be construed
liberally, see Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007), and we accept the factual
allegations contained in the complaint as true. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,
572 (2007). Where a complaint has not alleged sufficient facts to state a claim for relief
that is “plausible on its face[,]” dismissal is appropriate. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662,
678 (2009).
Dismissal of Randall’s claim that he was defamed by the municipal defendants
was appropriate. As the District Court explained, an individual does not have a protected
interest in reputation alone. Thomas v. Indep. Twp., 463 F.3d 285, 297 (3d Cir. 2006)
(citing Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 701 (1976)). Instead, “defamation is actionable
under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 only if it occurs in the course of or is accompanied by a change
or extinguishment of a right or status guaranteed by state law or the Constitution.” Clark
v. Twp. of Falls, 890 F.2d 611, 619 (3d Cir. 1989) (citing Paul, 424 U.S. at 701-12).
Accordingly, a plaintiff must plead a “stigma-plus” claim in his complaint. See Hill v.
Borough of Kutztown, 455 F.3d 225, 236 (3d Cir. 2006) (explaining that “to make out a
due process claim for deprivation of a liberty interest in reputation, a plaintiff must show
a stigma to his reputation plus deprivation of some additional right or interest”).
denial of reconsideration. Cf. United States v. McGlory, 202 F.3d 664, 668 (3d Cir. 2000). 4 Randall asserted that the press release defamed him and limited his prospects for
employment as a musician. Randall’s claim is foreclosed by the Supreme Court’s
decision in Paul v. Davis. There, the Court stated that a claim of defamation (by a police
department that circulated a flyer imputing criminal behavior to a person) was not a
federal claim even if it would “seriously impair [that person’s] future employment
opportunities.” Paul, 424 U.S. at 697. Accordingly, Randall’s complaint failed to state a
“stigma-plus” claim, and the District Court was correct in dismissing it.
The District Court properly dismissed the claims against Berks County as Randall
failed to allege any constitutional violation attributable to a Berks County custom or
policy. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978) (holding that
Section 1983 liability attaches to a municipality only where the “government’s policy or
custom… inflicts the injury”). To the extent Randall identified Berks County’s policy as
failing to train and supervise District Attorney John Adams, this vague and conclusory
allegation is insufficient to state a claim. Cf. Groman v. Twp. of Manalapan, 47 F.3d
628, 637 (3d Cir. 1995) (finding “vague assertions” of policy or custom were insufficient
to impose liability).
Randall also raised a claim that his conviction was unconstitutional. We agree
with the District Court that dismissal of Randall’s claim seeking immediate release from
his incarceration was appropriate because he may seek that relief only in a petition for a
writ of habeas corpus. See Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 500 (1973). However,
Randall also argued that his conviction was unconstitutional because he was criminally 5 prosecuted in retaliation for filing a civil action against the municipality. The District
Court concluded that this claim was barred by the doctrine of Heck v. Humphrey, 512
U.S. 477, 486-87 (1994), which requires proof that a conviction has been invalidated.
Randall alleged that the charge relating to organized crime was withdrawn by the
prosecutor, but he admitted that he was convicted of several related charges.
Because Randall was not convicted of all of the charges, he might be able to meet
the favorable termination requirement. See Kossler v. Crisanti, 564 F.3d 181, 188 (3d
Cir. 2009) (en banc). In Hilfirty v. Shipman, we explained that a nolle prosequi
disposition is a favorable termination unless the accused has entered into a compromise
or surrendered something of value to obtain that outcome. 91 F.3d 573, 575, 580 (3d Cir.
1996). There is no evidence that the prosecutor withdrew the organized crime charge
based on a compromise or negotiation. Thus, Randall may have pleaded a claim for
retaliatory prosecution that is not barred by Heck.
Nevertheless, we may affirm on any ground apparent in the record. See Hughes v.
Long, 242 F.3d 121, 122 n.1 (3d Cir. 2001). District Attorney John Adams is absolutely
immune from liability for his decision to prosecute. See Hartman v. Moore, 547 U.S.
250, 261-62 (2006). To the extent that Randall raised this claim against any of the other
defendants, he has not plausibly pleaded any adverse actions by the remaining defendants
based on his lawsuit. Accordingly, Randall failed to state a claim for retaliatory
prosecution.
6 Because no federal claim was actionable, the District Court did not abuse its
discretion in declining to entertain Randall’s state law claim for defamation or Randall’s
state law claims for defamation asserted against defendants in their individual capacity.
See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3). Likewise, the District Court did not err when it dismissed
the complaint without providing leave to amend, as Randall had previously been
permitted to amend his complaint after being advised of the foregoing defects. See
Grayson v. Mayview State Hosp., 293 F.3d 103, 108 (3d Cir. 2002) (explaining that leave
to amend need not be granted if amendment would be futile). Finally, the District Court
did not abuse its discretion in denying Randall’s motion for reconsideration.
Reconsideration is warranted if a litigant shows “(1) an intervening change in the
controlling law; (2) the availability of new evidence that was not available when the court
[ruled]; or (3) the need to correct a clear error of law or fact or to prevent manifest
injustice.” Max’s Seafood Café,176 F.3d at 677 (citation omitted). As the District Court
concluded, Randall did not establish any basis for reconsideration.
For the foregoing reasons, we will summarily affirm the judgment of the District
Court. Randall’s motion for appointment of counsel is denied.