Mr. Justice Campbell
delivered the opinion of the court:
We are satisfied that justice demands an affirmance of the-judgment. If the rules of appellate practice were rigidly enforced against appellant, it is doubtful if he could, as a matter of strict right, ask this court to consider and pass upon any of the objections urged against the judgment, but some of them, perhaps, should be considered and definitely determined.
We observe, first, that this contract is not merely one of personal service, though provision is made therein for a salary to' Meade for managing the firm business. Taken as a whole, the contract, if executed, created a partnership. There was a community of interest in the subject-matter of the contract, namely, the stock of merchandise. The parties were to share, in a certain proportion, at least a part of the profits strictly as partners and as profits. Though there is no clause in the contract saying that either party was to bear the losses, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the law presumes that losses were to be borne by them in the same proportion in which they shared the profits.
—Lee v. Cravens,
9 Colo. App. 273-288. These and other elements of a partnership contract existing, and the clear intention of the parties being to form a partnership, we hold that the contract concerned, and, when consummated, gave rise to, a partnership. Such being our conclusion, we are better prepared to discuss the various objections of defendant to the rulings of the trial court.
Except in one particular which will hereafter be noted, in which contention there is no merit, defend
ant does not deny that the affirmative defenses of the answer alleging .plaintiff’s incompetency and fraudulent conduct were properly submitted to the jury upon conflicting evidence. The jury having thus found against the defendant upon these issues, we proceed with our discussion, assuming it to be proved that the defendant wrongfully prevented plaintiff from carrying out the contract.
Defendant’s contention that the court should have granted his nonsuit at the close of plaintiff’s evidence because there was a variance between the proof and the allegations of the complaint, is without merit. If it be true, as defendant says, that the complaint is uncertain as to whether the plaintiff seeks damages for defendant’s breach of an executory contract to form a, partnership, or for his violation of the terms of one consummated, certainly the defendant waived such defect by answering over after the court overruled his demurrer based upon that specific ground. Indeed, in his brief, defendant admits that the complaint states a cause of action upon either theory. If commingled in one statement are the essential elements of two causes of action, if the evidence supports either, a judgment or verdict cannot be set aside’ on the ground of an alleged variance which the defendant has waived.
The complaint does not designate by name the cause of action which it contains. The facts constituting it are stated, as the Code of Civil Procedure requires. The defendant conceded below, and does here, that a cause of action is pleaded. It seems to us immaterial, therefore, whether the cause of action is for the breach of an executory contract to form a copartnership, or one for the violation of the terms of an existing one. If defendant, as the complaint charges, and as the jury found, wrongfully refused to allow the plaintiff to carry out the written
contract, the plaintiff is entitled to damages, one element, if not the sole measure of which is, the proba: ble profits which plaintiff would have earned had not the defendant wrongfully prevented its performance. Though a cause of action for the breach of such executory contract is in law entirely distinct and different from a cause of action based upon the breach of an executed contract of copartnership, still, the measure of damages is the same in both cases, and the cause of action accrues as soon as a breach occurs.
Appellant’s objection, therefore, to the instruction of the court that, if the defendant refused to carry out the partnership' agreement, plaintiff was entitled to damages, is not well taken, even though the court improperly assumed that the agreement of partnership was executed by the launching of the same. But, if it were necessary, we would hold that, under the evidence, the partnership' contemplated by the written contract was launched at the time defendant prevented the plaintiff from carrying it .out. The answer itself admits that the preliminary, or preparatory inventory was completed on the 17th day of July, upon which day the plaintiff says the firm business was begun. The evidence sustains plaintiff’s allegation with respect to that matter. He was admitted into the store room where the business was carried on, was introduced by Bamsay as his partner and manager of the firm business, the firm name was given out to the public, and to various persons the defendant announced that the firm business was going. The defendant authorized the firm account to be opened with a bank, and deposits of the firm’s money were made therein by the plaintiff for several days, and the firm business was carried on under the management of the plaintiff, to the knowledge of the defendant, in all respects as though the con,
tract of partnership had been executed. But whether the contract was executory, or executed, the measure of plaintiff’s damages is the same.
The court instructed the jury that if, under the facts and principles of law which had been given them, they believed plaintiff suffered any damages, he was entitled to recover the probable profits' which he would have made as a copartner in the firm of Bamsay & Meade during its existence had he been permitted to carry it out according to its terms.
Where, as here, the sole object of the business in question is the accumulation of profits, we think that a proper element of damages is the profits which would have accrued to the plaintiff had not the partnership been wrongfully dissolved. The- evidence as to past profits in the same business is competent upon this issue. So, also, is evidence concerning the prosperity and growth of the community during the term of the partnership, and the ability and skill of the
plaintiff.
— Lavens
v. Lieb,
42 N. Y. App. 901. While it is impossible, with absolute certainty, to say whether any given business will be profitable in the future, if the evidence tends to show with reasonable certainty that profits would be made, they may be recovered, though the amount is uncertain. Merely speculative or conjectural or remote profits cannot be recovered. Some of the authorities are:
Bagley v. Smith,
10 N. Y. 489;
Griffin v. Colver,
16 N. Y. 489;
Wakeman v. Wheeler & Wilson Mfg. Co., supra; Reed v. McConnell, supra; Carrick v. Hannaman,
168 U. S. 328;
Dennis v. Maxfield,
10 Allen 138;
Rockwell, etc., v. Castroni,
6 Colo. App. 521;
Treat v. Hiles,
81 Wis. 280;
Jones v. Nathrop,
7 Colo. 1;
Goldhammer v. Dyer,
7 Colo. App. 29; 1 Sedgwick on Damages (6th ed.), pp. 103, 104;
Allison v. Chandler,
11 Mich. 542; 8 Am.
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Mr. Justice Campbell
delivered the opinion of the court:
We are satisfied that justice demands an affirmance of the-judgment. If the rules of appellate practice were rigidly enforced against appellant, it is doubtful if he could, as a matter of strict right, ask this court to consider and pass upon any of the objections urged against the judgment, but some of them, perhaps, should be considered and definitely determined.
We observe, first, that this contract is not merely one of personal service, though provision is made therein for a salary to' Meade for managing the firm business. Taken as a whole, the contract, if executed, created a partnership. There was a community of interest in the subject-matter of the contract, namely, the stock of merchandise. The parties were to share, in a certain proportion, at least a part of the profits strictly as partners and as profits. Though there is no clause in the contract saying that either party was to bear the losses, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the law presumes that losses were to be borne by them in the same proportion in which they shared the profits.
—Lee v. Cravens,
9 Colo. App. 273-288. These and other elements of a partnership contract existing, and the clear intention of the parties being to form a partnership, we hold that the contract concerned, and, when consummated, gave rise to, a partnership. Such being our conclusion, we are better prepared to discuss the various objections of defendant to the rulings of the trial court.
Except in one particular which will hereafter be noted, in which contention there is no merit, defend
ant does not deny that the affirmative defenses of the answer alleging .plaintiff’s incompetency and fraudulent conduct were properly submitted to the jury upon conflicting evidence. The jury having thus found against the defendant upon these issues, we proceed with our discussion, assuming it to be proved that the defendant wrongfully prevented plaintiff from carrying out the contract.
Defendant’s contention that the court should have granted his nonsuit at the close of plaintiff’s evidence because there was a variance between the proof and the allegations of the complaint, is without merit. If it be true, as defendant says, that the complaint is uncertain as to whether the plaintiff seeks damages for defendant’s breach of an executory contract to form a, partnership, or for his violation of the terms of one consummated, certainly the defendant waived such defect by answering over after the court overruled his demurrer based upon that specific ground. Indeed, in his brief, defendant admits that the complaint states a cause of action upon either theory. If commingled in one statement are the essential elements of two causes of action, if the evidence supports either, a judgment or verdict cannot be set aside’ on the ground of an alleged variance which the defendant has waived.
The complaint does not designate by name the cause of action which it contains. The facts constituting it are stated, as the Code of Civil Procedure requires. The defendant conceded below, and does here, that a cause of action is pleaded. It seems to us immaterial, therefore, whether the cause of action is for the breach of an executory contract to form a copartnership, or one for the violation of the terms of an existing one. If defendant, as the complaint charges, and as the jury found, wrongfully refused to allow the plaintiff to carry out the written
contract, the plaintiff is entitled to damages, one element, if not the sole measure of which is, the proba: ble profits which plaintiff would have earned had not the defendant wrongfully prevented its performance. Though a cause of action for the breach of such executory contract is in law entirely distinct and different from a cause of action based upon the breach of an executed contract of copartnership, still, the measure of damages is the same in both cases, and the cause of action accrues as soon as a breach occurs.
Appellant’s objection, therefore, to the instruction of the court that, if the defendant refused to carry out the partnership' agreement, plaintiff was entitled to damages, is not well taken, even though the court improperly assumed that the agreement of partnership was executed by the launching of the same. But, if it were necessary, we would hold that, under the evidence, the partnership' contemplated by the written contract was launched at the time defendant prevented the plaintiff from carrying it .out. The answer itself admits that the preliminary, or preparatory inventory was completed on the 17th day of July, upon which day the plaintiff says the firm business was begun. The evidence sustains plaintiff’s allegation with respect to that matter. He was admitted into the store room where the business was carried on, was introduced by Bamsay as his partner and manager of the firm business, the firm name was given out to the public, and to various persons the defendant announced that the firm business was going. The defendant authorized the firm account to be opened with a bank, and deposits of the firm’s money were made therein by the plaintiff for several days, and the firm business was carried on under the management of the plaintiff, to the knowledge of the defendant, in all respects as though the con,
tract of partnership had been executed. But whether the contract was executory, or executed, the measure of plaintiff’s damages is the same.
The court instructed the jury that if, under the facts and principles of law which had been given them, they believed plaintiff suffered any damages, he was entitled to recover the probable profits' which he would have made as a copartner in the firm of Bamsay & Meade during its existence had he been permitted to carry it out according to its terms.
Where, as here, the sole object of the business in question is the accumulation of profits, we think that a proper element of damages is the profits which would have accrued to the plaintiff had not the partnership been wrongfully dissolved. The- evidence as to past profits in the same business is competent upon this issue. So, also, is evidence concerning the prosperity and growth of the community during the term of the partnership, and the ability and skill of the
plaintiff.
— Lavens
v. Lieb,
42 N. Y. App. 901. While it is impossible, with absolute certainty, to say whether any given business will be profitable in the future, if the evidence tends to show with reasonable certainty that profits would be made, they may be recovered, though the amount is uncertain. Merely speculative or conjectural or remote profits cannot be recovered. Some of the authorities are:
Bagley v. Smith,
10 N. Y. 489;
Griffin v. Colver,
16 N. Y. 489;
Wakeman v. Wheeler & Wilson Mfg. Co., supra; Reed v. McConnell, supra; Carrick v. Hannaman,
168 U. S. 328;
Dennis v. Maxfield,
10 Allen 138;
Rockwell, etc., v. Castroni,
6 Colo. App. 521;
Treat v. Hiles,
81 Wis. 280;
Jones v. Nathrop,
7 Colo. 1;
Goldhammer v. Dyer,
7 Colo. App. 29; 1 Sedgwick on Damages (6th ed.), pp. 103, 104;
Allison v. Chandler,
11 Mich. 542; 8 Am. & Eng.
Ene. Law (2d ed.), pp. 620, 622, 632;
Rio Grande Western Ry. Co. v. Rubenstein,
5 Colo. App. 121.
It may be true, as appellant says, that “probable profits” were not defined, and that this instruction did not sufficiently, or with the requisite fullness, advise the jury in determining the amount thereof. /But the judgment should not be reversed merely because of this non-direction, since defendant did not tender an instruction defining “probable profits,” or limiting the range of the jury’s inquiry.
The defendant complains that, in one of the instructions, the court told the jury that defendant must establish the truth of the allegations of his affirmative defenses of incompetency and plaintiff’s fraudulent representations whereby defendant was induced to make the contract. The vice in this instruction is said to be that thereby the court imposed upon defendant the burden of proving all of those averments, whereas, if he proved any one of them, the plaintiff could not recover. We do not believe the instruction is susceptible of this interpretation, and are satisfied that the jury was not misled. The instructions must be read as a whole ; and, at defendant’s request, the court gave another instruction, in which the jury were told that, if the alleged representations of the plaintiff, or any of them, were false and untrue, the defendant would be justified in revoking the contract.
Up to this point, the original is substantially the same as this opinion. For the,reasons given in the former, we concluded that the judgment should be reversed upon three grounds: (1) Because of the admission of improper evidence; (2) failure of the court properly to instruct on mitigation, and neglect of the jury to make the proper award, of damages; (3) error of the court in construing the contract.'
Plaintiff’s petition for rehearing, and his supporting brief, and our further examination of the record, satisfy us that, in each of these particulars, we were mistaken. At- the trial, the court admitted evidence of some merchants of the city of Greeley which seemed, upon first examination, of an objectionable character in that it was merely opinion evidence. But, if it was, it is doubtful if proper objection to its admission was made by defendant, and, in any event, he had not preserved his exceptions or assigned error upon the court’s rulings, as our rules require. This noncompliance by defendant with the established practice was referred to in the former opinion, but we concluded, from some irregularities in the trial, to which we thought both parties contributed, that it comported with justice, of our own motion to pass upon the point omitted from the assignments. But, as to this, as well as in the other two points, we now think we erred.
The defendant did not plead mitigation of damages. This is an affirmative defense, and should have been pleaded. An instruction of the court seemed to indicate that, notwithstanding such omission, some evidence was heard concerning mitigation. If there was such evidence, as to which there might be some difference of opinion, the record does not show that the court wrongly instructed with relation to it, or that the jury misapplied the evidence, ox failed to make proper credit therefor in arriving at their verdict. Prejudicial error must he shown by an appellant to obtain a reversal, and we are not satisfied that he has done so in this particular.
As plaintiff’s contribution to the capital of the partnership was only. $5,000 — the same being only about one-fifth of the entire capital — and the articles of agreement provided that, in addition to the salary of $85 per month, plaintiff was to receive one-third
of the net profits, we said that, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, it was a fair construction to hold that at least a portion of the one-third of the profits was, by way of additional compensation, for plaintiff’s services as the manager of the firm business. The plaintiff, in his brief on re-hearing, vigorously attacks the soundness'of this holding, and we are not prepared to say that his position is not right. Be that as it may, both the testimony of plaintiff and defendant shows that one-third of the profits was intended by the parties to he solely as profits, and as compensation to the plaintiff by way of return for his investment in the firm business. Such being the interpretation which the parties themselves put upon the contract, we are not, of course, at liberty to make a different contract for them.
In view of these considerations, we see no reason for reversing the judgment for the purpose of giving to the parties another opportunity to show the precise amount of damages which plaintiff suffered. "We further add. that we cannot say, as the result of our examination of the record, to which we have given an unusual amount of time and diligent attention, that .any substantial error was committed by the court or jury; hut, if so, it is defendant’s fault, rather than that of plaintiff. The original opinion is withdrawn, and this is substituted therefor.
The judgment should he affirmed.
Affirmed.
'
Chief Justice G-abbebt and Mr. Justice Steele concur.