NIELSEN, District Judge:
Appellant, Ramona Holloway, a transsexual, claims that appellee, Arthur Andersen and Company, an accounting firm, discriminated against her in employment on account of her sex and has therefore violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. Appellant appeals from the trial court’s judgment granting Andersen’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The district court determined that Title'-VII does not embrace transsex-ual — discriminaficmr AFFIRM.
I
Holloway was first employed by Arthur Andersen in 1969 and was then known as Robert fíojloway. In 1970, appellant began to receive female hormone treatments. In February of 1974, appellant was promoted to the position of Head Multilith Operator. At this time, appellant informed Marion D. Passard, her supervisor, that appellant was undergoing treatment in preparation for anatomical sex change surgery. In June of 1974, during 'añfraal 'review, an official of the company suggested that appellant would be happier at a,.new-4eb-where-dier transsexualism would be unknown. However, Holloway was still given a pay raise.
In November, 1974, at her request, Holloway’s records were changed to reflect her present first name. Shortly thereafter, on November 18,1974, Holloway was terminated.
After exhausting her administrative remedies, Holloway filed a complaint alleging that she was fired for her transsexuality.1 alleging” jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1343(4) and 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f). Defendant filed a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction and for failure to state a.claim. Holloway then filed a cross-motion for partial summary judgment on the issue of liability. On April 5, 1976, after a hearing on both motions, the district court issued a memorandum decision which held that tránssexualism was not encompassed within the;7tefimtlon''of~^séx”as thetemrappears in 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(l). Therefore, the court concluded that it lacked jurisdiction, so that judgment issued in defendant’s favor. Holloway timely filed a motion to amend the judgment, which was denied.
II
It is clear from the record that the district court did not reach the merits of Holloway’s case.2 Therefore, the .sole issue before us is whether an employee may be discharged, consistent with Title VII, for initiating the process of sex transformation.
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(l) provides as follows:
(a) It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer
(1) . . . to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, .terms, conditions, or [662]*662privileges of employment, because of such individual’s . . . sex »
Appellant contends that “sex” as used above is anonymous with “gender,” and gender would encompass transsexuals.3 Appellee claims that the term sex should be given the traditional definition based on anatomical characteristics.4
There is a dearth of legislative history on Section 2000e-2(a)(1), which was enacted as § 703(a)(1) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, P.L. 88-352. The major concern of Congress at the time the Act was promulgated was race discrimination.5 Sex as a basis of discrimination was added as a floor amendment one day before the House approved Title VII, without prior hearing or debate. Willingham v. Macon Telegraph Publishing Co., 507 F.2d 1084, 1090 (5th Cir. 1975); Developments in the Law — Employment Discrimination and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 84 Harv.L.Rev. 1109, 1167 (1971).
The 1972 Amendments to Title VII in the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 left the language of § 2000e-2(a)(1) unchanged, but the clear intent of the 1972 legislation was to remedy the economic deprivation of women as a class. 1972 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin.News, pp. 2137, 2140-2141. The cases interpreting Title VII sex discrimination provisions agree that they were intended to place women on an equal footing with men. See Baker v. California Land Title Company, 507 F.2d 895, 896 n.2 (9th Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 422 U.S. 1046, 95 S.Ct. 2664, 45 L.Ed.2d 699 (1975); Rosenfeld v. Southern Pacific Company, 444 F.2d 1219, 1225 (9th Cir. 1971).
Giving the statute its plain meaning, this court concludes that Congress had only the traditional notions of “sex” in mind. Later legislative activity makes this narrow definition even more evident. Several bills have been introduced to amend the Civil Rights Act to prohibit discrimination against “sexual preference.” ■ None have been enacted into law.6
[663]*663Congress has not shown any intent other than to restrict the term “sex” to its traditional meaning.7 Therefore, this court will not expand Title VII’s application in the absence of Congressional mandate. The manifest purpose of Title VII’s prohibition against sex discrimination in employment is to ensure that men and women are treated equally, absent a bona fide relationship between the qualifications for the job and the person’s sex.
Ill
The Fourteenth Amendment provides that “No State shall . . . deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” U.S.Const. amend. XIV, § 1. The Constitution contains no specific equal protection guarantee against the federal government; but the substance of such a guarantee has been implied in the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause. Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497, 499, 74 S.Ct. 693, 98 L.Ed. 884 (1954).
Appellant contends that had Congress chosen to expressly exclude transsexuals from the coverage of Title VII, there woujd be a violation of equal protection. Appellant further claims that a restrictive interpretation of the language of Title VII acts to exclude transsexuals as a class and “at the very least necessarily” raises equal protection problems. Therefore, argues appellant, because the narrow interpretation of the language of Title VII raises such equal protection issues, we must follow the “cardinal principle” of statutory construction as expressed by Justice Brandeis in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 U.S. 288, 347, 56 S.Ct. 466, 80 L.Ed. 688 (1936).
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NIELSEN, District Judge:
Appellant, Ramona Holloway, a transsexual, claims that appellee, Arthur Andersen and Company, an accounting firm, discriminated against her in employment on account of her sex and has therefore violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. Appellant appeals from the trial court’s judgment granting Andersen’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The district court determined that Title'-VII does not embrace transsex-ual — discriminaficmr AFFIRM.
I
Holloway was first employed by Arthur Andersen in 1969 and was then known as Robert fíojloway. In 1970, appellant began to receive female hormone treatments. In February of 1974, appellant was promoted to the position of Head Multilith Operator. At this time, appellant informed Marion D. Passard, her supervisor, that appellant was undergoing treatment in preparation for anatomical sex change surgery. In June of 1974, during 'añfraal 'review, an official of the company suggested that appellant would be happier at a,.new-4eb-where-dier transsexualism would be unknown. However, Holloway was still given a pay raise.
In November, 1974, at her request, Holloway’s records were changed to reflect her present first name. Shortly thereafter, on November 18,1974, Holloway was terminated.
After exhausting her administrative remedies, Holloway filed a complaint alleging that she was fired for her transsexuality.1 alleging” jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1343(4) and 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f). Defendant filed a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction and for failure to state a.claim. Holloway then filed a cross-motion for partial summary judgment on the issue of liability. On April 5, 1976, after a hearing on both motions, the district court issued a memorandum decision which held that tránssexualism was not encompassed within the;7tefimtlon''of~^séx”as thetemrappears in 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(l). Therefore, the court concluded that it lacked jurisdiction, so that judgment issued in defendant’s favor. Holloway timely filed a motion to amend the judgment, which was denied.
II
It is clear from the record that the district court did not reach the merits of Holloway’s case.2 Therefore, the .sole issue before us is whether an employee may be discharged, consistent with Title VII, for initiating the process of sex transformation.
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(l) provides as follows:
(a) It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer
(1) . . . to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, .terms, conditions, or [662]*662privileges of employment, because of such individual’s . . . sex »
Appellant contends that “sex” as used above is anonymous with “gender,” and gender would encompass transsexuals.3 Appellee claims that the term sex should be given the traditional definition based on anatomical characteristics.4
There is a dearth of legislative history on Section 2000e-2(a)(1), which was enacted as § 703(a)(1) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, P.L. 88-352. The major concern of Congress at the time the Act was promulgated was race discrimination.5 Sex as a basis of discrimination was added as a floor amendment one day before the House approved Title VII, without prior hearing or debate. Willingham v. Macon Telegraph Publishing Co., 507 F.2d 1084, 1090 (5th Cir. 1975); Developments in the Law — Employment Discrimination and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 84 Harv.L.Rev. 1109, 1167 (1971).
The 1972 Amendments to Title VII in the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 left the language of § 2000e-2(a)(1) unchanged, but the clear intent of the 1972 legislation was to remedy the economic deprivation of women as a class. 1972 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin.News, pp. 2137, 2140-2141. The cases interpreting Title VII sex discrimination provisions agree that they were intended to place women on an equal footing with men. See Baker v. California Land Title Company, 507 F.2d 895, 896 n.2 (9th Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 422 U.S. 1046, 95 S.Ct. 2664, 45 L.Ed.2d 699 (1975); Rosenfeld v. Southern Pacific Company, 444 F.2d 1219, 1225 (9th Cir. 1971).
Giving the statute its plain meaning, this court concludes that Congress had only the traditional notions of “sex” in mind. Later legislative activity makes this narrow definition even more evident. Several bills have been introduced to amend the Civil Rights Act to prohibit discrimination against “sexual preference.” ■ None have been enacted into law.6
[663]*663Congress has not shown any intent other than to restrict the term “sex” to its traditional meaning.7 Therefore, this court will not expand Title VII’s application in the absence of Congressional mandate. The manifest purpose of Title VII’s prohibition against sex discrimination in employment is to ensure that men and women are treated equally, absent a bona fide relationship between the qualifications for the job and the person’s sex.
Ill
The Fourteenth Amendment provides that “No State shall . . . deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” U.S.Const. amend. XIV, § 1. The Constitution contains no specific equal protection guarantee against the federal government; but the substance of such a guarantee has been implied in the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause. Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497, 499, 74 S.Ct. 693, 98 L.Ed. 884 (1954).
Appellant contends that had Congress chosen to expressly exclude transsexuals from the coverage of Title VII, there woujd be a violation of equal protection. Appellant further claims that a restrictive interpretation of the language of Title VII acts to exclude transsexuals as a class and “at the very least necessarily” raises equal protection problems. Therefore, argues appellant, because the narrow interpretation of the language of Title VII raises such equal protection issues, we must follow the “cardinal principle” of statutory construction as expressed by Justice Brandeis in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 U.S. 288, 347, 56 S.Ct. 466, 80 L.Ed. 688 (1936). That principle is that one must construe statutes so that constitutional questions may be avoided if at all possible. Therefore, the proper construction of Title VII, according to appellant, is that transsexuals are protected, thus avoiding all possible equal protection problems.
Assuming briefly that appellant has properly raised an equal protection argument, we find no merit to it. Normally, any rational classification or discrimination is presumed valid.' That is, a statute is constitutional if the classification or discrimination it contains has some rational relationship to a legitimate government interest, unless the statute is based upon an inherently suspect classification, in which case the statute requires close judicial scrutiny. Graham v. Richardson, 403 U.S. 365, 371-72, 91 S.Ct. 1848, 29 L.Ed.2d 534 (1971).
This court cannot conclude that transsexuals are a suspect class. Examining the traditional indicia of suspect classification, we find that transsexuals are not necessarily a “discrete and insular minority,” Graham v. Richardson, 403 U.S. 365, 372, 91 S.Ct. 1848, 29 L.Ed.2d 534 (1971); nor has it been established that transsexuality is an “immutable characteristic determined solely by the accident of birth” like race or national origin. Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677, 686, 93 S.Ct. 1764, 1770, 36 L.Ed.2d 583 (1973). Furthermore, the complexities involved merely in defining the term “transsexual"8 would prohibit a determination of suspect classification for transsexuals. Thus, the rational relationship test is the standard to apply. In applying this standard to this statute, it can be said without question that the prohibition [664]*664of employment discrimination between males and females and on the basis of race, religion or national origin is rationally related to a legitimate governmental interest.
An equal protection argument is clearly not appropriate here, however. Pursuant to this court’s construction, Title VII remedies are equally available to all individuals for employment discrimination based on race, religion, sex, or national origin. Indeed, consistent with the determination of this court, transsexuals claiming discrimination because of their sex, male or female, would clearly state a cause of action under Title VII. Holloway has not claimed to have treated discriminatorily because she is male or female, but rather because she is a transsexual who chose to change her sex. This type of claim is not actionable under Title VII and is certainly not in violation of the doctrines of Due Process and Equal Protection.
IV
A transsexual individual’s decision to undergo sex change surgery does not bring that individual, nor transsexuals as a class, within the scope of Title VII. This court refuses to extend the coverage of Title VII to situations that Congress clearly did not contemplate. Therefore, the judgment of the district court dismissing Holloway’s action for failure to state a claim is AFFIRMED.